雅思大作文各话题思路参考

现代科技的一一些正面面影响

(该总结涵盖了几几乎所有关于现代科技考题的常见论点和相关扩展, 同时也为所有科技和教育结合的考题提供了论点, 如: 远程教育的利弊和高高科技对孩子子的影响；所有论点都以动词短语的形式出现, 请根据具体的题目目添加主语或者变成以人人做主语的句子子。最快捷的复习方方法是：过一一遍中文文翻译, 同时记一一些关键词, 不必逐字逐句背诵)

效率

论点：Assist people to enhance efficiency. 协助人人们提高高效率

扩展提示示1：With the help of fax, e-mail and other communication devices, the amount of manual work is reduced to the minimum and people are able to perform daily tasks in a more efficient way. 有了传真, 电子子邮件和其他通讯设备的帮助, 人人工工劳动量被减少到最低并且人人

们能以一一种更高高效的方方式工工作

扩展提示示2：One can perform many tasks at home, such as shopping, banking and business interaction. This spares people from travelling back and forth, saving a large amount of time for more creative work. 人人们可以在家做很多事情, 诸如购物, 银行行交易和生生意往来。这让人人们免于到处奔波, 节约了大大量时间去做更有创造力力的工工作

方方便灵活

论点：Provide considerable convenience and flexibility. 提供了巨大大的方方便性和灵活性扩展提示示: For example, the Internet opens up more opportunities for home working and distance learning. By working remotely, employees can choose to perform daily work after they finish household chores or childcare responsibilities, rather than sticking to a fixed timetable. Students can manage time and plan their learning process according to their actual command of lessons, since on-line courses spare them from struggling to keep up with teachers in classes. 比比如说, 网网络为在家办公和远程教育提供了更多机会。通过远程办公, 员工工可以选择在他们做完家务活或者照顾完孩子子后再工工作, 而而不是严格遵守一一个固定的时间表。学生生可以根据他们对课程的实际掌握来管理时间和计划他们的学习进程, 因为在线课程免去了他们试图跟上课堂老老师进度的麻麻烦

娱乐

论点1：Save more time for entertainment. 为休闲节约了更多时间

扩展提示示：With the help of automated devices, such as computers and washing machines, people are able to finish daily work and household chores in a shorter time. This opens up more opportunities for them to enjoy leisure time. 有了诸如电脑和洗衣衣机等自自动化设施的帮助, 人人们

能够在较短时间内完成日日常工工作和家务琐事。这使他们有更多机会享受休闲时光

论点2：Various forms of recreation are accessible to people 各种娱乐形式可供人人们选择扩展提示示：For example, through web-surfing, people can do shopping, play games, browse news, download movies and so forth. These technology-based activities make the outside world more vivid and enrich people’s daily lives to a large extent. 比比如说, 通过上网网, 人人们可以购物, 玩游戏, 浏览新闻, 下载电影等等。这些基于高高科技的活动使外面面的世界更生生动地展现并且在

很大大程度上丰富了人人们的日日常生生活

情感

论点：Expand people’s social circle. 扩大大了人人们的社交圈

扩展提示示: In the past, social relationships were limited by physical factors such as geographical distance. But nowadays, due to the widespread use of mobile phones and the Internet, one can get acquainted with more people online and stay in close contact with the outside world. 在过去，社会关系被诸如地理距离这样的物理因素限制。但是现在, 由于手手机和网网络的干广广泛使用用, 人人们

可以在线结识更多的人人并和外界保持亲密接触

就业

论点：Make job opportunities more available. 使就业机会更容易获得

扩展提示示: Since people can work at home with modern technology, it is more possible for

employers to recruit workers from every corner of the globe or even disabled workers. This technology-based work mode provides new possibilities of making a living. 由于人人们可以通过现代科技在家办公, 雇主就更可能招收来自自全球各个角角落的员工工, 甚至至是残疾工工人人。这种基

于科技的工工作模式提供了新的谋生生可能

知识

论点：Accelerate the spread of knowledge. 加速了知识传播

扩展提示示: With access to the Internet, a huge amount of information is just a click away. By learning from a variety of sources, such as E-libraries and online training courses, one can take in knowledge in a more efficient way. 有了网网络接口口, 大大量信息只是一一个鼠鼠标点击的距离。通过从诸如电子子图书馆和在线课程等资源中学习, 人人们可以更有效地吸收知识

现代科技的一一些负面面影响

压力力

论点：Bring about greater stress 带来更大大的压力力

扩展提示示: Modern technology accelerates the pace of work. As a result, people have to continue education and receive on-the-job training to keep pace with changes brought by technology, which takes up their spare time and makes them more stressed. 现代科技加快了工工作的节奏。因此, 人人们必须不断地接受教育和在职培训以跟上科技所带来的变化, 这占据了他们的业余时间并使

他们更劳累

娱乐

论点：Deprive workers of their leisure time 剥夺了员工工的休闲时间

扩展提示示: Employees are actually working longer, because fax, e-mail or other communication devices make them accessible to their superiors, colleagues and customers after work. 员工工们实际上工工作地更长了, 因为传真, 电子子邮件或者其他通讯设施让他们更容易被上级, 同事和客户在下班后联系上

情感

论点1：Lead to domestic alienation 导致家庭情感疏远

扩展提示示: For most young adults, web-surfing takes up a major part of their spare time. The independence on the Internet prevents them from interacting with their family members and may even alienate them from their parents. 对大大多数年轻人人来说, 上网网占据了他们业余时间的很大大一一部分。对网网络的依赖阻止止了他们和家人人交谈并甚至至可能使他们和

父父母疏远论点2：Make young people unsociable 使年轻人人不善社交

扩展提示示: For many people, spending part of the day on the Internet has become an indispensable part of life. Since some internet users are deeply addicted to the Internet, they seldom interact with people around in real life. Lacking emotional exchange with the outside world will make them socially isolated, which will lead to poor social life and strong feelings of loneliness. 对很多人人来说, 花一一天中的一一部分时间上网网已经成为生生活中必不可少的部分。由于一一些网网络使用用者对网网络上瘾, 他们很少和现实生生活中周围的人人互动。和外界情感交流的缺失会使他们变得与世隔绝, 这会导致不理想的社会生生活已经强烈的孤独感

健康

论点1：Pose a potential threat to people’s physical fitness 对人人们的身身体健康构成潜在威胁扩展提示示: The overuse of the Internet may lead to the result that people suffer from serious loss of vision, back pain and obesity. In the long term, many people may end up struggling with poor health. 过度上网网可能导致人人们遭受严重的视力力衰退,背疼和肥胖。从长远来看, 很多人人可能会最终落得和欠欠佳健康状况做斗斗争的下场

论点2：Have a negative effect on children’s psychological well-being 对孩子子的心心理健康有消极影响

扩展提示示: The Internet and TV programs give easy access to unfavorable information, such as violence and pornography. Putting young children into contact with these contents without

parental guide will cause mental problems and even lead to youth crimes. 网网络和电视节目目很容

易让人人接近诸如暴力力和色色情等不良信息。在没有父父母指导的情况下让孩子子接触这些内容会导致心心理问题, 甚至至青少年犯罪

环境类常用用词汇和短语

名词和名词短语：

Environment pollution 环境污染; Environment problems 环境问题;

Environment protection 环境保护; Environment deterioration 环境恶化;

Environmental consciousness 环保意识; White pollution 白白色色污染;

Household garbage 生生活垃圾; Urban garbage 城市垃圾

Waste water 废水水; Waste gas 废气气; Emissions 排放物; Deforestation 滥发森林

Serious environmental issues严重环境事件; Landslide 山山体滑坡; Soil erosion水水土土流失Disposable items 一一次性用用品 (lunch boxes, shopping plastic bags and mineral-water bottles) Non-biodegradable garbage 不可以降解的垃圾;Wastes and pollutants 废物和污染物Poisonous and harmful substance 有毒和有害物质

Environment-damaging products 对环境有害的产品; Vicious circle 恶性循环

Pollutant-free commodities 无无污染的产品; Eco-friendly materials 环保材料;

Ecological balance 生生态平衡;Waste recycling 废物回收;

Over-consumption过度消费; Over-production 过度生生产; Over-exploitation 过度开采; Shortage of natural resources 自自然资源的短缺; Renewable energy \ sources可再生生能源\资源Government intervention 政府干干预; International cooperation. 全球合作;

Joint efforts 联合努力力; Sustainable development 可持续发展

形容词：

Environment-damaging 对环境有害的; Poisonous 有毒的; Radioactive 放射性的;

Pollutant-free 无无污染的; Eco-friendly环保的;

Recyclable可回收的; Non- recyclable 不可回收的; Reusable 可再利用用

的 Short-lived 不耐用用的; Livable 宜居的

相关高高频动词短语：

Deplete… 消耗… ; Use up… 耗尽…; Reuse… 再利用用…;

Recycle… 回收… ; Reconstruct… 恢复… ; Emit \ discharge… 排放…

环境类典型考题

典型考题1：Some think that environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve, while others think the problems cannot be solved unless individuals take some action. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

（观点A：个人人对环境问题无无能为力力；观点B：个人人可以采取行行动解决环保问题）常见论点总结：

个人人在环保中可发挥的作用用

论点1：Reduce white pollution by minimizing the use of non- recyclable items.(靠最小小化不可回收物品的使用用来减少白白色色污染)

扩展提示示：消费者(customers)可以减少使用用一一次性饭盒(disposable lunch boxes), 购物塑料袋 (shopping plastic bags) 和矿泉水水瓶(mineral-water bottles). 不可以降解的垃圾的数量(the amount of non-biodegradable waste)就会被降到最低(will be reduced to the minimum)

论点2：choose public transport, rather than driving private cars(选乘公共交通,而而不是开私家车)

扩展提示示：如果大大家都乘公交或者地铁上班上学, 城市就会有很少的污染物和废气气(pollutants and waste fuel)，一一个更宜居的环境(a more livable environment)就会被创造，市

民就更可能享受健康生生活

论点3. Supervise and influence the government's decision-making process.

扩展提示示：具有环保意识公民的存在(The presence of environmentally conscious citizens) 会敦促政府和相关部门坚守职责并且不批准可能造成污染的项目目(urge the governments and

departments concerned t o stick to its duties and disapprove projects that may cause pollution), 这

间接地促使企业采用用绿色色科技和清洁能源(clean energy) ,有利于社会的可持续发展(sustainable development)

类似考题2: The environmental problem in the world can not be solved by ordinary people, and governments and large companies should be responsible for this problem. To what extent do you agree or disagree? (环境问题到底谁负责？普通人人，大大公司，还是政府？)

（总论点显然应该是：三方方都负责）

企业在环保中可发挥的作用用：

论点1：Adopt clean technology(采用用绿色色科技）

扩展提示示：企业放弃落后的操作并引进先进和环保的设备(abandon outdated operations and introduce advanced and eco-friendly equipment), 这样可以优化资源利用用(make optimal use of resources), 生生产出对环境不太有害的产品(produce less environment-damaging products)

论点2：Dispose wastes in a more efficient way through technological innovations.(通过科技创新有效地处理废物)

扩展提示示：再利用用废水水或者回收废物 (reuse waste water or recycle wastes)，大大大大减少有毒和有害物质的排放(reduce the emission of poisonous and harmful substance)，这对环保产生生积极影响

政府在环保中可发挥的作用用:

论点1：Play a more positive role in strengthening supervision. (在加强监管方方面面扮演一一个更积极的角角色色)

扩展提示示：坚守职责并且不批准可能造成污染的项目目(stick to its duties and disapprove projects that may cause pollution), 或者为使用用清洁能源的企业提供优越政策(Provide preferential policies for businesses using clean energy).这间接地促使企业采用用绿色色科技(clean technology),并有利于社会的可持续发展(sustainable development)

论点2：Impose restrictions on manufacturers.(对生生产商施加限制)

扩展提示示：对资源浪费和一一次性的产品施以重税，以便使人人们不要使用用。(Heavy taxation can be imposed on energy-wasting and disposable products, in order to discourage people from using them)

典型考题3: Pollution and other environmental problems result from a country developing and becoming richer, some think this cannot be avoided. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

For governments all over the world, encouraging or even impelling large industries and manufacturers to adopt clean technology is a productive approach. Eco-friendly equipment is

capable of making optimal use of resources and disposing wastes properly, thereby minimizing pollution and decelerating the depreciation rate of machinery. Moreover, businesses, large or small, can make their production less environment-damaging through technological innovations. The initial operational costs caused by introducing clean technology can be paid off by forthcoming profits, by this I mean, an environmentally conscious business would win more market shares in the long term, since customers are all keen on pollutant-free products.

对于世界各地的政府来说, 鼓鼓励甚至至驱使大大型工工业和生生产商采用用绿色色科技是一一个有效的方方法。环保的设备可以最佳利用用资源并妥善处理废物, 从而而最小小化污染并减速机械的折旧率。此外, 各个企业, 无无论大大或小小, 都可以通过技术创新使他们的生生产变得对环境更友好。由引进绿色色科技所造成的最初经营成本会被未来的利润所补偿, 意思是, 一一个具有环保意识的企业从长远来看会赢得更多市场份额, 因为客户都青睐无无污染的产品。

On the other hand, it has to be admitted that economic progress is actually accompanied by deterioration of environment, which is particularly true in some underdeveloped countries. Nonetheless, when countries become more economically-developed, they will show more willingness to invest money back into environmental protection. Also, as rich countries rely much less on natural resources and their industries have become service-oriented, more funds can be raised for protecting and reconstructing the environment

另一一方方面面, 必须承认, 经济发展的确伴随环境环境恶化，特别是在一一些不发达的国家尤其如此。然而而, 当国家变得更加经济发达, 他们会表现出更多把钱回投到环保中的意愿。此外,随着许多富裕国家对自自然资源的依赖减少, 其产业已成为服务型, 更多的资金金课用用于保护和恢复环境

典型考题4: Environmental problems are too big for individual countries and individual people to address. We have reached the stage where the only way to protect the environment is at an international level. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? Admittedly, international cooperation plays a unique role in combating trans -boundary

environmental issues. For example, the movement of hazardous waste from one country to another and illegal trade in endangered species between nations could be solved effectively only through multilateral coordination, rather than through unilateral actions of a single country. Moreover, environment protection on the global scale facilitates the exchange of experience. Some underdeveloped countries have difficulties in addressing environmental problems due to lack of facilities or technologies. They need support from the global community, especially those countries which have achieved remarkable progress in this field. By sharing experience in environmental management, countries can tackle problems with greater efficiency and at lower costs.

必须承认的是, 国际合作在解决跨境环境问题中发挥独特的作用用。例如, 有害废物从一一国转移到另一一国以及国家之间濒危物种的非非法贸易只有通过多边协调才能得到有效解决, 而而不是通过一一个国家的单边行行动。此外,全球范围内的环境的保护还促进了经验交流。由于设备或技术的缺乏, 一一些不发达国家在解决环境问题中有困难。他们需要国际社会的支支持, 特别是那些在这一一领域取得显著进展的国家。通过交流在环境管理方方面面的经验, 国家可以以更高高的效率和更低的成本处理问题。

On the other hand, it should not be denied that, practical actions of ordinary people and national governments can play their own parts in restoring the damaged environment. If individuals cut the use of short-lived items, such as disposable lunch boxes and shopping plastic bags, the amount of non-biodegradable waste would be reduced to the minimum. Governments could help businesses become more environmentally responsible by subsidizing the introduction of eco-friendly equipment, which is capable of making optimal use of resources and disposing waste properly.

另一一方方面面, 不应该否认, 普通人人民和各国政府的实际行行动也能在恢复遭到破坏的环境中起到

各自自的作用用。如果个人人减少不耐用用物品的使用用, 如一一次性塑料餐盒和购物袋，不可以生生物降解的废物数量将被减少到最低。各国政府可以通过补贴环保设备的引进帮助企业变得更具环保责任, 这可以最佳利用用资源并妥善处理废物。

典型考题5: Many people think it is very important to protect the environment but they make no effort to do it themselves. Why is the case? What actions can be done to encourage individuals to protect the environment?

One of the underlying factors leading to this phenomenon may involve the misconception that individual actions cannot contribute to environmental conservation. Owing to lack of professional knowledge, ordinary people are incapable of coping with serious environmental issues, such as landslide and soil erosion. As a result, it is often argued that government intervention and international cooperation should be the solution. People’s increasing material pursuit also discourages them from playing their own parts in environment protection. Driven by material comfort, people nowadays tend to use short-lived and environment-damaging products, such as disposable lunchboxes and chopsticks. For convenient commutes and more efficient mobility, numerous people choose to purchase private cars.

导致此现象的其中一一个潜在因素可能涉及到一一种误解: 个人人行行动不能为环境保护做贡献。由于缺乏专业知识, 一一般人人不能处理严重的环境问题, 如山山体滑坡和水水土土流失。因此, 人人们常常认为, 政府干干预和国际合作才应该是问题的解决之道。人人民日日益增长的物质追求也阻碍了他们在环保中发挥自自己己的作用用。被物质享受所驱使, 现在的人人们往往会使用用不耐用用和对环境有害的产品, 如一一次性饭盒和筷子子。为方方便通勤和更有效的流动性, 很多人人选择购买私家车。

In order to encourage more practical individual efforts towards environment protection, various approaches should be adopted. First of all, more environment campaigns should be launched to instill in the public the conception that individual actions are an indispensable part in the problem-solving process. For example, one can classify household garbage to facilitate waste recycling and reduce car use to cut down the emission of waste gas. Moreover, heavy taxation can be imposed on energy-wasting and disposable products, in order to discourage people from using them. Meanwhile, the government should subsidize environmentally friendly products to make them cheaper and more widely used.

为鼓鼓励更多的实际个人人努力力去保护环境, 各种办法应该被采取。首首先, 应该举办更多环保活动, 向市民灌输个人人行行为是问题解决过程中不可或缺的部分这一一观念。例如, 人人们可以对生生活垃圾进行行分类, 以方方便废物回收, 可以减少汽车的使用用, 以减少废气气的排放。此外, 对资源浪费和一一次性的产品施以重税, 以便使人人们不要使用用。与此同时, 政府应补贴环保产品, 使它们更便宜, 更广广泛地应用用。

犯罪类

常见词汇：

Offenders \ Criminals 犯罪分子子;

Repeat criminals 惯犯

Offences \ criminal acts 犯罪行行为;Anti-social behavior 反社会行行为, 犯罪行行为

Imprison 监禁, 动词 (imprisonment，名词); Re-offend \ Revert to crime 再次犯罪

Law – abiding citizens 遵纪守法的公民;Reform criminals 改造罪犯

Reintegrate into the society 重新融入入社;Deter potential criminals 震慑潜在罪犯

Fall prey to … 成为…的牺牲品; Nip… in the bud 把…防范于未然

犯罪类典型考题

典型考题1: Do you think it is better to send criminals to jail or let them receive education or job training? (让犯罪分子子接受教育培训好还是关监狱好？)

First of all, education changes an offender’s attitude towards the family and society.

Specifically, by receiving education, criminals can improve abilities in coping with everyday problems, such as interpersonal conflict, loneliness and depression. They will build up confidence as well as the ability to reintegrate into the community. As a result, the risk of re-offending would be reduced to the minimum. In addition, Job training enables offenders to acquire earning capacity. Criminals who have employable skills are more likely to find jobs and become economically independent. With jobs to live on, they will behave normally and become productive members of society in the long term. 首首先, 教育可以转变罪犯对家庭和社会的态度。具体来说, 通过接受教育, 罪犯能改善处理日日常问题的能力力, 如人人际冲突, 孤独感和抑郁。他们将建立

立信心心和重新融入入社会的能力力。因此, 重新犯罪的风险将被降到最低。此外, 职业培训使

罪犯获得谋生生能力力。有就业能力力的罪犯更容易找到工工作并变得经济独立立。有工工作

维持生生计, 他们的行行为会变得正常并从长远来看会成为社会的有用用成员。

On the other hand, there are opponents arguing that sending criminals to prison is the most effective method. Admittedly, imprisonment has great deterrent effects. Confronted with severe punishment, some potential offenders are very likely to abandon the idea of committing crimes. However, it should not be overlooked that imprisonment plays a negative role in reforming offenders. Since criminals are deprived of freedom and influenced by peer group in prison, they tend to resent the society and are very likely to revert to crime after being released. 另一一方方面面，也

有反对者辩称, 将犯罪分子子送入入监狱是最有效的方方法。诚然，监禁具有很大大的威慑

作用用。面面对严重的惩罚, 一一些潜在的犯罪者者可能会放弃犯罪的念头。但是，不应该

被忽视的是, 监禁在改造罪犯中起到的是消极作用用。由于被剥夺了自自由和受到监狱中的

同辈团体影响, 犯罪分子子往往会怨恨社会并且被释放后很可能要再次犯罪。

典型考题2: Crime is a problem all over the world and there is nothing that can be done to prevent it. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? (犯罪有没有预防的方方法?)

政府在预防犯罪中可起到的作用用

Increase intervention to enhance public security. Imposing tougher laws and training a more effective police force is expected to accomplish the purpose of deterrence, which may deter those offenders and potential criminals. 增加干干预,以提高高公众安全。施加更严厉的法律,并培养更有效的警察队伍, 以便达到威慑的目目的, 惩罚那些罪犯和威慑潜在的犯罪分子子Popularize education and create more job opportunities. Education and employment would allow citizens to obtain job opportunities and earn regular income, thereby reducing the crime rate to the minimum 普及教育并创造更多就业机会。教育和就业将允许公民取得就业机会并赚取固定收入入, 从而而降低犯罪率最低

个人人在预防犯罪中可起到的作用用

People can be brave enough to combat criminal acts. Most of the time, criminals are pampered by people’s cowardice. Conversely, if they have courage to fight back, there would be fewer victims. 人人们可以勇敢地打击犯罪行行为。在大大多数情况下,罪犯分子子被人人们的怯懦所纵容。

相反,如果他们有勇气气反击, 会有较少的受害者。

Individuals can be more actively engaged in the crime prevention in their own neighborhood. For example, if people stay alert to criminal acts around, report crime and come forward as witnesses, it could be much easier for the police to solve cases and bring criminals to

justice. 个人人可以更积极地参与到自自己己社区的犯罪预防。例如,如果人人们对周围的犯罪行行为保持警觉, 举报罪案及挺身身作证, 警方方就会更容易破案并将犯罪分子子绳之以法。

典型考题3: There is a higher rate of juvenile delinquency（youth crime）today. What are the causes and what are your solutions? (青少年犯罪的原因和解决方方案)

原因：

1.Loss of family life. Confronted with fierce competition in present-day society, some parents have to struggle for their lives. They seldom spend time with their children and neglect emotional interaction with them. Without the presence of proper parental care, some children who lack self- control may end up going astray. 家庭生生活的缺失。面面临当今社会的激烈竞争,一一些家长为自自己己的生生计而而奋斗斗。他们很少花时间和孩子子在一一起并忽略与他们的情感交流。没有适当的父父母照顾, 一一些缺乏自自我控制能力力的孩子子可能最终会误入入歧途。

2.Exposure to violence. The Internet and TV programs give easy access to unfavorable information, such as violence and pornography. Putting young children into contact with these contents without parental guide will cause mental problems and even lead to aggressive behavior. 网网络和电视节目目很容易让人人接近诸如暴力力和色色情等不良信息。在没有父父母指导的情况下让孩子子接触这些内容会导致心心理问题, 甚至至过激行行为

解决方方案：

1.Parents should shoulder the responsibility of supervision in the family. For example, apart from focusing on daily work, they should attach more importance to emotional needs of their children and do more communication with them. Besides, by staying alert to any abnormal behavior of their children, parents can take relevant measures in order to keep their kids on the right track. 家长应担负起家庭的监督责任。例如,除了集中精力力于日日常工工作,他们应该更加重视子子女女的感情需要和与他们做更多的交流。此外, 通过对任何孩子子的异常行行为保持警觉,家长可以采取相应措施以便使孩子子处于正轨。

2.Parents should restrict their children’s access to unfavorable websites. There are various tools that parents can use to protect their children from accessing unfavorable contents, such as filter software which can block pornographic websites. Apart from this, Parents should always track their children's Internet history online to make sure they are not putting themselves at risk. 家长应限制孩子子访问不良网网站。有多种工工具可以帮助父父母让孩子子不访问不良信息, 如过滤软件, 该软件可以阻止止色色情网网站。此外, 家长应始终跟踪他们子子女女的互联网网访问历史, 以确保他们不是处于危险之中。

政府投资类

常见词汇：

Obligation 义务

Be obligated to do 有义务做什么

Perfect social welfare system完善社会保障系统

Improve infrastructure 改善基础设施

Maintain social stability维护社会稳定

Ensure the well-being of the public维护公众的安康

Earmark fund for sth为……专项拨款

Impose restriction on 对……施加限制

Invest in 为……投资

Give priority to 优先考虑

Cut back on sth减少……的支支出

Levy tax on 对……征税

Be given a mandate to do 被授命做某事

Enforce policy that….履行行……的政策

Enact laws to do 制定法律做某事

Curb 抑制

Strike a balance between在……之间达到平衡

政府投资类典型考题

考题1. Money for postgraduate research is limited. Therefore some people think financial support from government should be only provided for scientific research rather than research for less useful subjects. Do you agree or disagree?(是否同意政府只对研究生生的科研买单而而非非其他科

目目？)

常见论点总结：

科研对于国家发展的重要性

论点1：Scientific technology has proved the primary product ivity for a country’s development. 科学技术是第一一生生产力力。

扩展提示示：在这个科技时代（technology era），科学技术的发达程度(the advancement

of technology)是衡量(measure)一一个国家成功的重要标准(crucial criterion)。而而研究生

生科研项目目的成败决定了国家的未来。

国家资助对研究生生科研的作用用

论点1：Cutting-edge research facilities can be available with fund from government.(有了政

府的资助，可以买更多的先进科研设备。)

论点2：More experienced teaching staff can be recruited, thereby improving teaching standard. (可以雇佣更多有经验的老老师,以此提高高教学质量。)

其他科目目对于国家发展的作用用

论点1：Research on subjects ranging from history to art are of equal importance to a country’s development，compared with that of science.与科学相比比，历史和艺术等文文科科目目的研究对于国家的发展有着同样重要性。

扩展提示示：文文化领域的研究得以让传统文文化(traditional culture)发扬光大大；丰富(enrich)大大众的精神生生活，维护其情绪健康(emotional wellbeing)；从全球角角度来看，推动了各种文文化(a diversity of culture)的发扬光大大。

考题2. In today’s world, it is private companies rather than government who pay for and carry out most on scientific research. To what extent do you think the advantages outweigh disadvantages.

(公司而而非非政府投资并实施科研项目目，何种程度认为利大大于弊？)

Private enterprises make scientific research more customer-oriented. With the goal of pursuing profits and enlarging its market share, their products are more focused on market needs and more likely to cater for consumers. Obviously, research into life necessities, such as high-tech products, cars, cosmetics, and medicine should be delegated to companies. Corporate research is more productive and efficient. In order to pursue the maximum profits at the lowest cost, businesses have to put new products into the market in a short time. As a result, they may try to develop the newest technology, apply advanced management and thus enhance the productivity of research.

首首先, 民营企业使科研更加面面客户化。有了追求利润和扩大大其市场份额的目目标,其产品更侧重于市场的需求, 更容易迎合消费者。显然, 生生活必需品的研究, 如高高科技产品, 汽车, 化妆品, 医药, 应该下放给企业。其次,企业的研究更富有生生产力力和效率。为了以最低的成本追求最大大的利润, 企业必须在短时间内把新产品投放市场。因此，他们试图发展最新技术, 运用用先进的管理, 从而而提高高研究效率。

On the other hand, there appears a different view that corporate research might have hidden

dangers. Since the major goal of a business is to make money, company research tends to sacrifice public interests for the sake of wealth accumulation. However, government monitoring can ensure that firms should stick to the moral values and ethical principles and do not lose sight of public interests while pursuing their goals. Also, Research into nuclear technology, national defense or military intelligence is in the national interest or involves high levels of security and therefore should be carried out only by the government

另一一方方面面, 出现了一一个不同的看法是企业的研究可能有隐患。由于企业的主要目目的是赚钱,公司研究往往会为了积累财富而而牺牲公众利益。然而而, 政府监管可以确保公司遵守道德观念和道德原则并在追求自自己己目目标的同时不忽视公众利益。此外, 核技术研究，国防或军事情报是关乎国家利益或者涉及高高度的安全性, 因此只能由政府进行行。

考题3.Some people think that governments should spend money to save languages which have few users from dying out. Others think that it is a waste of financial resources. Discuss both views and give your opinion. (政府是否该保护濒临灭绝的语言言)

范文文参考：

As globalization increases, people find it easier to conduct business and communicate with those outside their own culture by speaking more widely used languages, like English, Chinese, or French. Some lesser-known languages are falling out of use, since they are less educated by their speakers or even not passed on by parents to their children. This triggers public cry for financial support from governments to save these languages from dying out.

Undoubtedly, governments providing funds to prevent language extinction helps maintain cultural and linguistic heritage of a country. Each language grows up with its society and serves as a sophisticated system showing how its speakers live, their unique customs, and their own way of viewing the world. Linguists depend on these valuable data to trace its speakers’ culture, art and history and figure out how the human mind works in that society. In addition, indigenous languages in many locations possess a rich source of information about local plants, animal species and their biological habits -- much not yet documented by scientists. From the scientific perspective, saving these languages prevents loss of information about plants and wildlife.

One might argue that the preservation of endangered languages would be a huge financial burden on governments, since there are so many languages headed for extinction in the world. However, this view is flawed. A government can even be financially rewarded by investing in minority languages. For example, a country can set up museums to store and display literal documentation as well as high-quality recordings of lesser-known languages, which will cover costs by attracting tourists and promote local tourism in exchange for extra revenues.

My view is that governments should not hesitate to finance the preservation of endangered languages. Language is the most efficient means of transmitting a culture, and it is the owner of a culture that loses the most when a language dies. (311 words)

考题4：Some people think that the government should focus spending only on public services and not waste money on arts (e.g. music and painting). To what extent do you agree or disagree? (政府是否该只把投资放在公共服务上，而而不投资艺术)

范文文参考：

In any society, where government money goes is regarded as an issue of broad interest to the general public. Some people think that the government should only fund public services which bring tangible and immediate benefits, while opponents claim that arts, such as music and painting, are also worth government funding.

Undoubtedly, by directing sufficient funding towards infrastructure, such as libraries, schools, parks and gymnasiums, a city is capable to satisfy citizens’ needs for social, educational, athletic and cultural activities. It is true that, the more money of a society is concentrated on public services, the higher standard of living its members can enjoy. Apart from this, there are economic benefits that public facilities can offer to communities. For example, an integrated transport network promises smooth and speedy movement of goods, which ensures that industrial and agricultural products of a city can be delivered to other cities in exchange for steady income.

On the other hand, it has to be admitted that arts also play an indispensable role in modern life, since they provide people with entertainment and spiritual enjoyment . Besides, various artistic forms, such as music, film and literature, serve as a sign of a civilized society. All these reasons justify government spending on arts. However, unlike public facilities, arts are more likely to attract the investment of private businesses, because they can bring huge profits in return. For instance, Hollywood film center rewards its investors with millions of dollars every year. More importantly, as a key component of a culture, arts are naturally passed down from one generation to another and require no money to survive.

My view is that public facilities should be given the highest priority, especially in those underdeveloped areas. As for arts, they will continue to survive as an inherent part of a society even without any financial support. But when an economy comes to maturity, a moderate proportion of government revenues can be allocated to arts, in order to make them more flourished. (330 words)

媒体类

新闻媒体的优点

The mass media keeps people well informed about current issues. Through broadcast, TV, newspapers, and internet-based media, modern people collect information and stay in close

contact with what is going on all over the world. 传媒让人人们对当前的时事保持消息灵通。利用用广广播, 电视, 报纸和网网络媒体, 现代人人收集资料, 并与世界各地发生生的事情保持密切联系。

The news media plays a positive role in saving lives and reducing loss. As the messenger of accidents, crimes and natural calamity, it conveys the firsthand information to audiences and urges the government to take relevant measures or organize evacuation. 新闻媒体在挽救生生命和减少

损失方方面面发挥了积极的作用用。作为意外事故, 犯罪和自自然灾害的信使, 它向观众传

递了第一一手手资料并敦促政府采取相关措施或组织救援。

新闻媒体的缺点

The news media tends to give a biased account of an issue. For example, in order to achieve high audience ratings, it may exaggerate the potential risk of a terrorism attack or distort an established fact, thereby making people form prejudiced opinions. 新闻媒体往往会对一一个事件

进行行偏激的描述。例如, 为了达到高高收视率, 它可能会夸大大一一个恐怖袭击的潜在风

险或歪曲一一个既定的事实, 从而而使人人们形成偏激的意见。

The news media is not respectful to people’s privacy. In order to entertain consumers and cater

for wider audiences, journalists have the preference to disclose affairs or scandals of celebrities

新闻媒体不尊重人人们的隐私。为了取悦消费者和迎合更广广泛的观众,记者们喜欢曝光名人人

的绯闻和丑闻。

媒体类的典型考题：

People think that the news media has influenced people’s lives nowadays and it is a negative development. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

干广广告类

干广广告的好处

Assist consumers to find and buy suitable products. As a direct result of advertisements, people are able to acquire the latest information in the market, such as the release of a product or service, which helps them make a wiser buying decision协助消费者找到并购买合适的产品。因为广广告,人人们能够获得市场上的最新信息, 如新出的产品或服务, 这有助于他们做出更明智的购

买决策。

Contribute a lot to economic growth. Owing to the magic power of ads, more and more people

withdraw money from their bank accounts to purchase those attractive products advertised on TV. With this trend going on, the consumer market will develop at an amazing speed.

大大大大促进经济增长。由于广广告的神奇力力量, 越来越多的人人从他们的银行行帐户取钱购买电视广广告上那些精美的产品。随着这种趋势继续, 消费市场将以惊人人的速度发展。Create competition among advertisers. Since advertisements of the same kind are put up by competing companies, they have to guarantee the quality and better after-sales services so that more consumers can establish faith on their own products在广广告商之间建立立竞争。由于同类广广告有相互竞争的各家公司在打, 他们必须保证更好的质量和售后的服务, 让更多的消

费者对自自己己的产品建立立信心心。

Impel consumers to become more selective. Information delivered by commercials provides consumers a much wider selection of commodities, which makes them increasingly cautious and picky. As a result, in order to cater for wider audiences, manufacturers have to attach more importance to quality促使消费者更加挑剔。由广广告提供的信息为消费者提供了更广广泛的商品选择, 这使他们越来越谨慎和挑剔。因此, 为了迎合更广广泛的观众, 制造商必须更

加重视质量。

干广广告的坏处

Drive people to make insensible buying decisions. Ads about medicine and health products are typical examples. Advertisers try to convince consumers, especially the elderly, of the fact that they are threatened by certain healthy problems. 促使人人们做出不明智的购买决策。关于药品和保健品广广告是典型的例子子。广广告商试图说服消费者, 尤其是老老年人人, 相信他们受到某些健康问题的威胁。

Result in over-consumption. In order to promote sales, most advertisers tend to show their products in an exaggerating way or by inviting famous stars to serve as their spokespersons. As a result, the audiences are very easily tempted to buy what they do not really need, rather than considering internal quality or practical use. 造成过度消费。为了促销,大大多数广广告往往会以夸大大的方方式显示示产品或者邀请著名影星担任他们产品的代言言人人。因此, 观众

很容易被诱惑去购买他们并不真正需要的产品, 而而没有考虑内在质量和实际使用用。

消费者的决定权

Most adult consumers nowadays are sensible before making a purchase. Most of the time, they tend to take into account such factors as the advice of friends, past experience and current knowledge, rather than rushing into a purchase现在大大多数成年消费者在购买前都很理性。大大多数时候, 他们往往考虑到诸如朋友的意见, 过去的经验和当前的知识这些因素, 而而不是急于购买

The market is selective in the long term. Since a product can win the market only through its quality and long established fame, those products of inferior-quality will eventually lose their customers and die out. Obviously, advertizing will serve no function if a product is proved to be low-quality市场从长远来看具有选择性。由于产品只有通过其质量和长期建立立起来的声望赢得市场, 劣质产品将最终失去市场份额并走走向灭亡。显然, 如果一一个产品被证明是

劣质的,其广广告将不起任何作用用。

治理干广广告的措施

The government and departments concerned can stage relevant laws to impose restrictions on advertizing. For example, in some developed countries, if an advertisement fails to honor its advertised effects, the manufacturer would be fined heavily政府和相关部门可以颁布相关法律来对广广告施加限制。例如, 在一一些发达国家, 如果一一个广广告不履行行其广广告宣传的影响, 制造商将被重罚。

There should be strict censorship and supervising systems. Those false advertising cases should be disclosed by the media instantly, which will urge the advertiser to make corrections。应

该有严格的审查和监督体系。虚假广广告案件应立立即被媒体披露, 这将促使广广告

客户做整改。

干广广告类的典型考题

1.Advertising encourages consumers to buy in quantity rather than promoting quality. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

2.The high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising but not the real need of the society where such products are sold. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

3.Some people believe that if products are of good quality or meet people’s needs, people will buy them naturally. So advertisements are not necessary and no more than a form of entertainment. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

4.Society would benefit from the ban on all forms of advertising because it serves no useful purposes and can even be damaging. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

5.Consumers are faced with increasing numbers of advertisements from competing companies. To what extent do you think consumers are influenced by advertisements? What measures can be taken to protect them?

老老龄化类

老老龄化的好处

Longer life span is beneficial to the happiness and stability of a family. A growing number of aging population can attend to their own offspring, who are either too young to look after themselves or too busy to take care of their own children. In other words, with proper guidance and attendance from the older generation, the youth are more likely to focus on their own business.更长的寿命有助于家庭幸福和稳定。越来越多的老老龄人人又口口可以照顾他们的晚辈,他们要么太年轻了无无法照顾自自己己或太忙无无暇照顾自自己己的孩子子。换句话说, 有了来自自老老一一代的适当指导和关怀, 青年更可能集中精力力于自自己己的事情。

Older people contribute to the accumulation of social wealth. In present-day society, practical experience is a valuable resource in workplaces. By sharing and exchanging work experience and hands-on skills, old employees can assist junior workers to do a better job in a shorter time

老老年人人促进社会财富的积累。在当代社会, 实际经验在工工作单位中是以个宝贵的资源。通过分享和交换工工作经验和动手手能力力, 老老员工工可以协助初级工工人人在短时间内做到更好。

老老龄化的坏处

A larger proportion of elders put the youth at a disadvantage in job promotions. Since a large number of old people means that they have more chances to occupy supervisory positions, young people might be deprived of their opportunities for promotion to develop their abilities

大大量的老老年人人使年轻人人在升职中处于劣势。由于大大量的老老人人意味着他们有更多的机会占据管理职位, 年轻人人可能被剥夺发展自自己己能力力的晋升机会。

An aging population is harmful to the sustained economic growth of the society. Rapid social development calls for more young people with creative and innovative minds. However, old people fail to continue to create wealth, because they lack physical vigor and have retrieved from the working world. It is not exaggerating to say that, as the proportion of elderly people is steadily increasing, the society may not be energetic enough to develop. 人人又口口老老化不利于社会的持续经

济增长。不用用说, 快速的社会发展需要更多具有创造力力与创新思维的年轻人人。缺乏身身体活力力和检索的工工作世界，老老人人们没能继续创造财富。毫不夸张地说, 随着老老年人人的比比例稳步增长, 社会可能会失去发展的活力力。

老老龄化类的典型考题

1.In many countries, the proportion of older people is steadily increasing. Does this trend make positive or negative effects?

2.The life expectancy is longer in many countries, which is causing problems for society. What kinds of effect does this situation have on individuals and society as a whole?

动物类

典型考题1: Some people think it is necessary to use animals for testing medicines intended for human use. Others, however, think it is not right to do that. Discuss both views and give your opinion.

Experiments upon animals have long been a breeding ground for heated debate. Some animal rights supporters argue that subjecting animals to experimentation is inhumane and morally unjustified. However, some people still believe that ongoing scientific researches, such as medical tests, necessitate animal-based experiments

经动物实验一一直是激烈辩论的温床。一一些动物权利支支持者认为, 用用动物做实验是不人人道和在道义上不公正的。然而而, 一一些人人仍然相信, 正在进行行的科学的研究, 如医疗检查, 使动物实验成为必须。

Undoubtedly, animals are the only practical alternative to humans when predicting the risk of new drugs. Since they bear a close resemblance to humans, either in behavior or in cell structure, animals respond to internal disturbances caused by medicine in the same manner as humans do. Evidence abounds that most of what people know about themselves, including pain, stress, reproduction and nutrition, is based on findings of animal-based research. In addition, drug experimentation on mammals is beneficial to animals. For example, with the help of medical discoveries stemming from animal testing, veterinary surgeons are better able to give medical care and treatment to sick animals

毫无无疑问, 当预测新药的风险是, 动物是人人类唯一一的可行行选择。由于动物无无论是在行行为或细胞结构上都和人人类相似, 动物会以和人人类相似的方方式回应由药类引起的体内紊乱。诸多证据显示示, 人人们对自自己己的了解, 包括疼痛, 压力力, 繁殖和营养, 都是基于对动物的研究结果。此外,对哺乳动物的药物实验也对动物有益。例如, 在动物实验所得医疗发现的帮助下, 兽医能够更好地给生生病的动物提供医疗护理和治疗。

On the other hand, it has to be admitted that some animal experiments are performed callously, with little or no regard for the pain inflicted on these creatures. However, this is a problem that can be addressed by tightening supervision. For example, the government and departments concerned can set standards for testing animals and impose regulations to avoid excessive cruelty in laboratories. Meanwhile, those animal tests conducted for commercial purposes should be banned.

另一一方方面面, 必须承认, 一一些动物实验进行行得很残酷, 很少或根本没有顾及对这些动物造成的痛苦。然而而, 这是一一个可以通过加强监管来解决的问题。例如, 政府和有关部门可以设置测试动物的标准和实施条例来避免在实验室有过多的残酷。同时, 那些为商业目目的而而进行行的动物实验应被禁止止。

My view is that, animals are an indispensable part of medicine-testing, primarily because there are no more feasible substitutions at the current stage of scientific development. Meanwhile, it is certain that suffering should be controlled to the minimum during experimentation.

我的看法是, 动物是医学测试中不可或缺的一一部分, 主要是因为在科学发展的现阶段没有更

多可行行的替代品。同时, 在实验过程中, 痛苦应该被控制到最低。

典型考题2: Some people think that killing animals for food is cruel, but others claim that animals are a necessary part of diet. What is your opinion?

Animal source foods are vitally important in terms of ensuring nutritional standards. A diet with a good combination of meat and vegetable is thought to have considerable value. Animal meat provides a wide range of nutrients that are difficult to obtain from plant source foods. Insufficient intake of those nutrients will produce negative health outcomes, such as poor growth. In addition, most of the meat available in supermarkets for people’s consumption is produced by industrial agriculture. In order to guarantee enough meat supply, modern

technology and mass production techniques are adopted in modern farms. Livestock produced by industrial farming, such as chicken and fish cannot be taken as ordinary animals but only as manufactured goods.

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动物源食食品在保证营养标准方方面面是极其重要的。肉肉类和蔬菜合理结合的饮食食被认为具有相当的价值。动物肉肉类提供了各种从植物源食食品中难以获得的营养成分。这些营养素的摄入入不足足会产生生不良健康结果, 如发育不良。此外, 绝大大多数在超市供人人们消费的肉肉类是由工工业化的农业生生产的。为了保证足足够的肉肉类供应, 现代农场采用用了现代科技和大大规模生生产技术。畜牧业生生产的农产品, 如鸡和鱼, 都不能被视为普通动物, 而而只是作为制成品。

On the other hand, it has to be admitted that people’s continued desire for animal meat might lead to intensive livestock farming and animal slaughter. However, it is a widespread practice that livestock is raised and killed for human consumption, since animal meat is the necessity for p eople’s health and there are no more feasible substitutions. What can be done is to stage laws, in order to ban the eating of rare animals, which is regarded as a delicacy in some countries, such as whale meat in Japan.

另一一方方面面, 必须承认, 人人们对动物肉肉类的持续需求可能导致大大量畜禽养殖和屠宰。但是,家禽饲养并宰杀供人人类消费是一一种普遍做法, 因为动物的肉肉类是人人们健康的必需品而而且也没有更可行行的替代品。可以做的是出台法律去禁止止食食用用珍惜动物(在很多国家被认为是美味,例如鲸鱼肉肉在日日本)。

典型考题3: Far too little has been done to prevent animals from dying out, although people have noticed this problem for a long time. Why have people failed to improve this situation? What are your suggestions?

The sharp fall in wild animals is first attributed to people’s continued and heavy reliance on them for their own interests. An age-old tradition is that animals are raised, bred for human use. For example, Laboratory animals have been used for testing and making drug throughout much of human history. Moreover, the meat of rare animals is regarded as a delicacy in some countries, such as whale meat in Japan. Another reason cited to explain this is that few people take the mass extinction of species seriously. For example, fur is desired and pursued as a fashionable status symbol in many countries. Buyers rarely realize that their purchase decisions will encourage the fur business and put many rare animals at the verge of extinction.

野生生动物的急剧下降首首先归因于人人们为自自己己的利益而而对他们持续, 严重的依赖。饲养, 繁殖动物为人人类所用用是一一个古老老的传统。例如, 在整个人人类历史中, 实验室里里的动物被用用于测试和制药。此外, 珍稀动物的肉肉在很多国家被认为是美味, 例如鲸鱼肉肉在日日本。另一一个被用用来解释此现象的理由是: 几几乎没有人人对物种的大大面面积灭绝认真。例如, 毛毛皮皮在很多国家作为时尚地位的象征而而被人人们追崇。买家很少意识到, 他们的购买决策将鼓鼓励皮皮草企业并使很多珍惜动物濒临灭绝。

In order to encourage more practical efforts towards animal protection, various approaches should be adopted. First of all,heavy taxation can be imposed on animal products, such as fur and animal handicrafts, in order to discourage people from purchasing them. Meanwhile, the

government should give financial support to subsidize animal conversation projects. Moreover, more campaigns for animal welfare should be launched to instill in the public the conception that individual actions are an indispensable part in the problem-solving process. For example, one can control any activity that is likely to pose a threat on the survival of wildlife, such as cutting the use of animal products and getting rid of the habit of eating rare animals.

为鼓鼓励更多的实际个人人努力力去保护动物, 各种办法应该被采取。首首先, 对诸如皮皮毛毛和动物手手工工艺品之类的动物制品施以重税, 以便使人人们不要购买。与此同时, 政府应提供经济支支持去补贴动物保护工工程。其次, 应该举办更多动物福利活动, 向市民灌输个人人行行为是问题解决过程中不可或缺的部分这一一观念。例如, 人人们可以控制任何可能威胁到野生生动物生生存的活动,例如: 减少动物制品的使用用和戒掉吃珍惜动物的习惯。

其他动物类相关论点:

动物园的功能：

Protecting animals in artificial environment is the main purpose of zoos. Animals, in particular those rare animals are in urgent need of being kept in zoos before they die out. Under the special care of professional staff, they can stand a better chance to produce enough offspring so that they would continue evolving together with mankind on the earth.

在人人工工环境下保护动物是动物园的主要目目的。动物, 特别是珍稀动物在灭绝前正面面临被保护的迫切需要。在专业工工作人人员的特别照顾下, 他们有更多机会产出足足够的后代, 使他们与地球上的人人类一一起继续发展。

Zoos also function as places where people can be educated about the attributes of animals

and specific conditions in which they can survive. As modern people, we are living far from

nature and wild animals have gradually become an abstract concept in our mind. According to statistics, more than 80 percent people cannot describe accurately the appearance and habit of a

tiger, an animal coexisting with human being for millions of years. If there were no zoos for us to

study animals, perhaps only zoologists could explain what a common species is in the foreseeable

future.

动物园也可作为人人们对动物属性和生生存条件的教育基地。作为现代人人, 我们远离自自然, 野生生动物已逐渐在我们的脑海中成为抽象的概念。据统计, 百分之八八十十以上的人人不能准确地描述一一只老老虎(和人人类共存百万年的一一种动物)的外观和习惯。如果没有动物园供我们了解动物,在可预见的未来, 也许只有动物学家才能解释一一种常见的物种了。

Zoos also play a vital role in scientific research. In zoos, scientists can conduct continuous and systematic experiments on animals to see in what way they can live more comfortably. This helps prevent rare animals from going extinction.

动物园也发挥了科研的重要作用用。在动物园里里, 科学家们可以对动物进行行持续和有系统的实验, 看看他们在什么样的条件下可以住得舒适。这有助于保护珍惜动物免遭灭绝。

保护野生生动物的意义：

Animals have profound impacts on the sustainability of an ecosystem. All animals are connected in one way or another in food chains. For this reason, the demise of a species can lead to over-population or under-population of another species and then put this species at the verge of extinction. As a result, the natural balance will be disrupted and the ecosystem cannot be sustained.

动物对生生态系统的可持续性有深远的影响。所有的动物都以这样或者那样的方方式存在于食食物链中。由于这个原因, 一一个物种的消亡可能导致另一一个种群过多或不足足, 继而而使这个物种

濒临灭绝。其结果是, 自自然平衡将被破坏, 生生态系统不能持续。

Animal protection plays a significant role in the development of industries. People derive substances and materials from animals for different purposes. A typical example is that animals provide essential substances for drug-making. Moreover, designers and engineers turn to wildlife for inspiration. For instance, the invention of waterproof clothing draws on the research on sharks.动物保护在产业发展中起着重要作用用。人人们处于不同目目的从动物那里里获取物质和材料。一一个典型的例子子是, 动物为制药提供了必要的替代物。此外, 设计师和工工程师也会从野生生动物身身上得到灵感。例如, 防水水服装的发明就借鉴了关于鲨鱼的研究。

博物馆类

博物馆的保护功能

Museums conserve cultural assets in order to guarantee that they are passed on to future generations. Museums schedule and carry out analyses and examinations to determine the state of collections and perform the necessary preservation, cleaning and restoration tasks. By following up and controlling the physical conditions of collections in warehouses or exhibition rooms, cultural and historical relics are in appropriate conditions and accessible for viewing and study. These functions justify the existence of the museums.

博物馆的娱乐功能

Museums can enrich people’s cultural life. Museums serve as a place of entertainment and recreation for common people to spend their leisure hours. By visiting museums, people can cultivate a better taste for arts and enhance the sensitivity to beauty, thus enriching their spiritual life and upgrading their quality. Moreover, museums help boost the local tourism.Most museums are symbols of a city, attracting visitors from home and abroad. Visiting a museum is one of the most relaxing ways which provide visitors with a pleasant experience

博物馆的教育功能

Museums shoulder the responsibility to preserve and carry forward a country’s traditional culture. By viewing objects of historical and artistic value, people cannot only learn about the history and civilization, but gradually cultivate a sense of social responsibility, which normally stems from a clear understanding of mankind’s history. In addition, scientific and military museums can cultivate one's sense of patriotism. In china, schools often organize trips to these museums. When youngsters learn that many years ago, a number of countries invaded China, robbing treasure and killing Chinese civilians, they will establish a strong sense to defend the nation

解决博物馆经费问题的方方法

The government should invest a small amount of money on advertisements for the museums in the city. For example, ads of the museums should be forwarded on the travel brochures or maps of the city. Consequently, both reputation and funds are earned and incomes from admission can keep them running properly.

The government can organize fund raising activities so that wealthy members of society can donate money to museums, which is common practice in many countries.

Museums can balance their budget by operating more activities to attract more visitors in exchange for additional entry fee to cover costs

相关考题:

1.Some people think museums should be enjoyable places to attract and entertain young people. Others think the purpose of museums is to educate, not to entertain. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

2.Currently, a growing number of governments are investing money in museums. Some people believe this will benefit the whole society while others maintain that this is a financial burden. What’s your opinion?