上海市建平中学2018-2019学年学高三第二学期3月英语周练卷

2018-2019学年上海市浦东新区建平中学高三下学期周练英语试卷

I. Listening Comprehension(略)

II. Grammar and Vocabulary (20分)

Section A

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.

Stanford Earth professor Jon Payne puts modern extinctions in context (21)_________ comparing them with Earth's five previous mass extinctions.

"We've found that extinction threat in the modern oceans is very strongly associated with larger body size," said Jonathan Payne, at Stanford's School of Earth, Energy & Environmental Sciences. "This is most likely due to people (22)_________(target) larger species for consumption first."

In a new study, (23)_________ (publish) in the Sept. 16 issue of the journal Science, Payne and his colleagues examined the association between extinction threat level and ecological traits (24)_________ _________ body size for two major groups of marine animals -- mollusks and vertebrates -- over the past 500 years and compared it with the ancient past,(25)________(stretch) as far back as 445 million years ago and with a particular emphasis on the most recent 66 million years.

"We used the fossil record to show, in a concrete, convincing way, that (26) _________ is happening in the modern oceans is really different from what has happened in the past," said study co-author Noel Heim, a postdoctoral researcher in Payne's lab.

Specifically, the authors found that the modern era is unique in the extent (27)_________ creatures with larger body sizes are being preferentially targeted for extinction. "What our analysis shows is that for every factor of 10 increase in body mass, the odds of (28)_________(threaten) by extinction go up by a factor of 13 or so," Payne said. "The bigger you are, (29)_________(likely) you are to be facing extinction."

The selective extinction of large-bodied animals (30)_________have serious consequences for the health of marine ecosystems, the scientists say, because they tend to be at the tops of food webs and their movements through the water column and the seafloor help cycle nutrients through the oceans.

【答案】21. by 22. targeting 23. published 24. such as 25. stretching

26. what 27. because 28. being threatened 29. more likely 30. may

【重难点词汇和短语解析】

1. Mass extinction - n. 大规模灭绝，大量消亡

2. Be associated with - prep. 与...联系起来，与...有关

3. Consumption - n. 消费，消耗，吃，喝

4. Ecological trait - n. 生态属性/特性

5. Marine - adj. 海洋的，海运的

6. Mollusk - n. 无脊椎动物

7. Vertebrate - n. 脊椎动物

8. Fossil - n. 化石

9. Concrete - adj. 具体的，实物的

10. Postdoctoral - adj. 博士后的

11. In the extent - prep. 在...程度上

12. Preferentially - adv. 优先地，优惠地

13. Body mass - n. 体质量

14. Odds - n. 几率，胜算，可能性

15. Selective - adj. 选择的

16. Ecosystem - n. 生态系统

17. Food webs - n. 食物网络

18. Column - n. 柱状物，专栏

【试题解析】

21题考查状从中介词的搭配，这里空格后面是动名词comparing，前面put发出一个动作，因此是方式状语，“通过比较...和...”，因此填by.

22题考查括号中动词的正确形式，主语是people，此处表示主动应该填现在分词，而本句的时态是一般现在时，因此填targeting.

23题考查定语从句，主语是a new study，publish作后置定语，加之后面有过去的时间限制，因此填published表示过去完成。

24题考查短语，解题关键在空格前后的ecological traits和body size, 两者是包含关系，因此此处是在举例说明，填such as。

25题考查非谓语动词，主语是Payne and his colleagues，谓语是examined, 这里缺少表示主动的一个非谓语，stretching。

26题主语从句里面缺少主语指物,同时在第二行出现了宾语what,此处是对比差异，因此填同样填what.

27题考查连词，首先空格前后是两句完整的话，并且前后的关系是因果关系，前果后

因，因此填because.

28题考查介词前后的动词填写形式，threaten-威胁的后面有介词by，因此确定是被动threatened, 而前面的of 又限制了v-ing的形式，因此填being threatened.

29题考查形容词比较级，通过前面的bigger确定这里也是比较级，因此填more likely.

30题考查情态动词，空格后面是动词原形have,前面主语是animals, 再者下一行的tend to表示一种倾向，并不是确定的事实，因此判断是科学家的一种设想，这里填may较合适。

Section B (10分)

Directions: Complete the passage with the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.

Divorce is one of those creations, like fast food and lite rock, that have more people willing to indulge in it than people willing to (31)_____ it. Back in the 1960s, easier divorce was hailed as a needed remedy for toxic relationships. But familiarity (32)_____contempt(轻蔑). In recent years, the divorce revolution has been blamed for worsening all sorts of problems without bringing happiness to people in unhappy marriages.

There's a lot of evidence that (33)_____breakup does more social harm than good. In their 2000 book, "The Case for Marriage", Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher (34)____that adults who are married do better than singles in wealth, health and personal satisfaction. Children living with a divorced or unwed single parent are more likely to fall into poverty, sickness and crime than other kids.

Marriage is a good thing, most people agree, while divorce is, at best, a necessary evil. So the laws that (35)____ the divorce revolution have come under fire for destroying families and weakening safeguards for spouses who keep their vows.

Waite and Gallagher argue that (36)____ divorce laws harm even intact households by fostering chronic uncertainty. Louisiana, in line with this criticism, has gone so far as to provide a "covenant marriage" option for couples who want the protection of stricter divorce rules.

It may seem obvious that easier divorce laws make for more divorce and more (37)_____. But what is obvious is not necessarily true. What two scholars have found is that when you make divorce easier to get, you may actually produce better marriages.

In the old days, anyone who wanted to escape from the (38)____of marriage had to get his or her spouse to agree to a split, or else go to court to prove the partner had done something terribly

wrong (such as committing adultery). The '60s and '70s brought "no-fault" divorce, which is also known as "unilateral divorce", since either party can bring it about without the consent of the other.

The first surprise is that looser divorce laws have actually had little effect on the number of marriages that fall apart. Economist Justin Wolfers of Stanford University, in a study published by the National Bureau of Economic Research, found that when California passed a no-fault divorce law in 1970, the divorce rate jumped, then (39)____ back to its old level and then fell some more. That was also the pattern in other states that loosened their laws. Over time, he estimates, the (40)____ that a first marriage would break up rose by just one-fourth of 1 percentage point, which is next to nothing.

【答案】HAJKB DGCFI

【试题解析】

31. 首先根据空格前的willing to可知，此空填动词原形，然后从句子意思来看，相比防护，人们更愿意沉溺其中，所以选H。

32. 根据句子成分和时态来看，此空应该填动词的三单形式，结合所给的词，只能选A，表示过分亲密就会有所轻蔑。

33. There's a lot of evidence that后面跟了一个从句，从句中主语是空格部分到breakup, 因为breakup是名词，所以空格处应该填一个形容词，从句子上下文来看，应该表示婚姻关系的破裂，所以选J。

34. 从句子成分来看，空格处是填一个谓语动词，根据前面的In their 2000 book, 可知，Linda Waite and Maggie Gallagher这两个人在书中记载了。。。，所以选K,表示记录，记载。

35. 从句子成分来看，此空填谓语动词，再结合句子意思，伴随离婚变革的法律已经受到严厉批评，所以选B。

36. 根据空格特点可以判断出此空缺一个形容词，修饰后面的divorce laws，结合所给词来看，只能选D，表示宽松的离婚法伤害了甚至完好无损的家庭。

37. 根据空格前的more divorce and来看，此空应该填名词，跟前面构成一个并列的关系，所以选G，表示更多的离婚和不安全。

38. 从空格特点可以判断出此空缺一个名词，根据句子意思，在以前，任何一个想要从试婚中逃离出来的人都要得到另一半的同意，所以选C。

39. 根据the divorce rate jumped, then (39)____ back to its old level and then fell some more. 来看，此空要补充一个动词来和前后的时态保持一致，所以选F，表示回到。。。

40. 从空格特点可以判断出此空缺一个名词，再结合句子意思，他估计，第一次婚姻会破裂的这种可行性会提升。。。，所以选I。

【重难点词汇和短语解析】

1. come under fire 受到严厉批评