TOEFL iBT 新东方网络课堂听课笔记--Writing

TOEFL iBT Reading 网络课堂听课笔记

新托福考试相关知识

考试证件：

护照最好，身份证也可

考试完之后的十五天出成绩

一个人两次考试时间间隔不低于七天

General Introduction to iBT TOEFL

Reading 60-100 mins

Listening 60-90 mins

Break 10 mins 厕所，不要吃冰的东西、饼干、辣的东西；最好吃香蕉

Speaking 20 mins 包括阅读和听、以及回答时间

Writing 50 mins 纯粹回答问题的时间

Total time: 4 hours

新托福写作基本介绍

General Introduction to iBT TOEFL Writing

Content: integrated writing 综合写作(读、听、写，要求较高，不用发表个人意见) and independent writing(300字以上，400-500分数较好，高分一定要400字以上，600字以上可能得满分)

Score: raw score: 0-5 scaled score: 0-30

Time: Integrated Writing: 20 minutes

Reading: 3 mins/230-300words

Listening: 2 mins/230-300words

150-225 words 不需要发表个人观点

Independent writing: 30 minutes

300 words 以上

写作训练方法：“写”

练习写作的步骤：需要写20篇左右的文章

1-5 不限时写作字数达到300，结构完整，不计好坏

6-10 保证1小时内完成，结构完整，字数300以上，写完进行检查：语法、冗余

11-20 要半小时完成，字数要超过400，结构完整，写完进行检查和润饰

写作基本知识/应试技巧

基本知识：

两篇作文都不需要写标题

文章分段方法：缩行式（4-6个字母）和空行式

应试技巧：

如何直入主题：如何根据评分要求获得高分

Be the best of all; or

Be the best of the crowd; or

Be the best of yourself.

写作规则：

1.The longer, the better! (大量认证、文章内容充实，衔接良好)

2.Best structure

Best sentences

Best words

三种句子训练方法

1.用多种方法表达同一句意

例如：A对B很重要

1) A is important to B.

2) A plays an important role/part in B.

3) A is of (great/amazing) importance/significance to B.

4) B cannot live/develop/grow/survive without A

5) A is to B what the foundation is to a skyscraper/ water is to fish/ the heart is to a human.

6) A is essential/significant/crucial/critical/vital/indispensable to B.

7)The importance of A to B can never be exaggerated/denied/ignored/doubted.

8) A means a lot to B.

9) A is everything/the whole world to B.

10)Nothing is more important to B than A.

11)A matters/counts to B.

2.扩充句子

将一个简单句进行扩充，增加至15字、25字、35字，尽量使用不同的语法结构，如同位语，插入语，非谓语结构，各种从句、并列结构等。

（要求：文章里多于20字的句子至少不少于3句）

3.对句式进行各种变化

开头的变化（名词、不定式、介词词组、分词、从句、动名词、代词）

结尾的变化

长短句的变化

主被动的变化：以主动为主，被动为辅

考试时尽可能以长句为主

写作换算：

3—20

3.25—21

3.5—22

3.75—24

4—25

4.25—27

4.5—28

4.75—29

5—30

新托福写作须知

1.考试使用美式英语或英式英语？都可以，但美式比较好

但一定不要温和美式和英式

2.字数非常重要

Integrated writing: 300

Independent writing: 450

3.结构

3\4\5\6段式

4.拼写

5.书面语或口语？书面语好点

Photo-photograph

Lab-laboratory

Dorm-dormitory

Kid-child

Can’t-can not 在疑问句中必须使用缩略式。

英汉语区别

逻辑性

英语逻辑性比汉语逻辑强

表达方式

汉语表达的特点：曲折、委婉（曲线型思路）

英语表达的特点：明确、直接（直线型思路）

文化的影响

As stupid as a donkey 猪

Horse 勤奋

写作原则：

1.正式文体

2.完整结构

3.明确观点

4.精彩纷呈

5.正式形式

6.通顺连贯

7.扬长避短

驳论文的写法—一般用于“do you agree or disagree”

驳论点的写法

先承认对方观点的某些合理性

再列举实例或理由证明对方观点的逻辑漏洞或片面性

再、或阐述按照对方的观点会有什么样的恶劣后果

驳论据的写法

先确定对方观点所持的理由

再证明对方观点理由的版面性或虚假性

还可以再提出自己的论据证明自己的观点

论点切入点

健康（营养、放松心情、身体素质、食品安全、生活习惯、烟酒、身体伤害）和安全（生命、财产）

便利（节省时间、时间灵活、交通、休闲、健身、娱乐、吃喝、购物）

交流（交流技巧）、与家人、父母、朋友、同学、同事、领导、网友交流

习惯与心理（风俗、习惯、兴趣、亲情、友情、爱情、乐趣、好恶）

成就感（成功、荣誉感、财富、自信、动力、压力）sense of achievement; Success, succeed, successful, make it; sense of honor; motivation; pressure

环保（生态平衡、动植物的保护、环境污染如：水、空气、光、嗓音、辐射等）ecological balance\system

经济（资金、投资、节约、旅游、就业、工资、收入、支出、效益、税收）fund, investment, save, tourism, employment, profit, tax

品格（有经验、能干、聪明、合作、坚忍不拔、上进、独立、负责任、宽容、乐观、谦虚、勇敢、善良）experienced, ability\capable\competent, cooperate\cooperative, persevere\perseverance\persevering, aggressive, independent, responsibility\responsible, tolerant\tolerant\tolerance, optimistic-pessimistic, modest, kind

科技、教育与培训（教学技术的发展（电脑、电视、卫星、机器人）、知识的积累、职业的选择、效率）

国家与文明（民族振兴、社会发展、公益、人与自然的和谐、文明的传承和发扬）

寻找理由的方法

有什么条件可以这样？

如果这样有何好处、坏处？

如果不这样有何好处、坏处？

如果要这样、人们必须怎么办？可行吗？

如果不能这样，人们应该怎么办？

理由不能太具体，否则不易展开

各理由必须是并列关系、递进关系

理由的排列顺序由段落长短来决定

思维训练

审题并确定所给观点哪些可用来支持，那些可用来反对：

Topic 1: In many countries, the size of the average family has gotten smaller in recent years. Describe both the advantages and disadvantages of having a small family.

For Against

1. Parents have the time to give more attention and affection to each child.

2. Old parents are more likely to be abandoned to live in homes for senior citizens.

3. Children may be overprotected by their parents, making them weaker individuals.

4. There is more privacy and fewer interruptions.

5. It is necessary to control the rapid growth of the population.

6. Both parents may go out to work, leaving the child or children alone or with baby-sitters.

7. Parents can more easily afford a better education for their children.

8. Family decisions are easier to make.

9. It is less fun to be with fewer people.

10. There are fewer family members to help each other in times of trouble.

文章结构

推荐五段式

主体（3段）

开头（1段）

结尾（1段）

主体框架

1+1 四段模式：主体两段，开头、结尾各一段：支持面的理由两点充分论述

2+1（A型）：支持面的理由两点充分论述+支持面的另一个理由简略论述

2+1（B型）：支持面的优点两点充分论述+反对面的缺点一到两点简略论述

2-1（重点推荐）

2-1（A型）：支持面优点两点充分论述+反对面优点一到两点简略论述

2-1（B型）：支持面的优点两点充分论述+支持面的缺点一到两点简略论述

折中方案：根据不同的阶段、不同的年龄、不同的人群，不同的目的得出不同的结论

文章内容比例

支持面的理由最好要比反对面理由多、段落数多，字数多，而且阐释得更具体。

人称：

论证说理部分使用第三人称。

涉及个人情况时使用第一人称。

表达个人观点时使用第一人称。

尽量使用复数形式的第三人称，避免he\she的出现。

不要使用第二人称。

一般托福作文里出现的人称数量不要超过2个

文章开头的方法

1.背景+论题+各方观点和理由+作者论点和理由

具体方式：背景+论题+反方观点+（反方理由）+过渡+（正方观点）+作者论点+作者理由简化：背景+论题+作者论点+作者理由

论题+反方观点+（反方理由）+过渡+（正方观点）+作者论点+作者理由

怎么写背景：

（1）提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象（紧扣论题）作为背景（2）从远到近，由大到小地谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景；

2.事例法（重点推荐）

举例+论题+各方观点（和理由）+作者论点和理由

事例法的方法：

（1）媒体（电视、电台、报纸、杂志和网络）的报道；

（2）朋友、邻居、同事的故事

3.问题法

问题+论题+各方观点（和理由）+作者论点和理由

提出问题的两个方案：

（1）把背景用问题方式提出

（2）连续提问（煽情式提问）

4.引语法

引语+论题+各方观点（和理由）+作者论点和理由

主题句

1.主题句是陈述句

2.必须表明观点

3.态度必须坚决

4.每段都有主题句

5.通常位于段首或段末

结尾

总结全文（论题和各方观点）

重述论点和理由

提出建议、解决问题、深化意义

重述语意的技巧

1.题目的要求

2.行文的需要

(1)使用同义词进行替换

发展：progress, advance, development

学习知识：acquire, accumulate, gain, obtain knowledge

(2)用各种形式的同要词进行替换

The development of science and technology

As… as science and technology develops

Able/capable/ability/capability/enable

Construction—construct—establish—build

Oppose—opposition—object—objection

(3)使用短语进行替换

Build-set up

Be opposed to/object to /argue against/vote against

除非万不得已，绝不重复使用同一个词，同一个短语，同一个句型两次(4)使用全新的表达方法进行替换

Large-big/massive/enormous

Announced-claimed/declared

Wishes-wants/hopes/expects/anticipates

Build-establish/construct

Advantages-merits/strengths/benefits

Disadvantage-drawbacks/defects/weaknesses/shortcomings

使用同义词替换：优点、缺点、知识、反对、有利、有害

Influence-impact\effect

Community-neighborhood

Support-back up\argue for\vote for\be in favor of

Oppose-object to\be opposed to\argue against\vote against

Compared with A, B is good

段落的实现

1.例证法

提出论点—列举事例--（分析事例—得出结论）--重述论点

要求：每个理由的后面必须要有例子

2.因果法

提出论点—提出原因—分析条件—得出结果

因果关系的表达

Lead to\result in

Result from

Because of\due to\thanks to\owing to\by reason of\on account of

Because\for\since\as

For 表示“因为”时不能放在句首

In consequence\in the end\consequently

Therefore\thereby\hence\thus 副词

So 连词

However 是副词，后面不能直接跟从句

So 连词

3.比较对照法（整体、分项比较）

整体比较：写起来容易，整体印象完整，但两者对比不鲜明

分项比较：对比鲜明，但零碎，大量的重复

4.分类法、并列法（推荐）

总论点

分论点一

在A方面，在B方面，在C方面

分论点二

分论点三

5.定义法

Parents are the best teachers.

Teachers are those people who teach us knowledge and how to deal with society.

衔接手段

使用连接词和短语（表并列、转折、递进、因果、比较、对照、举例）

使用代词

使用语音粘连

6.举例尽可能是国外的，名人，多例较好

Abraham Lincoln

引用

可增加字数，提供论据，增加文章内涵

Francis Bacon: We learn from history that we never learn from history. 数字

数字一般使用英文，只有年份可以用阿拉伯数字。

William Shakespeare

George Washington

Thomas Jefferson

Franklin Roosevelt

Abraham Lincoln

Bill Gates

Christopher Columbus

Winston Churchill

Neil Armstrong

Louis Armstrong (singer)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Margaret Mitchell

Marilyn Monroe

O. Henry

Pearl S. Buck

John F. Kennedy

Theodore Roosevelt

Mark Twain

Albert Gore, Jr.

Thomas Edison

Alexander Fleming

Ernest Hemingway

Henry Ford

Ezra Pound

Walt Disney

其他专有名词

自由女神像—The Statue of Liberty

波士顿倾茶事件—The Boston Tea Party

扬子江（长江）--The Yangtze River

密西西比河—The Mississippi River

普利册奖—The Pulitzer Prize

罗什摩尔山峰（青年公墓）--Mount Rushmore National Memorial 落基山脉—The Rocky Mountains

麦当劳—Mc Donald’s

美国最著名三所学校--Harvard/Princeton\Yale University

毛主席—Chairman Mao

周总理—The late Chinese premier Zhou

西藏—Tibet

语言的雕琢

我认为。。。。。。

I think\feel\

believe\deem\maintain

reckon\argue\assume

in my opinion

from my point of view

as far as I am concerned…（别人意见表达完了，再表达自己的想法）

I hold the opinion\belief\position\standpoint\idea\notion that…

As I see\view\perceive the problem\question\issue\case\discussion\argument\controversy…

My viewpoint\idea\insight\(高见，要用来表示别人的看法)\opinion\notion is…

越来越。。。。。。

例：越来越多的人到国外学习

i.More and more people go abroad to study

ii.The number of students going abroad for furthering their study is growing\increasing\on the rise(decreasing)

iii. A growing\increasing\rising\expanding(declining\decreasing\diminishing) number of students are going abroad to study

Priceless sentence patterns

i.强调句（1-2）

It is…that (who)…

ii.The more…the more…(1-2)

The more frequently we communicate with family members, the more harmonious the relationship in the family between us is. (交流)

iii.倒装句(2-3)

a.So…that…

So beautiful is the girl that she remains single today.

So big is the classroom that it may hold ten thousands students.

b.As…as… 唯一一个倒装从句的句子(More…than…)

I ran faster than does he.

c.表示地点，位置，范围，处所的状语或表语提前至句首。

Among those students is my sister.

d.分词或形容词短语提前至句首。

Contrary to\coincident with the opinion of many people is my heartfelt objection

to\agreement with the idea that students should study together with classmates.

Satisfied with\contented with\interested in\worried about\opposed to their children

finding a high-paying and long-working job are those people\parents who hold the

opinion that money is the only symbol of success.

Arguing for those students living outside campus are those people who hold the

opinion that independence is the most important characteristic of a university

students.

Equally important to young people is the appealing environment.

e.Adj.+ though\as +主语+谓语+主句

Busy as\though I am, I will go shopping with you.

Rich though he is, he is unhappy.

Considerable\wonderful\numerous though the advantages that owing a business

enjoys\leads to\results in are, they can not compete with the benefits that working

for others brings about\causes, when\if responsibility is taken into

consideration\deliberation\account.

用在第一段最后一句话，提出论点

用在2-1的承接部分

或者用在结尾部分

f.表否定的副词或短语+助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分

No\not\never\neither\nor\seldom\rarely\barely\scarcely\hardly

Under no circumstances\condition

In no case\time

g.Only+状语置于句首+助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分

iv.比较结构和倍数关系(1-2)

A is five times as big as B.

A is four times bigger than B.

A is five times the size of B.

v.修辞问句(1-2)

a.If scientists can clone sheep, why can’t they clone people?

b.When human beings enjoy their life, isn’t it necessary that they give some

consideration to those cute animals without enough playing ground?

When people enjoy the convenience brought by the construction plan, isn’t it

necessary that they give some consideration to the heavily polluted air and those

people who are injured severely or die in the car accidents because of the traffic jam

after the construction of the factory?

vi.并列结构(2-3)

vii.虚拟语气(1-2)

viii.插入语(2-3)

词汇

a.聪明的:clever, brilliant, smart, intelligent, wise, ingenious, quick\shape minded, bright,

talented, gifted, quick-witted, advisable(主语不能是人)

b.非常：very, very much, so much, quite, extremely, extraordinarily, unusually, highly, pretty,

considerably, remarkably, amazingly, astonishingly, surprisingly, notably, noticeable, impressively

在每个名词前，试图加上一个形容词，在每个形容词前，试图加一个副词

c.著名的：Well-known, famous, famed, noted, celebrated, renowned, eminent,

bear\hold\enjoy a nation-wide, world-wide fame, name, recognition, celebrity, eminence, reputation. Be widely recognized, acknowledged

d.关于：regarding, concerning, involving, as regards, relating to, with respect to, with regard to,

with reference to, with relation to

禁止使用的词：about, get, famous, clever, very, lovely, good, bad, big, many, important, I

think, say表示举例，独立主格结构

词汇选择的标准

1.Understandable

2.Acceptable

3.Correct

A slim opportunity

An ample opportunity

Pastime

Pronunciation

Nineteenth

Nowadays

Playwright

Maintenance

Gain, obtain, accumulate, acquire

4.Appropriate

Pick a flower—go to the restroom(只限于女性)

形容眼睛不能用hugh, 用big

Woods是小树林，forest是森林

5.Exact

6.Idiomatic

Paly the woman撒娇

Play the shrew 撒泼

Keep a lady保持淑女

Be popular with\among

At home

7.Interesting

综合写作攻略

评分标准

A response at level 5 successfully selects the important information from the lecture and coherently and accurately presents this information in relation to the relevant information presented in the reading. The response is well organized and occasional language errors that are present do not result in inaccurate or imprecise presentation of content or connections.

1.Note-taking

2.Structure

3.Coherence

4.Sentence and word variety

5.Grammar

6.Spelling

7.Punctuation

Points in the lecture contradict refute, depart from, challenge or cast doubt on points in the reading.

总分总式（推荐）：不断地强化阅读人对于文章要点及其关系的论据

在一篇文章里两点对比的总次数是5次，开头、结尾各一次，中间论点3个各一次

表示相反关系的词: contradict, refute, differ from, challenge, cast doubt on

Challenge\doubt\deny\rebut\differ from

object to

disagree with

be contradictory\conflicting\opposing\contrary\opposite to

be different from

in contrast

on the contrary

如何结构段落

每个段落必须同时包含以下要素：

1.阅读的观点

2.演讲的观点

3.两者的关系

一共五段，每一段都按照这样的结构写

（1）阅读的观点+转折+演讲的观点+两者的关系The two ideas are just contradictory to each other.

（2）演讲的观点（+转折）+两者的关系+阅读的观点

（3）两者的关系+阅读的观点+（转折）+演讲的观点

精彩句型：

句型1：The lecture discuses…which differs from the main idea in the reading that…（第一段或最后）

句型2：The professor made the point that … on the contrary\in contrast\ however, the writer demonstrated a different\ challenge\ contradictory idea that… (第一段)

句型3-1：The professor refutes the viewpoint showed in the passage that… by saying that…

句型3-2：Contrary to the belief in the passage that…the professor says that…

句型4：The lecture contradicts\refutes\is contrary to\is the opposite of the ideas in the reading (by saying that)

句型5-1：The professor made the point that… The reading, in contrast, held a different view by stating that…

句型5-2：Finally, the professor stated that…which challenges the standpoint made by the writer who said that…

句型6：According to the lecture… on the other hand\while the reading stated that…These two ideas are contradictory to each other

对材料的指称

The speaker\lecture\professor\listening material\lecturer\talk

The writer\author\reading material\writing passage

时态

文章的时态

一般现在时态和一般过去时态

但一定要一致！