外研版高一英语上学期语法总结

2. 现在完成时（have/has done）表示两方面的的含义：

a. 过去发生的动作一直持续到现在，并且可能一直持续下去。

b. 过去发生的动作，对现在造成的影响。（落脚点在现在，注意与一般过去时的区别）

3. 过去完成时（had done）表示“过去的过去”（past-in-the-past ）

（a）. ----|--------------------------|-------------------------------|---------------------------->

那时以前那时(过去)现在

e.g. They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.

H e didn’t go to bed until he had finished he work.

（b）. 注意过去完成时跟后面学的从句联系起来：

e.g. When I woke up, it had stopped raining.

I found the watch which I had lost.

（c）. 过去完成时还可用在hardly … when …, no sooner… than …,

It was the 1st (2nd, etc) time (that)…（这是某人第几次干什么了）等固定句型中。

e.g. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him.

No sooner had he arrived than he went away again.

Ⅱ.非谓语动词

三大类：to do, doing, done

关于用法，两条黄金原则：a. 非谓语动词不作谓语。

b. 过去分词（done）没有名词性功能（不作主语、宾语）。

（这两本书中主要考查了to do, doing作宾语，doing, done作定语、状语）

1.to do, doing 作宾语

（1）后面跟to do 作宾语的动词

hope, agree, dare, decide, determine｜｜begin, start, refuse, prepare, offer｜｜manage, try, aim, forget, remember \choose｜｜seem, pretend, learn, love, hate

e.g. We agreed _ to meet _ here but so far she hasn’t turned up yet.

She pretended _ not to see _me when I passed by. (高考全国卷)

（2）后面跟doing作宾语的动词

give up, enjoy, regret // insist on, practise , finish // put off, avoid , mind

e.g. Would you mind waiting a few minutes？

They are looking forward to Mary’s coming

2.doing & done 作定语

（何为定语？“定”------“界定、限定”，也就是修饰限定名词的，名词在句子中作主语宾语，所以定语修饰主语或宾语）

（作定语时，单个的分词放在所修饰的名词前；若是分词短语则要放在所修饰的名词之后）

e.g．running water

Do you know the three children walking towards us

broken heart/ The heart broken by him is dead.

3.doing & done 作状语

（何为状语来？“状”------“状况”，也就是说明动作发生的状况，例如动作发生的时间、地点、原因、目的、条件、造成的结果等。也就是在句子中修饰谓语动词）e.g. Walking in the street, I came across an old friend.

Having finished the homework, he went home.

注意：1）无论作什么成分，to do 一般表示将来，doing表示主动进行，done表示被动完成。

②主语+be+倍数+比较级+than

③主语+be+倍数+the+名词(size, width, length, height, depth…)+of

e.g. My room is three times as big as his.=My room is three times the size of his.=My room is three times bigger than his.

2. 比较级+and+比较级(“越来越……”)

e.g. He became taller and taller.

3. the+比较级+... , the+比较级+... (“越……越……”)

e.g. 1) The sooner, the better. 越快越好。

Ⅱ副词的用法

1. 定义: 副词（adverb，简写为adv）是一种用来修饰动词、形容词、全句的词，说明时间、地点、程度、方式等概念的词。

2. 分类

1) 时间副词: now, then, soon, today, sometimes, yesterday, tomorrow, ago等。

e.g. We are leaving for Beijing soon. （注意位置）

2) 频度副词: often, always, usually, never, ever, seldom, rarely, frequently, occasionally等。

e.g. He seldom goes to the cinema.

He had never been there before.

3) 程度副词: quite, so, little, much, very, rather, almost, nearly等。

e.g. He quite likes pop music.

（五）状语从句

状语从句，当然就是跟班句子在另一个大句子里面作状语。课本中主要讲解了时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句. Ⅰ时间状语从句

引导词分类：

①when, while, as

②as soon as, the moment, hardly…when, no sooner…than

③before，after

④by the time

e.g. By the time they get here, we'll have finished the work.

By the time we got there, the movie had begun .

Ⅱ原因状语从句（动作发生的原因）

Because, as, since, for, now that

Ⅲ目的状语从句（动作的目的）

引导词：so as to, in order to ,so that

E.g. I worked hard so as to I can pass the exam.

Ⅳ结果状语从句（动作造成的结果）

引导词：so ….that; such…that “如此。。。以至于”

e.g. I worked so hard that I passed the exam.

预祝同学们取得好成绩！Good Luck to All of You!