商务英语函电u11
【课题】UNIT 11 Electronic Business Communications
【教材版本】
闫兴伯黄宪西.中等职业教育国家规划教材——商务英语函电（国际商务专业）.第二版.北京：高等教育出版社，2006
【教学目标】
知识目标：熟记本单元（有关传真）的常见词汇和句型。
能力目标：了解并掌握如何运用建立业务关系，使用正确的电文缩略字。
【教学重点、难点】
教学重点：运用电传建立商务联系，读懂电文。
教学难点：能模仿例文自己书写电文，以便建立商务联系。
【教学媒体及教学方法】
制作PPT。
演示法、讲授法、分组讨论法。
【课时安排】
2课时（90分钟）。
【教学过程】
第一环节导入
1. 复习前一单元有关索赔理赔的词汇和句型。
2. 学生讨论问题：（见PPT）
电子商务包括哪些形式？
a. 电传telex
b. 商务传真business fax
c. 电子邮件E-mail
d. 电子数据交换electronic data interchange（EDI）
第二环节新授课
1. Pre-Study
（1）Terms to Learn
A. 教师带读，学生跟读商务书信中的常见词汇P165。
B. 学生理解并熟记这些单词和表达方法。
（2）Useful Sentences
A. 教师带读，学生跟读本单元的常用句型。
B. 学生理解并熟记这些表达方法。
C. 课堂练习P168 V ocabulary review （参考答案见PPT）
2. A deal in Men’s Shirts (Part one)
（1）词汇讲解
A.on the high side 偏高
e.g. Your price is on high side.
你方价格偏高。
on the high ropes 得意
on the high side 偏高
on the hip 处于不利地位
B．scope 范围
e.g. beyond sb.'s scope 非某人所能理解, 在某人的活动[观察]范围以外
give (sb.) scope for 给发挥...的机会
have scope (for) 有施展的...余地; 有发挥的...机会
of wide scope 广泛的, 广大的
outside sb.'s scope 越出某人力量范围之外
seek scope for 寻求发挥...的机会
within sb.'s scope 为某人所能理解, 在某人活动[观察]范围内
Asking about business scope 询问业务范围
The scope of cooperation 合作范围
(2) 帮助学生读通和理解信文。（NOTES见PPT）
A. As the article falls within the scope of our business activities ,we would like very
much to establish direct business relations with you.
因该商品属于我方经营范围之内，我方希望与贵方建立直接商业联系。
B. Please make us an offer for 1000 dozen of the goods respectively on CIF Hamburg/
Copenhagen basis for shipment in April.
请向我方分别报1000打该两种商品CIF 汉堡或者CIF哥本哈根价格，四月装
船。
C. WE REGRECT TO SAY THAT THEY ARE OUT OF STOCK FOR THE TIME BEING。
很遗憾，该商品现阶段缺货。
D．AS THE GOODS SELL WELL IN THE WORLD MARKET，PLS PLACE YPUR ORDERS WITH US ASAP。
因该商品目前在世界市场销售甚好，请尽快与我方定货。
(3) 学生完成课堂练习P169. V ocabulary review 1（参考答案见PPT）
3.A deal in Men’s Shirts (Part Two)
(1) 词汇讲解
A．identifiable a.可识别的
identifiable cost 可辨认的成本
identifiable economic factors 可识别的经济因素
identifiable point 易辨认点；明显地物点
human identifiable 人工识别
B．attach vt. 附加，贴上
e.g. attach a document to a letter
将文件附在信中
attach labels to the luggage
把标签系在行李上
attach part of sb.'s salary
扣下某人的部分薪金
attach one's name to
在...上签名
He attached his horse to a tree.
他将马拴在树上。
The hospital is attached to that university.
这医院附属于那所大学。
C．r eadily adv. 容易地
e.g. He readily agreed to help us.
他欣然同意帮助我们。
（2）帮助学生读懂和理解信文
A．Our S/C is attached for your signature.
附上我方销售确认书以便贵方签字。
B．I n this way ,our goods will be readily identifiable.
通过此方式，我方货品更易辨认。
C．On checking your L/C we find that consular invoice is required, which must be canceled, as there is no consulate in our country.
在核对贵方信用证时，我方发现需要领事发票，这点必须取消，因在我国没有
领事馆。
（3）课堂练习。
写出下列缩略语的全称并试着翻译：
A.A.R =against all risks ABV =above
ABT =about A/C,AC=account
ACCES =accessory, accessories ACDG =according
ACDGL Y=accordingly ACEPT,ACPT=accept
ACEPTD,ACPTD=accepted ACPTBL=acceptable
ACPTC =acceptance ACK =acknowledge, acknowledged, acknowledgement
ACOMN,ACCOMDN=accommodation AD =advertisement
ADDL,ADDNL=additional ADDN =addition
ADDS,ADS=address ADJ =adjust(ment)
ADV =advice, advise AFRN =afternoon
AGCY =agency AGN =again
AGNT =agent AGNST,AGST=against
AGR =agree AGRD =agreed
AGRMT =agreement AIR =airmail
AIRD =airmailed AIRG =airmailing
AIRML =airmail AIRFRT=airfreight
ALRDY =already AM =America
AMAP =as many(much) as possible AMDT =amendment
Homework
1.抄写并熟记本单元的常见词汇和句型。
2. P16 9 Writing Practice
3．P173 Writing Practice
Useful Information:
电子商务的特点〔优点〕
与传统商务形式相比，电子商务有以下几个特点：
（1）市场全球化。凡是能够上网的人，无论是在南非上网还是在北美上网，都将被包容在一个市场中，有可能成为上网企业的客户。
（2）交易的快捷化。电子商务能在世界各地瞬间完成传递与计算机自动处理，而且无须人员干预，加快了交易速度。
（3）交易虚拟化。通过以互联网为代表的计算机互联网络进行的贸易，双方从开始洽谈、签约到订货、支付等，无须当面进行，均通过计算机互联网络完成，整个交易完全虚拟化。（4）成本低廉化。由于通过网络进行商务活动，信息成本低，足不出户，可节省交通费，且减少了中介费用，因此整个活动成本大大降低
（5）交易透明化。电子商务中的双方的洽谈、签约，以及货款的支付、交货的通知等整个交易过程都在电子屏幕上显示，因此显得比较透明。
（6）交易标准化。电子商务的操作要求按统一的标准进行。
（7）交易连续化。国际互联网的网页，可以实现24小时的服务。任何人都可以在任何时候向网上企业查询信息，寻找问题的答案。企业的网址成为永久性的地址，为全球的用户提供不间断的信息源。
商务英语函电 参考答案
Reference Keys Unit 2 Establishing Business Relations 学学练练 I. 1. d 2. c 3. a 4. b 5. h 6. f 7. e 8. g II. 1.供你方参考 2. 期望，盼望 3. 供应中 4. in the hope of/that 5. establish business relations 6. fall within the scope of III. 1. desirous to 2. in the line of 3.give you a general idea 4. covering 5. in the market 6.refer to 7.be informed IV. 1. appreciate 2. in, for 3.upon 4. to 5. informed 6. with 7.enclosed 8. in 9. desire 10. for 实操练习 I. 1.Through the courtesy of ABC company, we have your name and address. 2. We would like to inform you that we could supply various types of men’s leather shoes. 3. We have established business relations with more than 50 countries in the world, on the basis of equality, mutual benefit and exchange of needed goods。 4. Specializing in the export of Chinese bicycles, we express our desire to trade with you in this line. 5. In order to promote business between us, we shall airmail you some samples for your reference. 6. We enclose a copy of catalog and a sampl e and are sure that you will be satisfied
商务英语函电在对外贸易中的重要性
随着全球经济的快速发展和经济一体化的进程，世界各国的经济贸易往来日益频繁，而众所周知，英语是当今全球运用最广的语言，因此英语便也成为了对外贸易中的主要用语我们也称之为商务英语。而商务函电是指在对外贸易中所使用的信函，电报，电传，传真，电子邮件等通讯方式。所以商务英语函电就是指在对外贸易活动中以英语为载体而进行的商务函电往来。商务英语函电是国际商务往来中经常使用的联系方式，是开展对外贸易业务和有关商务活动的基础及重要工具。商务英语函电是对外贸易的交流工具，它贯穿于对外贸易的各个环节，及时，具体，完整，准确地为贸易双方传递商务事业信息以及帮助双方达成最有效的交流与沟通。商务英语函电是对外贸易的重要媒介，它在各国之间相互沟通，开展业务，达成交易，建立友好关系工作等对外贸易活动中起着举足轻重的作用，是对外贸易中不可或缺的组成部分。如果没有往来的商务英语函电，贸易双方就无法完成正常的交流与沟通，无法获知对方的各项商务信息，因此大部分的国际贸易活动也都不可能顺利进行，所以，商务英语函电在对外贸易中的重要性可想而知。 商务英语函电在对外贸易中的第一个重要性就表现在它的索取信息和传递信息的功能。对外贸易本身就是特指国际贸易活动中的一国或地区同其他国家或地区所进行的商品、劳务和技术的交换活动。这是立足于一个国家或地区去看待它与其他国家或地区的商品贸易活动。他不同于国内贸易，可以去实地进行考察，双方面对面进行交流与沟通，从而获取一切对方的商务事业信息，对外贸易大多涉及本国以外的不同国家与不同地区，在很大程度上受到贸易双方地理位置等客观条件的限制，如果也像国内贸易那样进行面对面的索取信息与传递信息，这个过程肯定是繁琐而复杂的，而且加上空间和时间的限制，这个过程的成本费用也会很高，速度也会很缓慢，过程中的安全问题也不能得到保障，甚至于可能在这种实际的信息传递中造成数据的丢失或者毁坏。商务英语函电的存在，就让这些问题得到了一一化解，索取信息和传递信息不会再受到时间和空间等因素的限制，甚至比以前更加快捷，可以快速的索取有效的信息传递给从事对外贸易的双方，利用商务英语函电开展对外贸易，买卖双方可采用标准化、电子化的格式合同、提单、保险凭证、发票和汇票、信用证等，使各种相关单证在网上即可实现瞬间传递，大大节省了单证的传输时间，而且还能有效地减少因纸面单证中数据重复录入导致的各种错误，对提高交易效率的作用十分明显,而且加上中间大量环节的减少，也在一定程度上降低了对外贸易过程中的成本。 商务英语函电在对外贸易中的第二个重要性表现在它一直贯穿于对外贸易的始终，处理整个对外贸易中各个环节的相关事宜。它涉及外贸业务中的各个环节。从建立业务关系、询盘、发盘、还盘、接受、执行提供、装运、保险、付款，到执行合同过程中的纠纷，以及最后的索赔，大都需要商务英语函电的解决。对外贸易过程各环节中所有往来的商务英语函电也都构成重要的法律依据，特别是当产生贸易纠纷时，它有可能左右解决纠纷的最终结果。而前面提到的还仅仅是体现在实实在在的对外贸易实际活动中，事实上，商务英语函电还在对外贸易过程中起着很多隐性作用，其实在建立业务关系之前商务英语函电的重要性就体现出来了，商务英语函电的出现让我们摒弃了传统方式上的寻找合作伙伴的方法，通过商务英语函电的平台，不但能节省大量的人力，物力，财力让你找到满意合作伙伴，也可以大大的拓宽你的选择范围，进一步寻找潜在客户。商务英语函电在洽谈过程中也起着重要的作用，他可以跨越传统的面对面洽谈的限制，在获得大量信息的情况下，还能提供更多更方便的异地洽谈方式。 商务英语函电在对外贸易中第三个重要性主要是在它使对外贸易双方更加方便的保持联络与沟通感情，促进双方得后续合作甚至长期合作。对外贸易过程中，买卖双方肯定不会只想仅仅只合作一次，甚至于双方特别互相认可的话，是容易发展长期的战略合作伙伴的，而商务英语函电就提供了这样一个长期交流的机会，商务英语函电能让交易双方能在最快的时间内进行信息与意见的交流，能在第一时间获知对方的需求，不管你在任何地方，任何时 1
商务英语函电1-9课翻译及答案
Lesson 1 Importer’s Self-introduction 译文 信件一进口商自我介绍 麦克唐那和伊万有限公司 美国纽约劳顿大街58号 福建鞋业进出口公司 中国福建福州保定大街45号 送交：销售部吴刚先生 敬启者: 我们从伏特威廉公司得知贵司商号与地址，特此来函，希望能同贵司发展商务关系。 多年来，本公司经营休闲鞋类进口生意，目前想扩展业务范围。请惠寄商品目录与报价单。 如贵司产品价格有竞争力，本公司必定向你方试订。 恭候回音。 麦克唐那和伊万有限公司 （签名） 麦克. 伊万 经理 谨上 2010年4月20日 信件二回信 福建鞋业进出口公司 中国福建福州保定大街45号 麦克唐那和伊万有限公司 美国纽约劳顿大街58号 敬启者: 感谢贵公司四月二十日的来函，我们非常渴望与贵公司建立商务关系。 我们鞋厂致力于设计和生产各种传统和时尚男女鞋产品。我们已开发和上市了室内拖鞋，棉拖鞋，新款刺绣拖鞋；童鞋和棉鞋。可以满足国内外不同市场需求。 谨遵要求另函奉上最新的出口商品目录及报价单，涵括目前可供的出口商品。 如你方对任何一款感兴趣，请让我方知道。期盼你方具体询盘。 福建鞋业进出口公司 （签名） 吴刚 经理 谨上 2010年5月10日 习题答案 I. Basic Training Translate the following expressions into Chinese. 报价一流的进口商
出口产品范围定单 广泛的联系具体询盘 最新目录有竞争力的价格 Choose the best answer. 1) b 2) b 3) c 4) a 5) d 6) b 7) c 8) c 9) b II. Improving Training Translate the following sentence into English. 1) We would like to introduce our business range. 2) We obtained your name and address from Mr. Smith, who have done business with us for many years. 3) We shall appreciate it if you could tell us the goods you are interested in. 4) We have received many enquiries from abroad. 5)They used to import machines from UK, but now they would like to establish business relations with us. 6) We are the leading importer of electronic products in Lagos. 7) If your price is competitive, we would like to place with you an order for 500 electric bicycles. III. Letter-writing Practice 1. Finish the following letter by translating the expressions given. 1) obtained your name and address 2) establish business relations /enter into business relations 3) leading importers 4) We appreciate your catalogue and quotations. 5) If your prices are competitive 2. Write a letter Dear sirs, We are one of the leading importers of electric goods in this city and shall be pleased to establish business relations with your firm. At present we are interested in your electric fans, details according to our Enquiry Note No. 1345 enclosed, and shall be glad to receive your lowest quotation as soon as possible. We would like to mention that if your price is attractive and delivery date acceptable, we shall place an order with you immediately. Your early reply will be highly appreciated. Yours faithfully, Lesson 2 Exporter’s Self-introduction 译文 信件一出口商来信 敬启者: 承蒙东京工商会的介绍,我们获悉你方是贵国最大的纺织品进口商之一。由于此货属于我们的经营范围, 特写信给你方希望建立业务关系。 我们专营中国纺织品出口, 产品包括女士, 男式, 儿童和青年的针织衫以及运动服和牛仔裤, 我们还设计和生产用于纺织品生产的设备和机器。我们的产品品质优良价格合理。 为使你方了解我们的经营业务, 随函附上出口清单一份, 包括目前可以供应的主要商品。如你方对任何一款感兴趣,请与我们联系。
商务英语函电课后答案
Dear Sirs, We obtain your name and address from the internet, and we are writing you in the hope of establishing direct business relations with you. We’re one of the importers of Beddings with years’of experience in this line. At present, we’ll be pleased to get the samples for your bed-sheets. Thank you for your cooperation. Yours sincerely, \\ 2 Dear Sirs, Your company has been introduced to us by FMC Company, Sydney, Australia, who has informend us that you are interested in electric goods . As we have been in this line for years, we are writing you in the hope of establishing business relations with you. In order to give you a rough idea of our products available for export at present, we are sending you under separate cover the latest catalogues. Looking forward to your early reply. Yours faithfully Dear Sirs, We learn from the internet that you are in urgent need of a large quantity of Children’s Sport Shoes. We’re writing you in the hope of entering into long-term business relations with you. We have been handling the export of various kinds of textiles and shoes for many years, and our products are very popular in the American and European markets for their good quality and reasonable prices. We also have kept close connections with the local shoe manufacturers, and can ensure the steady source and quality. In order to give you a rough idea of our products, we are sending you our latest catalogues and price lists for Children’s Sport Shoes for your reference. If you are interested in any of the items, please let us know. We await your early reply. Yours faithfully,
商务英语函电 王维平 Chapter 8参考译文及课后答案
Chapter 8 Learning Aims 学完本章，学生应能： 1．识别装船指示和装船通知； 2．熟悉一些模具产品名称； 3．掌握装运方面信件的结构以及相关术语和表达方式； 4．学会案例分析，并撰写与装运相关的信函。 Background Information 在国际贸易中，在装运前，买方通常把他们的装运需求发送给卖方，告知他们包装和标志，运输方式等，此为装运指示。 卖方在装运货物后应立即向买方发送装船通知，告知他们装运情况。装船通知通常包含以下内容： （1）预计出发时间；预计到达时间 （2）装船货物 （3）船名 （4）集装箱号 （5）铅封号 （6）所附单证 装运当事人有三方，即货主，承运人和收货人。 提单可被看作为货物收据、运输合同证明和物权凭证。 Letter 1
李友
Letter 2 Letter 3 Letter 4
Letter 5 Letter 6
Exercises I．Fill in the following blanks. 1. importance; urgent; advance; co-operation 2. circumstances; compelled; an alternative/alternatives; 3. extended; expired 4. pleasure; informing 5. in duplicate II．Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 1．我们很高兴在此通知，贵方所订的车灯模具已由“魅力”号货轮发出，将于5月15号抵达宁波。 2．我们很奇怪至今尚未收到于8月1号所订的螺钉，我方客户要求予以解释，因为他们急需此批货物。 3．由于交货长期延误，给我们带来不便。我们要求立即发货，否则，我们将不得不按合同规定取消订单。 4．请尽快安排装运我方所订的货物。 5．这艘货船将于7月20号左右驶往上海。 III．Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Upon receipt of the L/C, please effect shipment of the goods booked by us as soon as possible. 2. We are informed by ABC shipping company that S.S. “Beauty” is due to sail from your city to our port on or about 6th this month. 3. We are very much obliged for your kind cooperation. 4. We hope that these goods will reach you in time and turn out to your entire satisfaction. 5. We are in urgent need of the goods and have to request you to ship them without any further delay.
商务英语写作-商务英语信函范例：教你学写邀请与答复信函
商务英语写作 商务英语信函范例：教你学写邀请与答复信 函 invitation and reply dear mr. / ms, we should like to invite your corporation to attend the 2000 international fair which will be held from august 29 to september 4 at the above address. full details on the fair will be sent in a week. we look forward to hearing from you soon, and hope that you will be able to attend. yours faithfully 尊敬的先生/小姐， 在上述地址，我们想请贵公司参加于八月二十九日到九月四日举办的2000国际商品交易会，关于交易会的详情我们一周内将寄给你。希望不久能收到你的来信，并能来参加。 您诚挚的
肯定答复 dear mr. / ms, thank you for your letter of june 28 inviting our corporation to participate in the 2000 international fair. we are very pleased to accept and will plan to display our electrical appliances as we did in previous years.
商务英语函电范文
启头句: 1)We have (take) pleasure in informing you that../ We have the pleasure of informing you that../ We are pleased (glad) to inform you that..兹欣告你方.... 16) Refering to your letter of ......we are pleased to .关于你方...月...日来信,我们很高兴... 19) We wish to refer to your letter of ...concerning 现复你方...月...日关于...的来信 20) In compliance with the request in your letter of ... we...按你方...月...日来函要求,我方... 37) We thank you for your letter of https://www.360docs.net/doc/9a14298626.html,rming us that..我们感激贵方...月...日的来函,惠告... 21) In connection with the question of supplying you with ..., we are pleased to say that...关于向你方供应...的问题,欣告你方... 29) We owe your address to ..我方从...获得你方地址。 36) In replay to your letter of ...concerning...we are glad to be able to /story to have tell you that...兹复贵方...月...日有关...的来函,很高兴/抱歉告知贵方... 41)We must apologize for the delay in replying to your letter of...迟复贵方...月...日函,甚歉! 43)In reply to your letter/inquiry of ... , we wish to inform you that...兹复贵方...月...日函/询盘,我们愿意告诉贵方... 77)As requested/ In accordance with your wishes we are sending you... 按你方的要求,现奉上.. 商业信函常用开头语 3.惠请告知某某事项等 1)Please inform me that (of) ；13)We shall be pleased to have your information regarding (on, as to; about) 6.特回答贵公司某月某日函所叙述有关事项等7)In response to your letter of l0th May, I wish to say that； 10)In reply to your letter of February 8th, I inform you that (of) ； 7.非常遗憾，我们奉告您关于，等。 l)We regret to inform/say/advise you that (of) ； 9.我们对于您某月某日来函的询价，深表谢意等。2)I thank you for your inquiry of the 10th May ； 10.兹函附某某，请查收，等。 1)Enclosed please find ；3)We enclose herewith ；7)We are pleased to enclose herewith 11.遵照某月某日来函指示，等。2)According to the directions contained in yours of the 6th May ； 4)In conformity with (to) your instructions of the l0th ult. 12.关于详情，下次叙述，等。 2)Particulars will be related in the following. 3)I will relate further details in the following. 13. 如下列所记，如附件所述，1)As stated below, 10)As already mentioned,
实操商务英语函电课后答案(首都经济贸易大学出版社)Unit 3
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期待与你进一步合作。 你诚挚的 二、确认达成的协议 confirming agreements reached 3. dear mr/mrs, last friday, when we were discussing the problems of defectivecontainers.you suggested that i simply mail you a report each month on thenumber of return by customers rather than send the defective containers to you. i plan to put this into effect at once. but, i first wantto make sure that i understand you correctly. if i don’thear from you within the coming week, i’ll assume that youapprove. yours faithfully 尊敬的先生/小姐， 上周五，我们讨论了次品集装箱的问题，你建议我只需把顾客每月退回的次品集装箱 的数量写个报告给你，而不是直接退集装箱。 我计划立即付诸现实。但我想确认我理解正确，到下周为止，如我不能收到你的来信，我即认为你没有异议。 你诚挚的 4. dear mr/mrs, we write to confirm our agreement reached during ourconversation on 9th june about special discountson m-s acoustical partitions as describedon page 8of our catalogue. these prices will prevail through30 june.partition regular price special
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Dear Sirs, We have obtained your address from the Commercial Counsellor ofyour Embassy in London and are now writing you for theestablishment of business relations. We are very well connected with all the major dealers here oflight industrial products, and feel sure we can sell largequantities of Chinese goods if we get your offers at competitiveprices. As to our standing, we are permitted to mention the Bank ofEngland, London, as a reference. Please let us have all necessary information regarding yourproducts for export. Yours faithfully。 求商务函电还盘函翻译。1.5月21日来信收到，得知贵方对我们的文具很感兴趣，但以为我方4月30日的价格偏高，无法成交。 2. 我们的报价已被贵地其他客户所接受，已有大批成交而且询价单滔滔而至，我方无奈下降报价。 3. 希望贵方从新考虑，早日来传真告知。 counter offer thank you for your e-mail of May 21.we learn that you areinterested in our school tools ,but you cann't accept our higherprice of Api.30. our quotation has been accepted by other clients ,a greet oforders have been bargained and large enquiries are pouring in ourcompany.so we cann't cut down our price. please think better of above,we are looking forward to your earlyfax. 求商务函电翻译 1.潜在的客户the potential customers 2.粗暴搬运rough handling 3.经营范围scope of business 4.中性包装neutral packing 5.样品本samples 6.分批装运partial shipment
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国际商务英语函电答案【篇一：世纪商务英语外贸函电(第二版)课后习题答案】 letter 1.at, of, with, in, for letter 2.from, into, with, of, to p40 https://www.360docs.net/doc/9a14298626.html,rming, interesting, dealing, sample, details, quality, prices, applied, items, inquiry unit 3 p55 letter 1.from, for, by, with, on letter 2.with, in, of, in, from p56 2.referring, established, cost, quality, opinion, responsibility, part, satisfied, information, decision unit 4 p71 letter 1. to, of, at, in, by letter 2.with, in, with, for, with p73 2.advertisement, leading, interested, details, dealers, line, market, replying, over, item unit 5 p88 letter 1.for, with, at, by, to letter 2.for, for, by, at, by/under p89 2.inquiring, quotation, receipt, subject, confirmation, discount, catalogue, brochure, separate, appreciate unit 6 p105 letter 1.of, on, in, with, to letter 2.of, in, by, for, at p106 2.offer, regret, price, sold, level, difference, transaction, counter-offer, samples, acceptance unit 7 p122 letter 1.to, of, of, in, for,