胡壮麟_语言学教学大纲
英语系英专教研室制订
二零一零年
《语言学概论》课程教学大纲
课程名称：英语语言学教程课程类别：专业必修课
考核类别：考试适用对象：本科
适用专业：英语系总学时、学分： 32学时 2 学分一、课程教学目的
本课程的教学目的有两个，即：掌握英语语言学的基础知识、以及应用英语从事语言学方面研究的能力。
1、掌握语言学的基础知识
本课程以英语为主要研究对象，重点介绍英语语言的内部结构、表现形式和意义以及与人的心理、社会、文化艺术、信息科学、教育等的关系，要求学生通过听讲与自学，对英语语言学、语言学分支、流派及其发展等有一个比较全面地了解，掌握英语语言学的基本概念、研究方法及其应用等，提高对英语的理性认识，初步具备发现问题和解决问题的能力。
2、应用英语从事语言学研究的能力
作为语言学方面的专门课程，本课程的最终目的是培养学生应用英语从事英语语言学或一般语言学研究的能力。因此，本课程要求那些对语言学有兴趣并有意从事这方面研究的学生，能够运用英语和所学的语言学知识从事语言学或英语语言学方面的研究，用英语进行表达或撰写论文。
二、课程教学要求
《英语语言学概论》是针对英语专业学生开设的必修课程。本课程的教学目的是使学生学习必要的语言学方面的基本理论和基本知识，掌握研究、运用语言的基本方法，为今后的工作打下坚实的基础。在课程结束时，学生需达到以下要求：
1.了解语言的本质特征，语言的功能、语言学中的重要区别及普通语言学的主要分支。
2.系统了解语言学各分支的知识，即语音学、音位学、词汇学、句法学、语义学、语用学等的基本内容及研究方法。
3.了解语言学与其他相关学科交叉所形成的学科，如心理语言学、社会语言学、应用语言学等的基本知识与研究方法。
4.了解语言学主要流派的基本观点。
5.能够用英语从事语言学方面的研究，撰写语言学方面的论文。
三、先修课程
英语语音，英语语法，以及英语专业基础课程。
四、课程教学重、难点
教学重点：
1.语言的定义特征，语言学的主要分支；
2.元音和辅音的类别以及描述方法，音位过程；
3.词素的定义和分类，词的构成方法；
4.三种句法关系，向心结构和离心结构；
5.单词与句子的涵义关系；
6.合作原则与会话含义。
教学难点：
音位过程，句法关系，涵义关系以及合作原则。
五、课程教学方法（或手段）
1．教学手段
（1）教师讲解，学生做笔记（采用多媒体教学）
（2）学生自学、撰写学期或章节论文
（3）引导学生结合自己学习中碰到的问题进行讨论
2. 教学方法
采用教师为主导，学生为主题的教学模式，注重培养学生的系统思维能力和实际解决问题的能力，采用启发式、讨论式的教学方法，充分调动学生的积极性，发挥学生的能动性和创造性，并注重语言理论与实践结合起来，引导学生用理论解决学习中的实际问题。教师布置阅读任务要求学生在课下阅读，然后在课上一起讨论，也可以在本课程网站上发帖讨论，或在线完成作业等。
六、课程教学内容
第1章语言学导论（6学时）
1．教学内容
(1)1.1 为什么学习语言；
(2)1.2 语言的定义；
(3)1.3 语言的定义特征；
(4)1.4 语言的起源；
(5)1.5 语言的功能；
(6)1.6 什么是语言学；
(7)1.7 语言的主要分支；
(8)1.9 语言学的一些重要区别。
2．重、难点提示
(1)重点：语言以及语言学的定义；语言的定义特征；语言学的一些重要区别，包括语言能力与语言运用的区别，语言与言语的区别等等；
(2)难点：语言的定义特征，尤其是任意性与移位的定义特征；语言能力与语言运用的区别，语言与言语的区别等等。
第2章语音（4学时）
1．教学内容
(1)2.1 语音是如何形成的；
(2)2.2 辅音与元音；
(3)2.3 英语中的辅音和元音；
(4)2.4 从语音学到音系学。
2．重、难点提示
(1)重点：语音学，音系学，最小对比对，协同发音和同化的定义；英语中元音和辅音的分类；属于同一个音位的音位变体要符合的条件；
(2)难点：音位和音位变体的定义；具体的同化规则，如：齿音化，软腭化等等。
第3章词汇学（2学时）
1．教学内容
(1)3.1 单词的定义；
(2)3.2 词语的形成。
2．重、难点提示
(1)重点：语素，自由语素，粘合语素，词干，词根，词缀，曲折和派生的定义等等；词语的构成方法，例如曲折变化和派生变化等等；
(2)难点：语素的分类；曲折变化和派生变化等等。
第4章从单词到篇章（4学时）
1．教学内容
(1)4.1 句法关系；
(2)4.2 语法结构和它的成分；
(3)4.3 句法功能；
(4)4.5 短语、小句和句子；
(5)4.6 递归性；
(6)4.7 篇章和语篇。
2．重、难点提示
(1)重点：结构，成分，直接成分分析法，从属结构，并列结构的定义；三种句法关系，例如：位置关系，替代关系和同现关系；如何应用直接成分分析法；
(2)难点：直接成分分析法；区别向心结构和离心结构。
第5章意义（4学时）
1．教学内容
(1)5.1 意义的意义；
(2)5.3 单词间的涵义关系；
(3)5.4 句子间的涵义关系；
(4)5.5 成分分析法；
(5)5.6 一个综合理论。
2．重、难点提示
(1)重点：单词间的三种涵义关系，如：同义，反义与上下义关系；句子间的五种涵义关系，如：同义关系，不一致关系，预设关系，包涵关系，和互相矛盾关系等等；一个综合理论和成分分析法；
(2)难点：涵义关系；一个综合理论和成分分析法；
第7章语言与文化（2学时）
1．教学内容
(1)7.1 什么是文化；
(2)7.2 语言与文化的关系；
(3)7.3 萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设。
2．重、难点提示
(1)重点：文化的定义，文化的分类以及文化与自然的区别与联系；语言与文化的关系，萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设。
(2)难点：语言与文化的关系，萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设。
第8章语言的使用（4学时）
1．教学内容
(1)8.1 言语行为理论；
(2)8.2 会话含义理论；
(3)8.3 后格赖斯时期的发展。
2．重、难点提示
(1)重点：奥斯汀的言语行为理论，施为句和叙事句之间的区别，三种行事行为理论：言外行为，言内行为和取效行为；合作原则，准则的违反，含义的特征；
(2)难点：奥斯汀的言语行为理论，格赖斯的合作原则。
七、学时分配
八、课程考核方式
1.考核方式：（笔试，口试；闭卷，开卷）
笔试；闭卷
2.成绩评定
本课程的成绩由三部分组成：平时成绩20%；期中考试10%；期末考试70%。
九、选用教材和参考书目
教材：《语言学教程》（第三版），胡壮麟编，北京大学出版社，2006年。
参考书目：
［1］《新编简明英语语言学教程》（第一版），戴炜栋，何兆熊编，上海外语教育
出版社，2002年；
［2］《语言学高级教程》，胡壮麟，姜望琪编，北京大学出版社，2002年；［3］《新编语用学概要》，何兆熊编，上海外语教育出版社，2000年；
［4］《认知语用学概论》，熊学亮，上海外语教育出版社，2000年；
［5］《论语言和语言学》，许国璋，商务印书馆，2001年；
［6］《当代句法学导论》，温宾利，外语教学与研究出版社，2002年；
［7］J. L. Austin. How to Do Things with Words.外语教学与研究出版社，20 02年；
［8］John R. Searle. Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts.外语教学与研究出版社2001年；
［9］Ronald Wardhaugh. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.外语教学与研究出版社，2000年；
［10］Standra Lee Mckay. Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching. 上海外语教育出版社，2001 年。
审核意见
胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四版笔记
Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics 1.3 Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication. 1.3.1 Arbitrariness Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings. 1.3.2 Duality Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 1.3.3 Creativity Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Recursiveness refers to the rule which can be applied repeatedly without any definite limit. The recursive nature of language provides a theoretical basis for the possibility of creating endless sentences. 1.3.4 Displacement Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation. 加1 Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. 加2 the direct/non-arbitrary/non-symbolic relation between meaning and form. There are resemblances between the language form and what they refer to. That relationship is called icon. Iconicity exists in sounds, lexicons and syntax. It is the motivation between language forms and meanings. It is a relation of resemblance between language form and what they refer to. 1.5 Functions of language As is proposed by Jacobson, language has six functions: 1. Referential: to convey message and information; 2. Poetic: to indulge in language for its own sake; 3. Emotive: to express attitudes, feelings and emotions; 4. Conative: to persuade and influence others through commands and entreaties; 5. Phatic: to establish communion with others; 6. Metalingual: to clear up intentions, words and meanings. three metafunctions: 1. function: to convey new information, to communicate a content that is
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】
第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：
I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar
语言学教程第四版第二章 胡壮麟 主编
Chapter 2 Speech sounds Contents ?How sounds are made? ?Consonants and vowels ?Phonological processes, phonological rules and distinctive features ?Suprasegmentals 超音段 ?Two major areas for studying speech sounds: phonetics and phonology ?Phonetics: it studies how speech sounds are made, transmitted and perceived. ?Three branches of phonetics: ?Articulatory phonetics发声语音学 is the study of the production of speech sounds. ?Acoustic phonetics声学语音学 is the study of the physical properties of the sounds produced in speech. Auditory phonetics听觉语音学 is concerned with the perception of speech sounds ?Phonology：it deals with the sound system of a language by treating phoneme 音素 as the point of departure. ?It studies the sound patterns and sound systems of languages. ?Ultimately it aims to discover the rules that underlie the sound patterns of all languages. How speech sounds are made? ? speech organs 言语器官 ?Speech organs are also known as vocal organs（发音器官）. ?Parts of human body involved in the production of speech sounds: lungs, trachea (windpipe) 气管, throat, nose, mouth ? organs of speech (Figure 2.2, p.26 on our books)
【免费下载】胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结
胡壮麟语言学名词解释总结 1.design feature: are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.360docs.net/doc/9217334210.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function, emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3.etic: a term in contrast with emic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4.emic: a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech communith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5.synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6.diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7.prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.360docs.net/doc/9217334210.html,ying down rules for language use. 8.descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 9.arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 10.duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 11.displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 12.phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 13.metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 14.macrolinguistics: the interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et https://www.360docs.net/doc/9217334210.html,petence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 16.performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. https://www.360docs.net/doc/9217334210.html,ngue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 18.parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 19.Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 20.Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved..Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation. 21.Voicing: pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant) by vibrating the vocal cords. 22.Broad and narrow transcription: the use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription;while,the use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription.
胡壮麟语言学教程课件Part12
Literary linguistics studies the language of literature. It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style. 9.1 Theoretical background
9.2.1 Foregrounding and grammatical form 9.2.2 Literal language and figurative language Simile Metaphor Metonymy Synecdoche 9.2.3 The analysis of literary language
9.3.1 Sound patterning 9.3.2 Different forms of sound patterning Rhyme Alliteration Assonance Consonance Reverse rhyme Pararhyme Repitition
-Metre(Dimetre, Trimetre, Tetrametre, Hexametre, Heptametre, Octametre) -Foot (Iamb, Trochee, Anapest, Dactyl,Spondee, Pyrrhic) 9.3.4 Conventional forms of metre and sound Couplets Quatrains Blank verse Sonnet 9.3.5 The poetic functions of sound and metre 9.3.6 How to analyse poetry?
语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or
胡壮麟名词解释
胡壮麟《语言学教程》术语表 第一章 phonology音系学 grammar语法学 morphology形态学 syntax句法学 lexicology词汇学 general linguistics普通语言学theoretical linguistics理论语言学historical linguistic s历史语言学descriptive linguistics描写语言学empirical linguistics经验语言学dialectology方言学 anthropology人类学 stylistics文体学 signif ier能指 signif ied所指 morphs形素 morphotactics语素结构学/形态配列学 syntactic categori es句法范畴syntactic classes句法类别序列 sub-structure低层结构 super-structure上层结构 open syllable开音节 closed syllable闭音节 checked syllable成阻音节 rank 等级 level层次 ding-dong theory/nativistic theory本能论 sing-song theory唱歌说 yo-he-ho theory劳动喊声说 pooh-pooh theory感叹说 ta-ta theory模仿说 animal cry theory/bow-wow theory模声说 Prague school布拉格学派 Bilateral opposition双边对立Mutilateral opposition多边对立Proportional opposition部分对立Isolated opposition孤立对立 Private opposition表缺对立 Graded opposition渐次对立Equipollent opposition均等对立Neutralizable opposition可中立对立Constant opposition恒定对立Systemic-f unctional grammar系统功能语法 Meaning potential意义潜势Conversational implicature会话含义Deictics指示词 Presupposition预设 Speech acts言语行为 Discourse analysis话语分析Contetualism语境论 Phatic communion寒暄交谈Metalanguage原语言 Applied linguistic s应用语言学Nominalism唯名学派Psychosomatics身学 第二章trachea/windpipe气管 tip舌尖 blade舌叶/舌面 front舌前部 center舌中部 top舌顶 back舌后部 dorsum舌背 root舌跟 pharynx喉/咽腔 laryngeals喉音 laryngealization喉化音 vocal cords声带 vocal tract声腔 initiator启动部分 pulmonic airstream mechanism肺气流 机制 glottalic airstream mechanism喉气流 机制 velaric airstream mechanism腭气流机 制 Adam’s apple喉结 Voiceless sound清音 Voiceless consonant请辅音 Voiced sound浊音 Voiced consonant浊辅音 Glottal stop喉塞音 Breath state呼吸状态 Voice state带音状态 Whisper state耳语状态 Closed state封闭状态 Alveolar ride齿龈隆骨 Dorsum舌背 Ejective呼气音 Glottalised stop喉塞音 Impossive内爆破音 Click/ingressive吸气音 Segmental phonology音段音系学 Segmental phonemes音段音位 Suprasegmental超音段 Non-segmental非音段 Plurisegmental复音段 Synthetic language综合型语言 Diacritic mark附加符号 Broad transcription宽式标音 Narrow transcription窄式标音 Orthoepy正音法 Orthography正字法 Etymology词源 Active articulator积极发音器官 Movable speech organ能动发音器官 Passive articulator消极发音器官 Immovable speech organ不能动发音 器官 Lateral边音 Approximant [j,w]无摩擦延续音 Resonant共鸣音 Central approximant中央无摩擦延续 音 Lateral approximant边无摩擦延续音 Unilateral consonant单边辅音 Bilateral consonant双边辅音 Non-lateral非边音 Trill [r]颤音trilled consonant颤辅音 rolled consonant滚辅音 Labal-velar唇化软腭音 Interdent al齿间音 Post-dental后齿音 Apico-alveol ar舌尖齿龈音 Dorso-alveol ar舌背齿龈音 Palato-alveolar后齿龈音 Palato-alveolar腭齿龈音 Dorso-palat al舌背腭音 Pre-palat al前腭音 Post-palatal后腭音 Velarization软腭音化 Voicing浊音化 Devoicing清音化 Pure vowel纯元音 Diphthong二合元音 Triphthong三合元音 Diphthongization二合元音化 Monophthongization单元音化 Centring diphthong央二合元音 Closing diphthong闭二合元音 Narrow diphthong窄二合元音 Wide diphthong宽二合元音 Phonetic similarity语音相似性 Free variant自由变体 Free variation自由变异 Contiguous assimilation临近同化 Juxtapostional assimilation邻接同化 Regressive assimilation逆同化 Anticipatory assimilation先行同化 Progressive assimilation顺同化 Reciprocal assimilation互相同化 Coalescent assimilation融合同化 Partial assimilation部分同化 Epenthesis插音 Primary stress主重音 Secondary stress次重音 Weak stress弱重音 Stress group重音群 Sentence stress句子重音 Contrastive stress对比重音 Lexical stress词汇重音 Word stress词重音 Lexical tone词汇声调 Nuclear tone核心声调 Tonetics声调学 Intonation contour语调升降曲线 Tone units声调单位 Intonology语调学 Multilevel phonology多层次音系学 Monosyllabic word多音节词 Polysyllabic word单音节次 Maximal onset principle最大节首辅 音原则 第三章词汇 liaison连音 contract ed f orm缩写形式 frequency count词频统计 a unit of vocabulary词汇单位 a lexical item词条 a lexeme词位 hierarchy层次性 lexicogrammar词汇语法 morpheme语素 nonomorphemic words单语素词 polymorphemic words多语素词 relative uninterruptibility相对连续性 a minimum f ree f orm最小自由形式 the maximum f ree f orm最大自由形式 variable words 可变词 invariable words不变词 paradigm聚合体 grammatical words(function words)语 法词/功能词 lexical words(cont ent words)词汇词/ 实义词 closed-cl ass words封闭类词 opened-class words开放类词 word class词类 particles小品词 pro-f orm代词形式 pro-adjective(so)代形容词 pro-verb(do/did)代副词 pro-adverb(so)代动词 pro-locative(there)代处所词/代方位词 determiners限定词 predeterminers前置限定词 central determiners中置限定词 post determiners后置限定词 ordinal number序数词 cardinal number基数词 morpheme词素 morphology形态学 free morpheme自由词素 bound morpheme黏着词素 root词根 aff ix词缀 stem词干 root morpheme词根语素 pref ix前缀 inf ix中缀 suff ix后缀 bound root morpheme黏着词根词素 inf lectional aff ix屈折词缀 derivational aff ix派生词缀 inf lectional morphemes屈折语素 derivational morphemes派生语素 word-f ormation构词 compound复合词 endocentri c compound向心复合词 exocentri c compound离心复合词 nominal endocentric compound名词性 向心复合词 adjective endocentric compound形容 词性向心复合词 verbal compound动词性复合词 synthetic compound综合性复合词 derivation派生词 morpheme语素 phoneme音位
英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).
英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer