材料科学与工程概论

材料科学与工程概论（B）

一、中翻英

1、铝；铜；银；镍；磷；金；白金；铁；铝镁合金；

1、aluminum ; copper ; silver ; nickel；

phosphorus;aurum;platinum;iron;aluminum-magnesium alloy; 2、先进陶瓷；黏土；陶瓷材料的制作工艺；硫

2、advanced ceramics ; clay ; manufacture and processing technologies of ceramics ; sulfur

3、玻璃；水泥；耐火材料；陶器

3、glass ; cement ; refractory materials ; pottery

4、连锁反应；先进无机材料；传统陶瓷；瓷器

4、chain reaction ; advanced inorganic materials ; porcelain

5、铸铁；结构陶瓷；功能陶瓷；陶瓷装甲片

5、cast iron; structural ceramics; functional ceramics;ceramic armor plate

6、无机非金属材料；有机材料；高分子材料；金属材料；稀有金属；复合材料；

6、inorganic non-metallic materials;organic

material;polymers;metallic material;rare metals;composite material;

英翻中

1、classification of materials ; mechanic property

1、材料分类；力学性能

2、Composite materials ; nano-ceramic

2、复合材料；纳米陶瓷

3、Composition of glass ; microstructure of ordinary ceramics

3、玻璃成分；普通陶瓷显微结构

4、chemical bond and synthesis method ; crystal phase

4、化学键合和合成方法；晶相

5、simple cubic lattice ; titanium

5，简单立方晶格；钛

6、atom structure;covalent bond;mechanical behavior;

6、原子结构；共价键；机械性能

二、选择题

(D)1、Which are not metal materals below __?

A. aluminum

B. copper

C. silver

D. Cement

1、不属于金属材料__？（D）

A.铝

B.铜

C.银

2、The castironincludes——。（ABD）

A. whitecastiron

B. alloycastiron、

C. pigiron

D. graycastiron

2、铸铁包括-。（ABD）

A.白铸铁

B.合金铸铁、合金铸铁

C.生铁

D.灰铸铁

3、Whichis/arethenonferrousmetals——？（ABC）

A. aluminum

B. copper

C. gold

D. wroughtiron

3，这是/是有色金属-？（ABC）

A.铝

B.铜

C.金

D. 熟铁

4、Whichis/areinorganicnonmetallicmaterials——？（CD）

B. cement

C. plastic

D. lead

4，这是无机非金属材料？（CD）

A.玻璃

B.水泥

C.塑料

D.铅

5、Which process below does not belong to the traditional ceramics __?（C）

A. mixing

B. forming

C. so-gel method

D. drying and sintering

5、以下过程不属于传统的陶瓷__？（C）

A.混合

B.形成

C凝胶法

D.干燥和烧结

6、Thealuminumdoes not havethefeature（s） of——。

A. willnotrust（CD）

B. easilymachined

C. yellowcolor

D. veryhard

6、铝铝不具有（）的特征。（CD）

A.不锈

B.容易加工

C.黄色

D.很硬

7、Polymerscienceismadeupof——。（ABC）

A. physicofpolymer

B. chemistryof polymer

C. processofpolymer

D. applicationofpolymer

7，高分子科学是由-。（ABC）

A.物理聚合物

B.化学聚合物

C.过程聚合物

D.应用聚合物

8、The factors that affect the application of materials include __?(ABCD)

A. maerials behavior

B. cost

C. environmental acceptability

D. synthesis and production method

8、影响材料应用的因素包括__？(ABCD)

A.材料行为

B.成本

C.环境可接受性

D合成与生产方法

9、Which isarethestepsoffreeradicalpolymerizationreaction——。（C）

A. initiation

B. propagation

C. poly condensation

D. termination

9，哪一个不是自由基聚合反应的步骤-。（C）

A.起始

B.传播

C.缩聚

D.终止

10、Which characteristic(s) is/are belong to ceramics __?（CD）

A. low ductility

B. high compressive strength

C. high melting point

D. good heat resistance

10、特征（S）是属于陶瓷__？（CD）

A.低延性

B.高抗压强度

C.高熔点

D.耐热性好

三、简答题

1.What are metallic materials ?

2.what are polymers ?

3.what is the Portland cement ?

4.please clarify the concept of setting for cement ?

1什么是金属材料？

2.什么是聚合物？

3.什么是波特兰水泥？

4.请简述澄清水泥凝固的概念？

5.解释水泥制作工艺

1.金属材料是指金属元素或以金属元素为主构成的具有金属特性的材料的统称。包括纯金属、合金、金属材料金属间化合物和特种金属材料等。

Metal material refers to metal elements or metal elements

mainly composed of metal characteristics of the material collectively. Including pure metals, alloys, metal materials intermetallic compounds and special metal materials.

2.高分子化合物（macromolecular compound）：所谓高分子化合物，是指那些由众多原子或原子团主要以共价键结合而成的相对分子量

在一万以上的化合物。

Compound (high molecular compound) (macromolecular): the

so-called macromolecular compounds, refers to those by a large number of atoms or atomic groups mainly covalent bonding and the relative molecular weight of more than ten thousand of the compounds.

由千百个原子彼此以共价键结合形成相对分子质量特别大、具有重复结构单元的化合物。(可分为无机高分子化合物和有机高分子化合物）Compounds having a relatively large molecular weight and having a repeating structural unit formed by covalent bonding of thousands of atoms. (can be divided into inorganic polymer compounds and organic polymer compounds)

是由一类相对分子质量很高的分子聚集而成的化合物，也称为高分子、大分子等。大多数高分子的相对分子质量在一万到百万之间，其分子链是由许多简单的结构单元通过共价键重复连接而成。一般把相对分子质量高于10000的分子称为高分子。高分子通常由10^3～10^5个

原子以共价键连接而成。由于高分子多是由小分子通过聚合反应而制得的，因此也常被称为聚合物或高聚物，用于聚合的小分子则被称为“单体”。

A compound of a relatively high molecular weight molecule, also known as a macromolecule or macromolecule. The relative molecular mass of most polymers is between ten thousand and 1 million, whose molecular chain is formed by repeated linkage of many simple structural units through covalent bonds. Generally the relative molecular weight higher than 10000 of the molecule called polymer. Polymers are usually covalently linked by 10^3 ~ 10^5 atoms. As polymers are made from small molecules through polymerization, they are often referred to as polymers or polymers ".

举例：纤维素、蛋白质、蚕丝、橡胶、淀粉等天然高分子化合物，以及以高聚物为基础的合成材料，如各种塑料，合成橡胶，合成纤维、涂料与粘接剂等。

For example: cellulose, protein, silk, rubber, starch and other natural polymers, as well as polymer based synthetic materials, such as plastics, synthetic rubber, synthetic fiber, coatings and adhesives, etc..

有机高分子化合物可以分为天然有机高分子化合物（如淀粉、纤维素、蛋白质、天然橡胶、顺丁橡胶等）和合成有机高分子化合物（如聚乙

烯、聚氯乙烯、酚醛树脂等等），它们的相对分子质量可以从几万直到几百万或更大，但他们的化学组成和结构比较简单，往往是由无数（n）结构小单元以重复的方式排列而成。

Organic compounds can be divided into natural organic macromolecular compounds (such as starch, cellulose, protein, natural rubber, polybutadiene rubber etc.) and synthetic organic polymers (e.g. polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, phenolic resin and so on), their relative molecular mass from tens of thousands or more until millions, but the chemical composition and structure of their relatively simple often, is composed of numerous small units (n) structure arranged in a repetitive manner.

3.根据（GB175-1999）标准，硅酸盐水泥（就是国外通称的波特兰水泥）

According to the standard (GB175-1999), Portland cement (that is, foreign commonly known as Portland cement)

凡是由硅酸盐水泥熟料、0~5%石灰石或粒化高炉矿渣，适量石膏磨细制成的水硬性胶凝材料成为硅酸盐水泥。硅酸盐水泥分为两种类型，其中：Ⅰ型硅酸盐水泥是不掺加混合材料，代号为P·Ⅰ；Ⅱ型硅酸盐水泥是掺加不超过水泥质量5%石灰石或粒化高炉矿渣混合材料，代号为P·Ⅱ。如：P·Ⅰ42.5，P·Ⅱ42.5R。

All the 0~5% Portland cement clinker, limestone or granulated blast furnace slag, the amount of gypsum made of ground cement materials as Portland cement. Portland cement is divided into two types: type I, which is not mixed with Portland cement mixed material, codenamed P - 1; type II Portland cement is mixed with no more than 5% cement quality limestone or granulated blast furnace slag mixed material, codenamed P ii. Such as: P I 42.5, P II 42.5R.

4.从物理、化学观点来看，凝结和硬化是连续进行的、不可截然分开的一个过程，凝结是硬化的基础，硬化是凝结的继续。但是在施工中为了保证施工质量，要求在水泥浆体失去其可塑性以前必须结束施工，因此人们根据需要以及水泥浆体的这个特性，人为地将这整个过程划分为凝结和硬化两个过程。凝结是指水泥浆体从可塑性变成非可塑性，并有很低的强度的过程；硬化是指浆体强度逐渐提高能抵抗外来作用力的过程。此外，对凝结过程还人为地进一步划分为初凝和终凝，用加水后开始计算的时间来表示。例如，国家标准规定：硅酸盐水泥初凝不得早于45min，终凝不得迟于6.5h。使用时必须在初凝前完成浇筑振捣等工序。终凝后，才能脱去模板开始下一个周期生产。

From the physical and chemical point of view, condensation and hardening is a continuous, not completely separated process, condensation is the basis of hardening, hardening is the

continuation of condensation. But in order to ensure the construction quality in the construction, must end the construction before losing its plasticity in the cement paste, so people according to the needs of cement paste and the characteristics of artificially divided into the whole process of setting and hardening process two. Coagulation refers to the process of cement slurry from plasticity to non plasticity, and has a very low intensity process; hardening refers to the slurry strength gradually improve can resist external force process. In addition, the coagulation process is further divided into the initial and final coagulation, with water after the calculation time to start. For example, the national standard: silicate cement early condensation shall not be earlier than 45min, final coagulation shall not be later than 6.5h. When used must be completed before the initial pouring vibration and other processes. After the final setting, the template can be removed to start the next cycle of production.

5.1、破碎及预均化2、生料制备3、生料均化4、预热分解5、水泥熟料的烧成6、水泥粉磨7、水泥包装

四、论述题

Please clarify concept and characteristics of ceramics .

1.请阐明陶瓷的概念和特点。

陶瓷，英语：ceramic中国人早在约公元前8000－2000年（新石器时代）就发明了陶器。用陶土烧制的器皿叫陶器，用瓷土烧制的器皿叫瓷器。陶瓷则是陶器，炻器和瓷器的总称。凡是用陶土和瓷土这两种不同性质的粘土为原料，经过配料、成型、干燥、焙烧等工艺流程制成的器物都可以叫陶瓷。

Ceramics, English: china. Chinese back in about 80002000 BC (Neolithic) invented pottery. The pottery is made of pottery clay ware, with porcelain clay fire called porcelain ware. Is the ceramic pottery, stoneware and porcelain. Those who use clay and clay the two kinds of clay as raw material, prepared from ingredients, molding, drying and calcination process can be called ceramic utensils.

陶瓷英文Ceramic(或者China)；陶瓷拼音Táocí；陶瓷是以天然粘土以及各种天然矿物为主要原料经过粉碎混炼、成型和煅烧制得的材料的各种制品。以前人们把用陶土制作成的在专门的窑炉中高温烧制的物品称作陶瓷，陶瓷是陶器和瓷器的总称。陶瓷的传统概念是指所有以粘土等无机非金属矿物为原料的人工工业产品。它包括由粘土或含有粘土的混合物经混炼，成形，煅烧而制成的各种制品。由最粗糙的土器到最精细的精陶和瓷器都属于它的范围。对于它的主要原料是取之于自然界的硅酸盐矿物(如粘土、石英等)，因此与玻璃、水泥、

搪瓷、耐火材料等工业，同属于“硅酸盐工业”的范畴。陶瓷的主要产区为彭城镇、景德镇、醴陵、高安、丰城、萍乡、黎川、佛山、潮州、德化、淄博、唐山、北流等地。此外景德镇是我国“瓷都”之一。Ceramic English Ceramic (or China), OC, T; ceramic Pinyin; ceramic is a variety of products using natural clay and natural mineral as the main raw material after crushing mixing, molding and calcined materials. Before people use clay produced in special high-temperature firing kiln in ceramic is called ceramic articles, pottery and porcelain of the term. The traditional concept of ceramics refers to all artificial industrial products such as clay and other non-metallic mineral materials. It consists of a variety of products made of clay or a mixture of clay containing the mixture, formed, and calcined. From the most rough soil to the finest fine pottery and porcelain belong to its scope. For its main raw material is taken from the nature of silicate minerals (such as clay, quartz, etc.), and glass, cement, enamel, refractories and other industries, belong to the "silicate industry" category. The main producing areas of ceramic for Jingdezhen, Liling, Peng Town, Fengcheng, high security, Pingxiang, Lichuan, Foshan, Chaozhou, Dehua, Zibo, Tangshan, North and other places. In addition, Jingdezhen is China's "porcelain" of.