成人高考专升本《医学综合》复习资料(一)

成人高考专升本《医学综合》复习资料(一)
成人高考专升本《医学综合》复习资料(一)

解剖/骨学

长骨:有骨髓腔,骺软骨使长骨长长,(指骨。锁骨、肋骨不是长骨)

不规则骨:含气骨,耳骨、顶骨、上颌骨、筛骨

骨质、骨膜(包裹于除关节面以外的骨质,鼓膜使长骨增粗)、骨髓(位于骨髓腔和骨松质的间隙内,髂骨、胸骨和椎骨等处终生保存红骨髓)骨穿的部位是髂后上嵴

椎骨:向后方延伸一个棘突

颈椎:有横突孔,第七颈椎叫隆椎,临确定椎骨的序数

胸骨:有肋凹

骶骨:骶管裂孔两侧有骶角,麻醉点

胸骨:分胸骨柄、胸骨角体、剑突。柄体相连处,向前微突为胸骨角,侧端与第2肋相连,骨性标志。

颅骨:脑颅8块(不成对:额骨、筛骨和枕骨;成对的:颞骨、顶骨),面颅15块(成对的:上颌骨、颧骨、鼻骨、泪骨、下鼻甲、腭骨,不成对的:犁骨、下颌骨、舌骨)

颅底的内外面相通的孔裂:卵圆孔、棘孔、破裂孔、枕骨大孔、舌下神经管、颈动脉孔

圆孔是不通的

颅的侧面有翼点:额骨,顶骨,颞骨,蝶骨汇合出,“H”容易受伤。

颅前眶:经眶上裂和视神经管通颅中窝

四肢骨:

肩胛骨:下角对应第7肋深面,第8肋,肋骨角数骨计数

髋骨:由髂骨、耻骨和坐骨融合而成,融合的位置是髋臼

关节:骨连接的形式有:直接连接(纤维连接、软骨连接、直接连接)和间接连接。

关节构造:关节面,关节囊,关节腔(为密闭的负压结构,腔内有少量的滑液)

辅助结构:韧带、关节盘、关节唇

有囊内韧带的有:髋关节,膝关节

有肌腱的关节:肩关节

有半月板的关节:膝关节

有关节盘的关节:胸锁关节,下颌关节

有关节唇的关节:肩关节,髋关节

锥体之间的连接:前纵韧带,后纵韧带,椎间盘

锥间之间的连接:结上韧带,结间韧带,黄韧带(在相近锥间板之间)

锥间盘:相邻两个锥体之间,纤维软骨构成,中央部为髓核,起连接和缓冲作用

胸廓:上口小,由第1胸椎,第1肋,和胸骨柄的上缘围成。

四肢骨的连接

肩关节:关节盂和肱骨头构成,运动最灵活

肩关节特点:头大盂小,有关节唇;囊松腔大;有肱二头肌长腱穿过;前下放松弛

肘关节:肱骨下端,尺骨,桡骨上端构成的复合关节。包括:肱桡关节,肱尺关节,桡尺近侧关节。三个关节共包在一个囊内

桡腕关节(腕关节)特点:尺骨下端没有参与桡腕关节;尺骨下方的关节盘不是真正的关节盘

盆骨:左右髋骨,骶骨和尾骨构成,分为:上为大盆骨,下为小盆骨

髋关节:髋臼和股骨头构成,可做屈伸收展旋转和环转运动,

特点:头大窝深,有关节唇;囊紧腔小;有股骨头韧带(囊内韧带);囊的后下方薄弱;股骨颈有内外之分。

膝关节:股骨下端,胫骨上端,髌骨构成(没有腓骨)周围有韧带加强:髌韧带,胫侧副韧带,腓侧副韧带,前后交叉韧带,有半月板:内侧和外侧半月板。可做屈伸运动

距小腿关节(踝关节)

肌学背肌:斜方肌(使肩胛骨向脊柱靠拢,耸肩作用);背阔肌(使肱骨内收,旋内和后伸—背手状);竖直肌

胸肌:胸大肌(使肱骨内收,旋内和前屈)膈肌(胸腹腔内,止于中心键,有三个裂孔,第12胸椎前有主动脉裂孔:主动脉和胸导管。第10胸椎有食管裂孔:食管和迷走神经。第

8胸椎有腔静脉孔:下腔静脉。)肋间外肌、肋间内肌+膈肌—呼吸肌(平静)胸大肌、背阔肌—引体向上的肌

腹肌:腹直肌、腹外斜肌、腹内斜肌、腹横肌、腹直肌鞘(由腹外侧壁3层扁肌的腱膜构成,在脐下4—5cm以下为弓状线。

咀嚼肌:咬肌、颞肌(闭口肌)、翼内肌、翼外肌(张口肌)。颊肌——表情肌

斜角肌:前、中斜角肌与第1肋之间的间隙称斜角肌间隙,有锁骨下动脉和臂丛通过。

上肢肌:三角肌(肩关节外展)、肱二头肌(肱肌—屈肘)、肱三头肌(伸肘)。

前臂旋前肌——旋前圆肌,旋前方肌。前臂旋后肌——旋后肌,肱二头肌

前臂肌:前群——屈腕、屈肘、旋前后群——伸腕、伸肘、旋后

下肢肌:臂大肌(使髋关节后伸和旋外)、股四头肌(股直肌、股内侧肌、股外侧肌。髌韧带作用伸膝。)股二头肌(半腱肌、半膜肌,作用:屈膝关节和伸髋关节)、小腿三头肌(腓肠肌和比目鱼肌,二肌合一条跟腱:踝关节趾屈、屈膝)

伸膝的关节肌——股四头肌屈膝的关节肌——缝匠肌、半腱、半膜肌

屈大腿的肌——小腿肌+屈膝关节的肌足外翻——腓骨长肌、腓骨短肌足内翻——胫骨前、后肌

消化系统:消化管(十二指肠以上的消化管为上消化道,空肠以下为下消化道)和消化腺(口腔腺——口腔腺,下颌下腺,舌下腺、肝、胰)组成,

口腔:分为口腔前庭和固有口腔。

腭扁桃体:腭舌弓和腭咽弓之间的窝内。咽峡分界—腭舌弓,腭垂,舌根

舌:舌体、舌根、舌尖。

舌的黏膜:丝状乳头(最多)——感受触觉;菌状乳头、叶状乳头、轮廓乳头——含有味觉感受器(味蕾)

颏舌肌:两侧的颏舌肌同时收缩——舌头前伸,一侧收缩——舌间伸向对侧一侧瘫痪——偏向患侧

口腔腺(唾液腺):腮腺(腮腺管:开口于平对上颌第2磨牙的峡粘膜处)、下颌下腺(颌体的内面,腺管开口与舌下阜)、舌下腺(开口于舌下阜)

咽:上起颅底,下至第6颈椎下缘水平。鼻咽不是消化通道,鼻咽侧壁上有咽鼓管咽口,口咽处有腭扁桃体,喉咽处有梨状隐窝。

食管:颈部、胸部、腹部。三个生理狭窄:咽与食管相续处,15cm;食管与左主支气管交叉处,25cm;食管穿膈的食管裂孔处,40cm.

胃:上缘——胃小弯(最低处称胃切迹);下缘——胃大弯上口——贲门下口——幽门

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语态:一般现在时被动语态,一般过去时被动语态,一般将来时被动语态,现在进行时被动语态,现在完成时被动语态,带情态动词的被动语态。 句子:名词性从句,状语从句,定语从句,倒装句,省略句 选择题要注意以下几个方面 (1)先易后难:一些考题的答案比较容易选定,可以先从这些考题入手。平时练习时,应以基础为主,主要精力不应放在偏题、怪题上。(2)分析考查意图、运用相关知识:应学会分析出题者考查的意图,明确相关题的测试点是什么,然后运用所学知识,进行分析、判断,再进行选择。 (3)利用暗示进行选择:注意考题涉及的语境范围。平时应注重对习惯用语表达、惯用法和中英文化差别等方面知识的积累。 (4)运用排除法:可采取语言排除、逻辑排除、语法排除或选择排除等方法。先排除较容易、较明显的错误选项,缩小范围,而后对剩余的选项进行比较分析,最后确定答案。 三、做完形填空题时,在遵循第三章所述三个步骤的同时,还可利用以下几个判断方法 1.搭配判断法。 根据对以往试题的分析,搭配型考题在完形填空题中占的比例最高。搭配型问题主要测试常见搭配的熟练程度,比如说哪些词要搭配不定式、动名词或某种从句,哪些词必须与某个介词搭配。我们在复习时要特别注意短语动词和介词的固定搭配。

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(正)Walking to school yesterday morning,I met a friend of mine.(前一句如作时间从句缺连词,后一句分词构句表时间。) 6、中文:假期结束了,约翰返回了学校。

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