2014高考英语江苏卷评析

2014高考英语江苏卷评析

一年一度的高考终于降下了帷幕。2014年江苏高考英语试卷，本文只对其特色做一点评。今年的江苏试卷基于语篇，突出语用，注重能力，联系实际，较好地兼顾了英语学科的人文性和工具性。情感体验和思维能力也是今年试题的两大基本特点。体现了近年来鼓励学生扩大以英语为载体的知识面的导向性特征，继续突显了对外语思维能力和交际能力的考察，具体题型也呈现出改革和创新的特点。试卷第23题和第33题涉及青奥会和端午节等时事和民族传统文化内容，体现出英语教学与考生实际生活之间的关联。

“英语知识运用”部分，有的题目是来自国外著名散文中的名句，体现出英语的原汁原味，更增加了试卷的文雅色彩。例如：

28题，选自玛丽·杰克斯(Mary Jaksch) 的What Is Happiness?

34题，选自简·霍华德(Jane·Howard)的Families.

此外，27题则是直接来自《柯林斯高阶英汉双解学习词典》的例句：

She was put under house arrest two years ago but remained a powerful symbol in last year's election. 虽然两年前就已遭软禁，她在去年的选举中仍然是势力强大的代表人物。

本文为老师们提供原题的出处和背景，旨在帮助理解句子，为学生做好答案解析。

请看“英语知识运用”部分第34题，源自简·霍华德的Families，第3节第一句话：

34. Good families are much to all their members, but ________ to none.（2014江苏卷）

A. something

B. anything

C. everything

D. nothing

Families 家庭

By Jane·Howard

简·霍华德（英汉对照）

Each of us is born into one family not of our choosing. If we’re going to go around devising new ones, we might as well have the luxury of picking their members ourselves. Clever picking might result in new families whose benefits would surpass or at least equal those of the old. The new ones by definition cannot spawn us - as soon as they do that, they stop being new - but there is plenty they can do. I have seen them work wonders. As a member in reasonable standing of six or seven tribes in addition to the one I was born to, I have been trying to figure which earmarks are common to both kinds of families.

我们每一个人出生的家庭都是无法选择的。如果我们即将组建新的家庭，我们也许同样会有自己挑选家人的这个难得的机会。一个明智的选择能使得新的家庭的受益超过或者至少等同于过去的家庭。一个新建的家庭按理来说是不能再生我们了--一旦它做到了，它就不再是新的了--但他们仍有很多可为之事。我就曾经见识过他们发挥的奇妙作用。作为生来就是六到七伙人中的一名成员，我曾经试着找出各种类型家庭的共通之处。

(1) Good families have a chief, or a heroine, or a founder - someone around whom others cluster, whose achievements as the Yiddish word has it, let them kvell, and whose example spurs them on to like feats. Some blood dynasties produce such figures

regularly; others languish for as many as five generations between demigods, wondering with each new pregnancy whether this, at last, might be the messianic baby who will redeem us. Look, is there not something gubernatorial about her footstep, or musical about the way he bangs with his spoon on his cup? All clans, of all kinds, need such a figure now and then. Sometimes clans based on water rather than blood harbor several such personages at one time. The Bloomsbury Group in London six decades ago was not much hampered by its lack of a temporal history.

（1）优秀的家庭有一位领导者，或者是女主人，或者是创始人--他身边总簇拥着人们，他的成就用犹太语来说，让他身边的人洋洋得意，他的榜样激励身边的追求伟业。一些家族经常诞生这样的人物;其他的则在伟人之间会衰落5代之多,每次怀上了孩子都好奇会不会就是这个人，至少，有可能就是这个救世主似的孩子即将解救我们。看吧，这些成就难道不是多多少少继承了她的足迹，或者是因为她用勺子敲咖啡杯的乐曲般的清音吗？所有的家族，不管何种类型，都时不时的需要这样的一位大人物。从前一度有一些家族基于养育而非血缘收养几个这样的人物。在伦敦的布鲁姆伯利文化圈［1］在六十年前亦并没有因为其缺少世俗的历史受到多少阻碍。

(2) Good families have a switchboard operator - someone like my mother who cannot help but keep track of what all the others are up to, who plays Houston Mission Control to everyone else’s Apollo. This role, like the foregoing one, is assumed rather than assigned. Someone always volunteers for it. That person often also has the instincts of an archivist, and feels driven to keep scrapbooks and photograph albums up to date, so that the clan can see proof of its own continuity.

（2）优秀的家庭有一位交换台操作员--就像我的妈妈，虽然她帮不上忙但对所有人正在做什么了若指掌，充当休斯敦任务控制中心对于所有阿波罗飞船们的角色。这个职能，如前所述，主动承担总是比指定好些。有的人总是很愿意充担它。这样的人总是有着档案报关员的天赋，有制作最新的剪贴簿和照片集的欲望，如此家族就可以看到自己连续的不同时期的证明。

(3) Good families are much to all their members, but everything to none. Good families are fortresses with many windows and doors to the outer world. The blood clans I feel most drawn to were founded by parents who are nearly as devoted to whatever it is they do outside as they are to each other and their children. Their curiosity and passion are contagious. Everybody, where they live, is busy. Paint is spattered on eyeglasses. Mud lurks under fingernails. Person-to-person calls come in the middle of the night from T okyo and Brussels. Catchers’mitts, ballet slippers, overdue library books and other signs of extra-familial concerns are everywhere.

（3）优秀的家庭对她的成员们来说意味着许多，但并不是一切。一个的家庭是由门窗隔离外部世界的堡垒。一个家族我感到最疲累的莫过于由父母几乎奉献了所有在外辛劳为了彼此以及他们的孩子们从而撑起的家庭。他们的好奇心和激情会传染。每一个人，不管他们住在哪，都是忙碌的。眼镜被颜料涂上颜色，泥土潜藏在指甲缝间。午夜接到来自东京和的布鲁塞尔的长途电话。接球手手套、芭蕾舞鞋、逾期未还的图书馆的书以及其他额外的家庭事务的麻烦到处都是。

(4) Good families are hospitable. Knowing that hosts need guests as much as guests need hosts, they are generous with honorary memberships for friends, whom they urge

to come early and often and to stay late. Such clans exude a vivid sense of surrounding rings of relatives, neighbors, teachers, students and godparents, any of whom at any time might break or slide into the inner circle. Inside that circle a wholesome, tacit emotional feudalism develops: you give me protection, I’ll give you fealty. Such treaties begin with, but soon go far beyond, the jolly exchange of pie at Thanksgiving for cake on birthdays. It means you can ask me to supervise your children for the fortnight you will be in the hospital, and that however inconvenient this might be for me, I shall manage to. It means I can phone you on what for me is a dreary, wretched Sunday afternoon and for you is the eve of a deadline, knowing you will tell me to come right over, if only to watch you type. It means we need not dissemble. ("T o yield to seeming," as Buber wrote, "is man’s essential cowardice, to resist it is his essential courage... one must at times pay dearly for life lived from the being, but it is never too dear.") （4）优秀的家庭是好客的。很清楚主人是多么的需要客人，一如客人需要主人那般，他们对待朋友像荣誉会员般慷慨，极力希望朋友们常常做客并且早来久留。此般家族给周围的人以自然散发出一种生动活泼的感觉，无论是亲属圈、邻居、老师们、同学们以及教父们，无论谁在任何时刻都可以进入他们的圈子。在这个圈子里一个有益健康的、心照不宣的传统情感的建立:你给我保护，我回报忠诚。这样的协议一开始，就广泛的流传开来，为了生日时的蛋糕在感恩节交换派的快乐。这意味着如果你住院了可以请我为你照看两个星期的孩子，不管我有多么的不方便，我都会设法做到。这意味着我可以在一个痛苦的、沮丧的星期天的下午打电话给你即使那是你最后期限的前夜，也知道你会让我过来你身边，只要在你身旁看你打字就好。这意味着我们不需要任何掩饰。（“屈服于所见”正如Buber所写“人生来怯懦，反抗它只能靠我们生来的勇气……一个人从生来就必须为生存付

出昂贵的代价，但它永远不会太贵。”）

(5) Good families deal squarely with direness. Pity the tribe that doesn’t have, and cherish, at least one flamboyant eccentric. Pity too the one that supposes it can avoid for long the woes to which all flesh is heir. Lunacy, bankruptcy, suicide and other unthinkable fates sooner or later afflict the noblest of clans with an undertow of gloom. Family life is a set of givens, someone once told me, and it takes courage to see certain givens as blessings rather than as curses. Contradictions and inconsistencies are givens, too. So is the war against what the Oregon patriarch Kenneth Babbs calls malarkey. "There’s always malarkey lurking, bubbles in the cesspool, fetid bubbles that pop and smell. But I don’t put up with malarkey, between my stepkids and my natural ones or anywhere else in the family."

（5）优秀的家庭公正的对待糟糕的事情。认为那些没有经历过糟糕的事情，并因此庆幸，至少有夸耀的怪毛病是可怜的。认为那些期望能自己可以长久的躲过终将到来的灾难。疯狂的、破产的、自杀的以及其他的想象不到的天意迟早会以忧郁的回潮折磨家族的尊贵。家庭生活是一系列的给予，曾经有人告诉我，真正的将他人的给予看成恩赐而非诅咒是需要勇气的。反驳和矛盾同样也是给予。那场反对Oregon的族长Kenneth Babbs称之为说大话的战争也是如此。“大话总是潜伏着无处不在，污水中的气泡，恶臭的气泡破裂臭气满溢。但我绝不容忍大话，无论是在我的继子、亲生儿子或者是在这个家庭中的任何人之间。”

(6) Good families prize their rituals. Nothing welds a family more than these. Rituals are vital especially for clans without histories, because they evoke a past, imply a future,

and hint at continuity. No line in the Seder service at Passover reassures more than the last: "Next year in’Jerusalem!" A clan becomes more of a clan each time it gathers to observe a fixed ritual (Christmas, birthdays, Thanksgiving, and so on), grieve at a funeral (anyone may come to most funerals; those who do declare their tribalness), and devises a new rite of its own. Equinox breakfasts and all-white dinners can be at least as welding as Memorial Day parades. Several of us in the old Life magazine years used to meet for lunch every Pearl Harbor Day, preferably to eat some politically neutral fare like smorgasbord, to "forgive" our only ancestrally Japanese colleague Irene Kubota Neves. For that and other reasons we became, and remain, a sort of family. "Rituals," a California friend of mine said, "aren’t just externals and holidays. They are the performances of our lives. They are a kind of shorthand. They can’t be decreed. My mother used to try to decree them. She’d make such a goddamn fuss over what we talked about at dinner, aiming at Topics of Common Interest, topics that celebrated our cohesion as a family. These performances were always hollow, because the phenomenology of the moment got sacrificed for the idea of the moment. Real rituals are discovered in retrospect. They emerge around constitutive moments, moments that only happen once, around whose memory meanings cluster. You don’t choose those moments. They choose themselves."

A lucky clan includes a born mythologizer, like my blood sister, who has the gift of apprehending such a moment when she sees it, and who cannot help but invent new rituals everywhere she goes.

（6）优秀的家庭珍视他们的传统。没有什么比这更能增加一个家庭的凝聚力了。传统是必不可少的尤其对于缺少历史的家族来说，因为它能回顾过去，指明未来，并且不断的