《英语语言学》答案完整版

《英语语言学概论》答案完整版

考核方法：闭卷考试

时间：100分钟

题型：

I. 单项选择(15×1’=15’)

II．判断(15×1’=15’)

III．填空(10×1’=10’)

IV．术语解释(5×2’ =10’)

V．简答题(4×5’ =20’)

VI. 分析题（30’）

重点掌握的术语：

1. Linguistics

The study of the nature, structure, and variation of language, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.

2. design features

They are a series of features which are uniquely a part of human language and unlikely to be found in the communication system of other creatures. They are displacement, productivity, cultural transmission, arbitrariness, discreteness and duality.

3. Displacement

Language can be used to refer to things which are in the past, present or future, real or imagined,or in far-away places.

4. Duality

It is generally the case that language is organized at two levels or layers which is known as the physical level and meaningful level simultaneously.

5. Arbitrariness

It is generally the case that there is no ‘natural’ connection between a linguistic form and its meaning.

6. Manner of articulation

It is the case that we describe the consonant sounds in terms of how they are articulated.

7. Place of articulation

It focuses on describing consonant sounds in terms of where they are articulated.

8. articulatory phonetics

The general study of the characteristics of speech sounds is called phonetics. And the study of how speech sounds are made, or ‘articulated’ is articulatory phonetics.

9. Phonology

The description of the systems and patterns of the speech sounds in a language.

10. Assimilation

It is the process when two phonemes occur in sequence and some aspect of one phoneme is taken or ‘copied’ by the other. For example, the word ‘can’ in the sentence ‘I can go.’may pronounce as [k??] instead of [k?n] because of the influence of the following sound [g].

11. Back-formation

A word of one type is reduced to form another word of different type. For example, the word

‘donation’ first came into use and then the verb ‘donate’ was created from it.

12. Morpheme

It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s.

13. Immediate Constituent

It is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction.

14. Syntax

The study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence.

15.semantics

The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular.

16. Hyponymy

When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy.

17. Homonymy

It is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well.

18.synonymy

It refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide.

19. Pragmatics

The study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey.

20. Synchronic

It is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time.

第一章语言的起源

概念辨析

The “bow-wow” theory

The “yo-heave-ho” theory

思考

“bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？

The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them while‘yo-he-ho’ theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort

自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？

On the one hand, it does not answer our question regarding the origins of the sounds produced because primates have grunts and social calls, but they do not have developed the capacity for speech.

On the other hand, soundless and abstract things have not been explained since a language cannot be only a set of words used as‘names’ for entities.

第三章语言的属性

概念辨析

language

Design features of language

Displacement

Arbitrariness

Duality

应用

能够根据所观察到的语言现象来解释语言的定义性特征。

能够根据语言的定义性特征来区别人类语言和动物交流系统

思考

人类语言有哪些功能？

First, it has the function of cultural transmission. People pass knowledge, skills from one generation to the next only through oral language especially in the old days,

Second, it has the function of communication. Human use their language to communicate with each other, socially or emotionally, to indicate their friendliness, cooperation or annoyance and pleasure.

Third, it plays an important role in thinking. Language is the instrument of thought and people often feel it necessary to speak their thoughts aloud.

动物交流系统里存在“说谎”吗？

It absolutely exists in animal communication system. For example, some animals will pretend to die to avoid being eaten. Therefore,it is common phenomenon in animal for survive or foods.

第五章语音学

概念辨析

Articulatory/acoustic/auditory phonetics

manners of articulation vs. places of articulation

Consonants vs. V owels

Whether they are produced with obstruction of the air stream in the mouth.

phonetics vs. Phonology

Production and characteristics of speech sound vs. How speech sound forms and abstract or mental aspect of it.

broad transcription vs. narrow transcription

Whether they have allophones

理解

Speech organs

The classification and description of consonants

The classification and description of vowels

应用

能够识别发声器官图中的发声器官名称

Vocal cords声带alveolar 齿龈palate 上颚velum软腭

能够根据发音部位/方式英语辅音进行分类和描述。

发音部位bilabial [p][b][m][w] labiodental [f][v] dental[θ][e] alveolar[t][d][s][z]

a l v e o-p a l a t a l[?][?][t?][d?][j]v e l a r[k][g][?]g l o t t a l[h]

发音方式Fricative [f][v][θ][e][s][z][?][?] affricate[t?][d?]

能够描述元音

前元音/i/ /i:/ /e/ /?/

中元音/?/ /?/ /?:/

后元音/u/ /u:/ /?/ /?:/ /a:/

思考

长元音是短元音的时间延长吗？

the length and tenseness in articulation.

基本元音系统在元音描述和分类中有什么用处？

With the cardinal vowel as reference, the vowel in a particular language can be accurately described without much difficulty.

第六章音系学

概念辨析

Phonetics vs. Phonology

Phones, Phonemes and allophones

The minimal unit in the sound system of a language is phoneme. Many different versions of that sound-type produced in actual speech are phones. And these phones are allophones.(from abstract to specific and the whole of the specific.)

Phonemic contrast vs. Complementary distribution

Phoneme vs allophone(like [p=] and [p h])

Syllables

Must contain a vowel sound.

assimilation

理解

The relation among phones, phonemes and allophones

The different types of assimilation

Regressive, progressive and double assimilation

The different types of deletion(elision)

应用

能够分析语音学和音系学的区别

能够根据根据音位对立概念来组建和设计最小对子和最小对子组

能够根据互补分布概念来理解同一音位在不同语音环境下的发音效果

能够清楚地分析音节结构

能够根据同化现象来解释语流中的音变现象

思考

如何确定语言中的音位？

we can distinguish a phoneme in terms of meaning because each phoneme can produce different meaning in a language, such as, [s]sound in the word ‘sing’ and [θ]sound in the word ‘thing’. Since the two words have different meaning, the two sound are different phonemes.

开音节和闭音节有何不同？

第七章构词法

概念辨析

Blending vs. Clipping

The combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term such as ‘smog’which is from smoke and fog.

The element of reduction is called clipping such as gas which is used more frequently than gasoline.

Derivation vs. Back-formation

It is the most common word-formation process in the production of new words by means of affixes.

Prefix vs. Suffix

Added to the beginning of a word or the end of the word.

运用

能够根据构词法来辨识所出现的新词

Coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym and derivation.

思考

前缀和后缀在构词法中的作用有何不同？

In general, prefixes are to show the direction of the original form while suffixes are to show the parts of speech of it.

转类词(converse)和同音同形异义(homonymy)字有差异吗？

Converse emphasize the difference if its part of speech while homonymy focus on the difference in its meaning.

第八章形态学

概念辨析

Free morphemes vs. Bound morphemes

Whether they can stand by themselves as single words.

Lexical morphemes vs. Functional morphemes

Whether they carry the ‘content’ of message we convey.

Derivational morphemes vs. Inflectional morphemes

The former are used to make new words in the language and are often used to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem.

The latter are used to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.(plural or single, past tense or not, comparative or possessive,present participant or past participant.)

理解

Morphemes

Inflectional morphemes

应用

能够根据词素的分类对英语句子进行简单的形态描述

e.g.The girl -’s wild ness shock -ed the

(functional) (lexical) (inflectional) (lexical) (derivational) (lexical) (inflectional)(functional)

teach er -’s

(lexical) (derivational) (inflectional)

能够区分派生词素和曲折变化词素

思考

序数词词尾是派生词素还是屈折变化词素？

派生词素

词根和词干有什么区别？

Root is the form which cuts out all its affixes while stem is the form which only deletes its inflectional morphemes. For example ‘teacher’ is stem while ‘teach’ is root in the word ‘teachers’.

第九章短语和句子

概念辨析

Prescriptive grammar vs. Modern linguistics

Collect some samples of the language then describe the regular structures of it.

理解

Agreement (number/person), gender (natural gender/grammatical gender),case

Tense, aspect and voice of verbs

掌握

Parts of speech

Noun adjective verb adverb conjunction (what does it refer to and how it is used)

IC analysis

应用

能应用直接成分分析法对英语简单句进行分析并标示节点名称

｛S〔NP[A rt The] [N dog]〕〔VP[V followed]〔NP[Art the] [N dog]〕〕｝.

学会直接成分分析法树形图的绘制

S

NP VP

Det N V NP

Det N

The the ball

第十章句法

概念辨析

Deep structure vs. Surface structure

An abstract level of structural organization or not

理解

Generative grammar

Analogically, if the sentences of a language can be seen as a comparable set, then there must be a set of explicit rules that can produce all those sentences. Such a set of explicit rules is a generative grammar.

Phrase structure rules

rules state that the structure of a phrase of a specific type will consist of one or more constituents in a particular order.

S→NP VP VP→V NP (PP)(Adv)

NP→{Art (Adj) N,PN} PP→Prep NP

Recursion

repeat some symbols on the right of the arrow. e.g. VP→V S

掌握

Syntactic description

Phrase structure rules

应用

能应用表层结构和深层结构概念来分析歧义结构（结构树形图）

能应用短语规则来分析ungrammatical sentences的原因

学会绘制句子结构的树形图

S

NP VP

Art N V NP Adv

PN

The father helped George yesterday.

第十一章语义学

概念辨析

Conceptual meaning vs. Associative meaning

Whether it covers those basic, essential components of meaning

Homonymy vs. Polysemy

It has a single entry or not.

理解

Componential analysis

Features such as ‘+animate, ?animate’; ‘+human, ?human’, ‘+female, ?female’.

Semantic roles

Agent and theme (patient) Instrument and experiencer Location, source and goal

掌握

各类词汇语义关系如synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, homonymy, polysemy 等

Synonymy同义vs. Antonymy反义hyponymy上下义关系homonymy同形异义vs. Polysemy 多义（a single entry,express one meaning of it but in different specific aspects)

Collocation

One word tend to occur when conveying others which is the distinct side from the original one.

应用

能应用反义关系概念对反义词进行分类（分级、互补、关系）

Gradable antonymys are the ones that the negative of one member of them does not necessary imply the other.

Non-gradable antonymys or complementary pairs

能应用词源理论来对同音同形异义和一词多义进行辨析

第十二章语用学

概念辨析

direct speech vs. indirect speech

Whether the result of it is an direct speech act.

locutionary act/illocutionary act (force)/perlocutionary act

Locutionary act (发话行为): the act performed when we speak, i.e. the act of producing a sound, word or sentence. If we say a word “Good.”,we produced a word.

Illocutionary act(行事行为): we make clear our purpose in producing sounds, the way we intend them to be understood (force); the act performed by saying something. If we say a word “Good.”, we are praising him or her.

Perlocutionary act (取效行为): the consequential effects of a locution upon the hearer. If we say a

word “Good.”, we want to make him or her happy.

cooperative principle vs. conversational implicature

Cooperative Principle (CP): Make your conversational contribution such as is required , at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

Conversational Implicature (含义): the implied meaning

掌握

语用学与语义学的核心区别

Pragmatics focus on content not only its meaning.

合作原则的四个准则

QUANTITY Make your contribution as informative as is required.

Ex.---- Where is X?

---- He’s gone to the library. He said so when he left.

QUALITY Try to make your contribution on that is true.

Ex. Every nice girl loves a sailor.

RELATION Make your words are relevant to what people talk about.

Ex.---- Mrs. X is an old bag.

---- The weather has been quite delightful this summer, hasn’t it?

MANNER Be perspicuous.

Ex. “Never seek to tell thy love, Love that never told can be.”

implicature与illocutionary act的共同点

The real intention are both not the words themselves but the the inner purpose of the speaker.

应用

能够用例子分别说明言语行为理论的三个概念。

能准确表达合作原则的四个准则，并能举例说明，还能表述违背某一准则而得出的会话含义。

了解会话含义的几个特征，并能用例子给予解释说明。

(i) Calculability

Ex. Referential letter

(ii) Cancelability/Defensibility

Ex. a. John has three cows.

b. John has only three cows.

c. John has three cows, if no more.

d. John has at least three cows.

(iii) Non-detachability

A conversational implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form. Ex. a. John’s a genius.

b. John’s a mental prodigy.

c. John’s an enormous intellect.

d. John’s a big brain.

(iv) Non-conventionality

a type of implied meaning, which is deduced on the basis of the conventional meaning of words together with context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims

Ex. a. John has three cows.

b. John has only three cows.

c. John has some cows.

代表性人物

Chomsky 乔姆斯基转换-生成语法创始人Saussure 瑞士索绪尔现代语言学之父Bloomfield 布龙菲尔德美国结构主义语言学