免疫力,健康第一防线

免疫力，健康第一防线

健康=少得病=免疫力强，这样一个等式被很多保健产品用作宣传理论。但作为人体健康的一道防线，免疫力到底是怎么回事，相信大多数人并不十分明白。

免疫功能25岁到顶峰

“从最基本的含义讲，免疫是我们抵抗病原而避免发生传染病的能力。”北京大学基础医学院免疫学系副主任王月丹告诉记者，它是指身体具有的识别抗原性物质(如病原体、毒素)，并将这些物质清除出机体的能力。当机体具备了这种能力，就被称做具有了免疫力。

著名健康教育专家洪昭光教授说，免疫力如同驻扎人体的军队，在与外界袭来的病毒、细菌“作战”时，承担了重要的防御任务。正常情况下，或许你感受不到它的存在，但人体受到攻击，它就会奋起反抗。比如，患上感冒或出现小伤口时，不用打针、吃药也能痊愈，这与免疫系统的修复功能有关；人体内时刻都在产生肿瘤细胞，但并非人人得癌，这也要归功于强大的免疫系统。

免疫系统在青春期发育最快，25岁左右达到顶峰，30岁之后慢慢下降。一个人免疫力的强弱，在一定程度上可由白细胞计数的多少来判定。王月丹说，一般每微升4000～10000个白细胞属于正常，如果小于每微升4000个，则表明机体存在着免疫功能的降低。

“记性好”是免疫系统具备的特征之一。“免疫系统用自己的方式在感觉、体验和记忆着这个世界，”王月丹说，比如，通过检测抗体就可以知道一个人是否接触过流感病毒；如果下次遇到同一病毒，免疫系统就会立刻发觉，并很快将其消灭。这也是为什么得过水痘的人不会再得的原因，更是疫苗能够预防疾病的重要原理。

另一个可能让人意外的特点是，免疫系统男女有别，因为它会受到内分泌的影响。女性免疫系统没有男性稳定，她们比男性更容易患上某些自身免疫性疾病，如红斑狼疮等。

不同年龄段的“免疫危机”

“免疫力的高低受内外双重因素影响。内在的包括遗传、年龄和性别；外在因素则分为化学、物理和生物三类。”王月丹说，一个人生下来底子好，免疫功能强，相对就可能更少生病，免疫系统衰老得可能也更缓慢。但如果他不注意外在因素的影响，可能会令自己的免疫功能受损。事实上，不同年龄段的人面临的“免疫危机”不一样，应对方式也不同。

儿童和青少年。一是母乳喂养。为新生儿打下“免疫力”基础的是他们的“口粮”，而母乳具有天然的优势。二是生活环境。过去环境不卫生，小孩容易因寄生虫(如蛔虫等)、细菌或病毒引起感染性疾病；现在由于环境太干净，则可能被过敏性疾病困扰。此外，环境中苯、甲醛、PM2.5超标等污染物也会影响免疫力。三是疫苗，接种疫苗是儿童预防多种疾病、提高免疫力的重要手段。四是精神压力及作息。如今孩子课业过重、精神紧张，无法保证充足的睡眠，就会影响激素分泌；五是饮食。新鲜食物如蔬菜等吃得太少，加工食品吃得过多，都会影响免疫力。

中年人。“这是最危险的群体。”30岁以后，人体免疫功能开始走下坡路，本应好好休整，给免疫系统更多呵护，但中年时期，尤其是40岁以后，又是人生中经济压力、精神压力最大的阶段，很多人仍如年轻人一样“挥霍”健康，作息不规律、营养跟不上，导致免疫系统最易出问题，癌症高发。

老年人。65岁以后，我们终于有更多时间照料身体了，但免疫功能不可避免地又下了一个台阶。王月丹说，这个时期好好呵护很关键。老人一定要根据天气变化增减衣物，少到人多的地方，适量运动，以免被病原体盯上；有糖尿病、气管炎等基础病、长期卧床、体质差的人，可考虑注射流感、肺炎等疫苗。

疲劳、精神差是在报警

免疫力如同人体健康的“防火墙”，当这面墙出现缺口时，身体就会有所反映。除了因年龄带来的不避免的免疫功能衰退外，免疫力下降往往在悄无声息地进行着。王月丹说，免疫力下降的主要后果是人体更容易受到病毒、细菌等的侵害。此外，它还会“波及”内分泌、神经等系统的正常运转，引发内分泌紊乱、失眠等问题。

精神比较差、疲劳、感觉不舒服……这些被你忽视的不适感可能正在提醒你：“要好好关注免疫功能了”。王月丹说，这是比较轻的表现，此时应去医院检查白细胞计数。“如果隔半年或1年做一次白细胞计数检查，并绘成一条曲线，你会发现，在感觉不舒服时，白细胞的数量也较低，这是很有参考价值的。”

感冒次数增多、伤口愈合速度变慢等，说明免疫功能已下降得比较快了。一旦免疫系统“崩溃”，后果非常严重。个别人感冒后症状严重，甚至导致死亡，就可能与免疫系统功能的严重紊乱有一定关系。更严重的是，人体的抗肿瘤能力也可能会下降，更易患癌。

需要引起注意的是，若要免疫系统正常运转，最重要的是“平衡”二字。机体抵抗外界侵扰的能力过低会出现很多风险，过高也会带来问题，比如过敏、自身免疫性疾病等。

5招保护免疫力

我们怎样对待免疫系统，它就会给我们相应的反馈。专家表示，滥用抗生素、睡眠不足、压抑情绪等会降低免疫力，而以下好习惯则会保护免疫力。

营养均衡是基础。只有这样才能保证人体生成充足的免疫细胞和免疫分子。洪昭光建议，每天一个鸡蛋，饮用250毫升牛奶，多吃新鲜的绿叶蔬菜和水果，因为其中含有丰富的微量元素、维生素和膳食纤维。

乐观是养分。精神紧张、压抑、悲观等情绪会影响糖皮质激素等的分泌，进而影响到免疫力。美国匹兹堡大学布鲁斯·罗宾博士建议，要学会应对随时而来的压力，尽可能乐观、积极，广交朋友，多倾诉，多参加唱歌等活动。

生活规律是保证。有研究发现，与每晚睡七八个小时的人相比，每晚只睡4个小时的人，体内抵御流感的抗体减少50%。而饮食不规律、缺乏运动等，也会让免疫力“受苦”。

疫苗是好帮手。对儿童、老年人来说，接种安全、有效的疫苗是增强某些疾病免疫力的重要手段，也是预防传染病最省钱的方式。北京等地已进入秋冬季流感高发期，可按时接种。

不滥用保健品。别轻信个别保健品厂家产品可增强免疫力的宣传，很多时候这只是噱头。王月丹表示，保健品只能提高免疫应答的水平，而无法从根本上提高免疫力。如果很想购买相关产品，应认准“蓝帽子”。

Strong health = less sick = immunity, this equation theory by many health care products used as propaganda. But as the line of the human body health, immunity what is going on, believe that most people don't quite understand.

The immune function, 25, to the top

"From the most basic meaning, immunization is our ability of resistance to pathogens and prevent infectious diseases." Basic medical college of Peking University, deputy director of the department of immune https://www.360docs.net/doc/8414096937.html, Wang Yuedan tells a reporter, it refers to the body with the identification of antigenic substances such as pathogens, toxins, and will be removed from the body's ability to these material. When the body has the ability, is called the immunity.

Famous health education expert, said professor hong zhaoguang immunity as the body's military presence, coming in and outside of the virus, bacteria, "combat", take an important defense. Under normal circumstances, maybe you are less than its existence, but the body is attacked, it would rise in open rebellion. Colds or appear small wounds, for instance, without an injection, take medicine can heal, it has to do with the immune system repair function; Tumor cells in the body all the time, but not all cancer, which can be attributed to a strong immune system.

The immune system in puberty, fastest peaked around 25 years old, slowly decline after the age of 30. A person the strength of the immune system, to a certain extent, can be made of white blood cell count of how many to decide. Wang Yuedan said, general/MCL 4000 ~ 10000 white blood cells belong to the normal, if less than 4000 / MCL, suggests that the body exists low immune function.

"Memory" is one of the immune system has the characteristics of the. "The immune system in their own way in feeling, experience and memory of the world," said Wang Yuedan, for example, by detecting https://www.360docs.net/doc/8414096937.html, antibodies can know whether a person is exposed to flu virus; If the next encounter the same virus, the immune system will be found immediately, and will soon be wiped out. Had chicken pox and that is why people will no longer have to reason, but also the important principle of vaccines to prevent disease.

Another surprise is according to the characteristics of the immune system is different from the men and women, because it will be affected by the endocrine. Women's immune system stable without men, they are more likely than men to suffer from certain autoimmune diseases, such as lupus erythematosus (sle).

Different age paragraph "immune crisis"

"Immunity of affected by factors both inside and outside double. Inner include genetic, age and gender; external factors are divided into chemical, physical and biological types." Wang Yuedan said, a man down foundation is good, strong immune function, relative might be less sick, the immune system may also be more slow aging. But if he does not pay attention to the influence of external factors, may make their immune function. In fact, people of different age groups faced the crisis of "immune" is not the same, different coping styles.

Children and teenagers. One is breast-feeding. For newborns to lay a basis "immune" is their "food", and breast milk has a natural advantage. The second is the living environment. Because the past environment health, child easy parasites (such as a worm, etc.), bacteria or viruses cause infectious diseases; Because the environment is so clean now, may be allergic disease. In addition, the environment such as benzene, formaldehyde exceeds bid, PM2.5 pollutants may also affect immunity. Third, vaccine, vaccination is children's important means of prevention of various diseases, enhance immunity. 4 it is mental stress and sleep. Now children: heavy schoolwork, mental tension, cannot assure enough sleep, can affect hormone secretion; 5 it is diet. Fresh food such as vegetables, eat too little, and processed foods to eat too much, will affect the immune system.

Middle-aged people. "This is the most dangerous groups." Began to decline after age 30, the body's immune function, should have a good rest, more care to the immune system, but the middle age, especially after age 40, and is the largest economic pressure and mental stress in life stage, a lot of people still like the young "squander" health, irregular work and rest, nutrition can't keep up with, cause the immune system is the most easy problems, a high incidence of cancer.

The elderly. After age 65, we finally have more time to take care of the body, but again the immune function inevitably a step. Wang Yuedan said, this time a good care is critical. The old man must be according to the weather changes increase or decrease in clothes, few to many places, right amount motion, avoid targeted by pathogens; Have basic diseases such as diabetes, chronic bronchitis, long-term lie in bed, poor health, can consider to flu, pneumonia vaccine.

Fatigue, poor spirit is in alarm

Immunity as a human health "firewall", when the wall appeared gap, the body will be reflected. In addition to not avoid immune function decline due to age, weakened immunity are often quietly. Wang Yuedan said, weakened immunity is the main consequences of the human body is more vulnerable to viruses, bacteria, etc. In addition, it would "spread" the normal operation of endocrine and nervous system, and cause the endocrine disorder, loss of sleep problems.

Spirit is poorer, fatigue, don't feel well... These are you ignore discomfort may be remind you: "take good focus on the immune function of the". Wang Yuedan said, this is a manifestation of the lighter, at this time should go to a hospital checking white blood cell count. "If every half year or one year for a white blood cell count, and painting into a curve,

you will find that, when not feeling well, the number of white blood cells is low, it is of great reference value."

Cold number increase and slow wound healing rate, immune function has been falling faster now. Once the immune system "crash", the consequence is very serious. Individuals after cold severe symptoms and even death, can with severe disorder of immune system function. What's more, the body's ability to anti tumor may also decline, more susceptible to cancer.

Need to pay attention, to the immune system normal operation, the most important thing is that the word "balance". The body's ability to fight outside intrusion is too low will appear a lot of risk, too high may cause problems, such as allergies and autoimmune diseases, etc.

5 protective immunity

How we treat the immune system, it will give us the feedback accordingly. Experts say the abuse of antibiotics, lack of sleep, depressed mood will reduce immunity, while the following good habits will protect the immune system.

Balanced is a foundation. Only in this way can guarantee the body to generate enough immune cells and immune molecules. Hong zhaoguang proposal, an egg a day, drink 250 ml of milk and eat fresh green leafy vegetables and fruit more, because it is rich in trace elements, vitamins, and dietary fiber.

Optimism is a nutrient. Mental tension, depression, pessimism and other emotions can affect the secretion of glucocorticoid, etc, which affect the immune system. University of Pittsburgh Bruce Dr Robin suggestion, learn to cope with the pressure at any time, as far as possible, optimistic, positive, make friends, talk more, how to participate in activities such as singing.

Law is the guarantee of life. Studies have found that, compared with seven or eight hours of sleep every night, only four hours sleep every night, the body against flu antibodies decreased by 50%. And irregular diet and lack of exercise, also can let immunity "suffering".

The vaccine is a good helper. For children, the elderly, safe and effective vaccine is an important means of certain disease immunity enhancement, is also the most economical way to prevent infectious disease. Beijing has entered the fall winter flu season, can on time.

Don't abuse of health care products. Don't be credulous individual health products manufacturer product can enhance immunity of propaganda, many times it's just a gimmick. Wang Yuedan said, health care products can only improve the level of immune response to fundamentally improve the immunity. If want to buy related products, should look for the "blue hat".