关于英语实验报告

Determination of heavy metals in soil byatomic absorption spectrometry(AAS)

Name: XuFei Group: The 3rd group

Date: Sep. 20th 20xx

Part 1 The introduction

1.1The purposes

(1)Learn how to operate the atomic absorption spectrometry;

(2)Learn how to do the pretreatment of soil samples;

(3)Get familiar with the application of atomic absorption spectrometry.

1.2The principles

Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) is a technique for measuring quantities of chemical elements present in environmental samples by measuring the absorbed radiation by the chemical element of interest. This is done by reading the spectra produced when thesample is excited by radiation. The atoms absorb ultraviolet or visible light and make transitions to higher energy levels .

Atomic absorption methods measure the amount of

energy in the form of photons of light that are absorbed by the sample. A detector measures the wavelengths of light transmitted by the sample, and compares them to the wavelengths which originally passed through the sample. A signal processor then integrates the changes in wavelength absorbed, which appear in the readout as peaks of energy absorption at discrete wavelengths. The energy required for an electron to leave an atom is known as ionization energy and is specific to each chemical element. When an electron moves from one energy level to another within the atom, a photon is emitted with energy E. Atoms of an element emit a characteristic spectral line. Every atom has its own distinct pattern of wavelengths at which it will absorb energy, due to the unique configuration of electrons in its outer shell. This enables the qualitative analysis of a sample.

The concentration is calculated based on the Beer-Lambert law. Absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration of the analyte absorbed for the existing set of conditions. The concentration is usually determined from a calibration curve, obtained using standards of known concentration. Calibration Curve Method: Prepare standard solutions of at least

three different concentrations, measure the absorbance of these standard solutions, and prepare a calibration curve from the values obtained. Then measure the absorbance of the test solution adjusted in concentration to a measurable range, and determine the concentration of the element from the calibration curve.

Part 2 The materials and apparatus

Atomic absorption spectrometry; Cu hollow cathode lamp; AC voltage stabilizer; oil-free gas compressor; acetylene cylinder; oscillator; sample boat; Erlenmeyer flask with stopper (100 ml); beaker; graduate cylinder; pipette.

Part 3 The procedure

3.1 operating procedure for AAS

(1) inspect major components to ensure operating normal.

(2) Install required hollow cathode lamp. Select “T” before turning to the power and hollow cathode lamp. Then select appropriate la mp current and preheat for 30min.

(3) Make sure electrical meter to point to zero and then turn on high-voltage power.

(4) Select appropriate slit width.

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专业英语一、Write the Chinese name for each of the following （每小题1分，共10分） 1. methane: 2. hexene: 3. hydroxyl group : 4. butylaldehyde: 5. quantitative analysis: 6. sodium hydroxide: 7. organic chemistry : 8. primary alcohol : 9. p -hydroxybenzoic acid: 10. oxyacid: 二、Write the English name for each of the following （每小题2分,共20分） 1. 不饱和烃： 2. 官能团： 3. 氮元素： 4. 化学动力学： 6. 7. CH 3CH 2CHCOOH CH 3 CH 3CHCH CH 2 CH 3 8. 134烷： 9. (CH 3CH 2)2Hg 10．三、Translate the following sentences into Chinese （每题3分,共30分） 1．According to these new definitions and acid is any hydrogen containing species in which the bond holding the hydrogen can be broken so that the hydrogen ion can be lost. 2．Mineral-bearing water is often evaporated to give a solid free product for boiler feed or for human consumption. 3．If the unsatuaration is due to the presence of a triple bond the compounds are called alkynes. 4. An acid was once defined as a substance that would form hydrogen ions in water solution and a base as one that would form hydroxide ions in the same. 5．The methyl group on the benzene ring greatly facilitates the nitration of toluene.

初中英语教改实验报告.doc

初中英语教改实验报告小组合作学习——教学设计随着教育改革的深入进行，传统教学中的那种教师主宰课堂，一言堂、满堂灌的教学模式越来越不适应教学的需求，取而代之的将是在教学中充分体现学生的主体性，让学生在参与、探索中获取新知，培养学生自主学习的能力。而小组合作学习正是提高学生学习兴趣的一种好的教学方式。小组学习就是以小组活动为主体而进行的一种教学活动，以教学中的人际合作与互动为基本特征。合作学习模式构建的理论依据是共同学习理论，即在学生共同学习的情况下，将不同智力水平、不同知识结构、不同思维方式、不同认知风格的学生组成学习小组，通过小组内或小组间的自学、互学、互问、互查，从而达到互补的效果。这种互补作用可以促进学生更好地学习，心理学上把这种对学习的推动力称为团体动力。该模式正是运用这一原理，通过组织恰当的小组活动，是小组成为帮助学生课堂学习的一种“动态的集体力量”，把学生集体作为认识的主体来发挥作用。让学生相互启发，相互进行思维上的“碰撞”，从而形成师生、生生互动的多元化的课堂结构。二、在英语课堂中进行有效合作学习的必要性《英语课程标准》倡导学生主动参与合作、交流与探究等多种学习活动，改进学习方式，促进学生互相学习，互相帮助，体验集体荣誉感和成就感，使学生真正成为学习的主人，发展团结、合作、协调的精神。

经过多年的教学实践，我们发现很大一部分学生往往在课堂上养成了不敢说，不愿说的不良习惯。这势必在英语教学中造成两极分化，一部分同学积极主动地在课堂上发言，这种同学能力得到提高，另一部分同学从不主动地发表意见，随着时间的推移，口语表达等反面的能力慢慢地退化了。小组合作学习的实践提供了解决的方法，他给一些较自卑的学生一段缓冲的时间，避免了他们在课堂上当场答错的尴尬。在准备完成任务期间，他们可以再组内其他成员的帮助下完成自己的任务，而在展示成果时，由于已经有了先前的准备和整个学习小组作为他坚强的后盾，就不会感到胆怯了。三、具体的模式结构与内涵基于以上理念，我校确立了以下基本模式结构：四环节教学法：即“目标导引、合作探究、展示点拨、巩固提升”的教学模式。教学导引：就是让学生明确每节课的学习目标、生成本课题的重点、难点并初步达成学习目标其基本流程是，学生根据对文本的把握，教师根据对课程标准的把握，通过师生共同讨论，预设学习目标。然后，学生在通过组内学习、组际交流、师生互动等行驶初步达成预设的目标，并对自己找出的重点、难点、问题进行深入的探究，并在此基础上不断生成新的学习目标，为展示课做准备。合作探究：就是学生在独立完成老师的问题后，进行的小组交流，找出自己的不足，在小组内解决难题、疑问，学生通过在小组内的交流，激发了学生的求知欲，使每个学生都能获得成就感，同时，在完成任务的过程中，每个学生都参与了讨论，培养了他们的责任感。