高考英语“七选五”阅读理解题型解析

高考英语“七选五”阅读理解题型解析

一、考纲解读

“七选五”任务型阅读理解是近年来高考英语试题中出现的新题型，它要求考生根据短文内容，从短文后所给的七个选项中选出能填入短文空白处的五个最佳选项(句子或短语)，使补足后的短文意思通顺、前后连贯，选项中有两项为多余选项。这种题型俗称“七选五”阅读理解题，主要考查考生对语篇上下文的理解能力以及还原信息、完形短文的能力。

该题型的命制依据课程标准“语言技能目标”中“读”这一技能的部分要求：

(1)能从一般性文章中获取和处理主要信息(七级要求)；

(2)能理解文章主旨和作者意图(七级要求)；

(3)能通过上下文克服生词困难，理解语篇意义(七级要求)；

(4)能通过文章中的线索进行推理(七级要求)；

(5)能识别不同文体的特征(八级要求)；

(6)能通过分析句子结构理解难句和长句(八级要求)；

(7)能理解阅读材料中不同的观点和态度(八级要求)。

该题型考查的能力涉及课程标准实验版考试大纲中对“阅读理解”的部分能力要求:

(1)理解主旨和要义;

(2)理解文中具体信息;

(3)作出判断和推理;

(4)理解文章的基本结构;

(5)理解作者的意图、观点和态度。

“七选五”任务型阅读理解的体裁大多是议论文或说明文，有时也有记叙文，词数控制在300左右，这类文章结构清晰、层次分明，考生容易把握文章的基本结构，理解文章的主旨要义，能够利用上下文语境中的有效信息进行判断和推理，利用筛选法完成阅读理解任务。

二、命题特点

1. 内容选择

“七选五“阅读理解文章选择一般具有两个特点：

一是选材注重选取贴近考生、贴近生活、新颖的、时代感强的材料，以体现考纲中明确提出的“命题重视…新材料、新情境? 的创设与运用，测试考生的综合语言运用能力”的指导思想。如

二是所选文章内容逻辑性强，文章结构严谨，层次分明，便于学生在阅读的基础上，进行综合理解，并对于一些信息进行概括或充分表达。

2. 文章长度

文章的的长度一般在200-400词之间，另外，文章的长度还会与整套试题中阅读的总词数有关。

3. 文体选择

文章的选择以说明、议论、夹叙夹议等为主，单纯以时间或事件为线索的记叙文不宜于考察逻辑思维能力，出现机率不大。

4. 设题方式

文章的第一句不会设空(有小标题的题除外)。所留空白处一般是段落主题句、段落总结句、承上启下句、关键论点支撑句或全篇概括归纳句等。所给的七个选项中有两个选项与正确选项干扰性较大。由于给出的选项中，有的选项区分度不大，试题的难度比常规阅读试题有所增加，而且会出现由于一处误选导致多处错答的后果。

“七选五”题型重点考察学生的语篇能力，特别是把握语篇衔接和连贯的能力。一般来讲，语篇衔接设题从以下三个方面入手：逻辑衔接、语法衔接、词汇衔接。在很多情况下，这三种衔接是交替使用的，但侧重点不同。在连贯方面，一般有三种，即详述关系、延伸关系和递进关系。

（1）逻辑衔接

逻辑衔接是指表示各种逻辑关系和概念的过渡词语。这类词语可以是一些连词或连接副词，如because, besides, finally, accordingly等；也可以是一些介词词组，如for example, in addition, as a result等，还可以是分句、包括非限定分句、限定分句和无动词分句，如considering all that, what is more, if so 等。请看以下几个例子：

Last year，researchers from the University of Michigan reported that empathy, the ability to understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply over the past

10 years. That could be because so my many people have replaced face time with

screen time, the researchers said.

●The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago. But even 200 years

ago, only a few people could live in cities. Britain was only the beginning. Soon many

other industrial nations became urban societies.

●Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information,

how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze

information and the reliability of sources. The following suggestions can help you sort

through the health information you receive from common sources.

从以上例子可以看出，语篇通过连接词because, but, soon 和the following与其他句子衔接起来，结构清晰，逻辑连贯。

语篇逻辑连贯有时并没有连词或连接词，而是在语义上隐含连贯。这些连贯或用来进一步说明、评论、举例，或用来表示转折、延伸、递进。

●Humans are socially related by nature. Having relationships with other people is an

important part of being human – and having empathy is decisive to those relationships.

以上两句话虽然在表述上不同，但含义是相同的，第二句是对第一句的进一步说明。

●It has been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas. The

greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventors have often taken information that was readily

available and put it together differently to produce new ideas.

●If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is

quite a lot. As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of

time organizing your speeches.

以上两例的前后句都是举例关系，后一句通过举例进一步解释了前一句的观点。

（2）语法衔接

语法的衔接包括语法形式的前后搭配、呼应、替代、省略、平行结构等语法衔接手段。请看以下几个例子：

●Some musicians or songwriters don?t want their songs to be used as Muzak, but others

are happy when their songs are chosen. Why? They get as much as $ 4 million a year if

their songs are used.

本题是典型的人称呼应，后一句中的they和their 与上文中的others形成前后呼应，即other musicians or songwriters。

●Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety-five people on farms to feed

five people in cities. That kept cities very small.

本题中后一句的指示代词that指的是上文中的句子it took ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities。这一指代呼应还包含了前后两句的因果关系。

●Tired office workers suddenly have more energy when they hear the pleasant sound of

Musak in the back ground. Factory workers produce 13 percent more. Supermarket

shoppers buy 38 percent more groceries.

●As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will improve

your ability to think clearly and accurately. As you study the role of evidence and

reasoning in speechmaking, you will see how they can be used in other forms of

communication as well. As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class, you will be

better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations.

以上两个例子均使用平行结构作为语法衔接的手段，从而是上下文形成一个有机的整体。如第一例中短语have more energy, produce 13 percent more 和buy 38 percent more groceries 结构类似，平行使用；第二例中三句话均使用“As you …, you will…”这种表达形式。（3）词汇衔接

词汇的的衔接指的是关键词的重复，即同义词、反义词等词汇衔接手段。例如：

●In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking – the ability to see

clearly the relationships among ideas. It has often been said that there are few new ideas

in the world, only reorganized ideas. The greatest thinkers, scientists, and inventors have

often taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to

produce new ideas. That, too, is critical thinking.

本段中ideas一词在文中先后出现四次，为表达中心思想服务，保证了语篇在语义上统一性和连贯性。

●Modernization drew people to cities and made farmers more productive. Today, instead

of needing ninety – five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to

feed more than a hundred one-farmers.

本段中farmer一词连续出现四次，使这两句在语义上衔接更加自然。