核电英语365 外审修改稿 2010-07-19
第1课
NUCLEAR POWER DEVELOPMENT 核电发展
New Words and Phrases
event of epochal significance 划时代意义的事件
self-sustaining nuclear fission chain 自持核裂变链
nuclear test 核试验
Experimental Breeder Reactor( EBR) 实验增殖堆
nuclear energy 核能
nuclear power 核电
nuclear fission 核裂变
prototype 原型
nuclear reactor 核反应堆
nuclear submarine 核潜艇
go critical 达临界
start (commence) sea trials 开始试航
power operation 功率运行
atomic bomb 原子弹
hydrogen bomb 氢弹
nuclear power plant 核电厂
go into operation 投入运行
be put into operation 投入运行
nuclear powered icebreaker 核动力破冰船
air-cooled graphite-moderated reactor 空气冷却石墨慢化反应堆
plutonium 钚
nuclear power unit 核电机组
Heavy Water Research Reactor (HWRR) 重水研究堆
commercial operation 商业运行
China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) 中国快中子实验堆
Long and Medium Term Development Plan 中长期发展规划
actively boosting nuclear power construction 积极推进核电建设
A. In the World
1.The discovery of nuclear fission in 1939 was an event of epochal significance because it opened up
the prospect of an entirely new source of power.
2.The world’s first self-sustaining nuclear fission chain was realized in the United States at the
University of Chicago (CP-1) on December 2, 1942 (Fig.1-1).
Fig.1-1 First Nuclear Reactor in The World 世界第一座核反应堆
3.On July 16, 1945, in the desert near Alamogordo, New Mexico, the US successfully conducted the
world's first nuclear test.
4.In December 1951 the Experimental Breeder Reactor (EBR-1) in the United States achieved the
first generation of electricity from nuclear energy (Fig.1-2).
Fig.1-2 First City in The World Lit by Nuclear Energy 世界上第一次用核能点灯的地方
5. A prototype of the submarine reactor，called STR Mark 1(Fig.1-3)，started operation at Arco,
Idaho, in March 1953 and the U.S.S. Nautilus, the first nuclear powered submarine, commenced its sea trials in January 1955 (Fig.1-4).
Fig.1-3 How STR Mark 1 Works 潜艇陆上模式堆（STR 1号）工作原理图
图1-3中：1-control rod控制棒；2-steam generator蒸汽发生器；3-steam蒸汽；4-reactor 反应堆；
5-shielding 屏蔽；6-pump泵；7-turbine 汽轮机；8-gears 齿轮箱；9-propeller推进器；10-condenser凝汽器
Fig.1-4 Nuclear And Conventional Submarine
核潜艇和常规潜艇
图1-4中：1，7 – propeller推进器；2- gears 齿轮箱；3-generator 发电机；4- turbine 汽轮机；5- steam generator 蒸汽发生器；6- reactor 反应堆；8-electric motor；9-batteries 蓄电池组；10-diesel engine 柴油发电机
6.The world’s first industrial nuclear power plant in the USSR with its net output of 5 MW was put
into operation on June 27, 1954.
7.The world’s first nuclear powered icebreaker, Soviet Lenin (Fig.1-5), was launched on December 5,
1957.
Fig.1-5World’s First Nuclear-Powered Icebreaker, Soviet Lenin
世界第一艘核动力破冰船（苏维埃列宁号）
8.The Shipping port PWR, the first central-station nuclear power plant in the United States, went into
operation on December 2, 1957.
9.In the United Kingdom, experience at Windscale with air-cooled graphite-moderated reactors for
the production of plutonium led to the Calder Hall dual purpose (power and plutonium) design in 1956.
10.A 20MW nuclear-power demonstration plant employing heavy water as moderate and natural
uranium as fuel has been in operation since October 1962 in Canada and the first CANDU power reactor unit at Douglas Point reached full power (200MW) in 1968.
11.By the end of January, 2009, there were 438 operating nuclear power units with total capacity of
370 GW and 44 units under construction in the world.
12.The development of nuclear power technology can be divided into four generations: generation 1
( test reactor and prototype reactor built in 1950s-1960s ), generation 2 (currently operating NPPs), generation 3 (AP－1000，EPR，ABWR) , and generation 4 (SCWR，VHTR，MSR，SFR，LFR，GFR).
B. In China (mainland)
13.The first nuclear reactor (HWRR) in China went critical on June 13, 1958，started power operation
on September 23, 1958 and rebuilt in1980 (Fig.1-6).
Fig.1-6 First Nuclear Reactor in China
中国第一座核反应堆
14.The first atomic bomb in China was successfully exploded on October 16, 1964 (Fig.1-7) and the
first hydrogen bomb in China on June 17, 1967.
Fig.1-7 First Atomic Bomb in China
中国第一颗原子弹
15.The first nuclear submarine in China was launched smoothly on August 23, 1971 (Fig.1-8).
Fig.1-8 First Nuclear Submarine in China
中国第一艘核潜艇
16.The Qinshan Nuclear Power plant , first 300 MW NPP designed and constructed by China (Fig.1-9),
was connected to the grid on December 15, 1991，which marked the breakthrough of no nuclear power in China’s mainland.
Fig.1-9 First NPP Designed and Constructed by China
中国设计和建造的第一座核电厂
17.The Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station unit 1 with its output of 900 MW was connected to the grid
on August 31, 1993 and started commercial operation on February 1, 1994 (Fig.1-10).
Fig.1-10 The Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station
大亚湾核电站
18.The Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant phase-III（CANDU 6）, 700 MW HWPR NPP jointly constructed
by China and Canada, was put into commercial operation on December 31, 2002.
19.By the end of January, 2009, there were 11 nuclear power units in operation with total capacity of
9.12 GW and 34 units under construction with 37.08 GW in China’s mainland.
20.The China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR), the first fast reactor in China, with its net electric
power of 20MW and thermal power of 65MW，will go critical in 2010 (Fig.1-11).
Fig.1-11 China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR)
中国第一座实验快堆
21.The Sanmeng nuclear power project 1，the first AP1000 NPP in the world , completed its first
concrete placement on April 19, 2009.
22.The Taishan nuclear power station, the first EPR in China, declared its first concrete date（FCD）
on December 12, 2009.
23.In 2007, The State Council approved Long and Medium Term Development Plan of Nuclear Power
(2005-2020), which put forward the guidelines of actively boosting nuclear power construction. 24.It is expected that the total capacity of operating nuclear power plants in China would reach 70—80
GW or more by the end of 2020.
汉译注释（第1句—第24句）
世界上
1.核裂变的发现是一个具有划时代意义的事件，它为一种全新能源（核能）的利用开辟了
前景。1938年德国化学家O.哈恩及其助手F.斯特拉斯曼在用慢中子轰击铀的实验中发现了铀核裂成两块的现象。随后，L.迈特纳和她的侄子O.R.弗里施解释了他们的实验结果，提出了核裂变概念。1939年2月哈恩在发表的文章中正式使用了核裂变这个词。哈恩也因此获得1944年诺贝尔化学奖。
2.1942年12 月2日在美国芝加哥大学实现了世界上第一个自持核裂变链。这就是世界上
第一座反应堆（CP1），由诺贝尔物理奖获得者费米领导。研究的目的是为了验证链式反应，目标则是应用这种反应来产生核爆炸。反应堆用天然铀作燃料，石墨作慢化剂，热功率为2 kW。
3.1945年7月16日，在美国新墨西哥州阿拉莫戈多，美国成功地进行了人类有史以来的
第一次核试验。名为“小玩意儿”的原子弹的装在“三一”试验场内30米高的铁塔上，钚装药重6.1千克，梯恩梯当量2.2万吨，试验中由于核爆炸产生了上千万度的高温，致使这座铁塔熔化为气体。
4.1951年12月美国爱达荷州的实验增殖堆EBR-1，在世界上第一次从核能中发出了电力。
虽然开始只点亮了4个 200 W 的电灯泡，却有其特殊的历史意义。
5.1953年3月在美国爱达荷州，潜艇地面模式（原型）堆STR-1投入运行。美国的第一艘
核潜艇，鹦鹉螺号（Nautilus），于1955年1月开始海洋试航（NSS，United States Ship）。核动力装置推动潜艇可以使潜艇高速长距离航行而不必频繁地露出水面。
6.1954年6月27日世界上第一座工业用的前苏联奥布涅斯克核电厂投入运行，净电功率
输出为5MW。它标志着一种新型的电力工业-核电的诞生。反应堆采用低浓铀燃料，石墨慢化，水作冷却剂，热功率为30MW。
7.世界首艘核动力破冰船前苏联的“列宁号”于1957年12月5日下水。它服役达半世纪，
于当地时间2009年5月5日退役。
8.美国第一个核电厂，即希平港压水堆核电厂，于1957年12月2日开始运行。并在三周
后达到设计电功率60 MW（热功率230MW）。
9.英国由于在温茨凯尔的空气冷却、石墨慢化的产钚反应堆上取得了经验，于1956年设
计了卡德豪尔两用堆（发电和产钚）。反应堆用天然铀金属作燃料，石墨作慢化剂，加压的二氧化碳做冷却剂。
10.1962年10月，一个20 MW的用重水作慢化剂、天然铀作燃料的示范核电厂投入运行。
1968年加拿大第一个坎杜型动力堆在道格拉斯角达到满功率200MW。采用价格低廉的天然铀作燃料是加拿大发展核电的基础。
11.截止2009年1月底，全世界共有438台运行中的核电机组，总装机容量达3.7亿千瓦，
有44台建设中的核电机组。其中美国有运行机组104座，总装机容量1亿千瓦；法国有运行机组59座，总装机容量6326万千瓦；日本有运行机组104座，总装机容量4759万千瓦。
12.核电技术的发展可以分为四代：第一代为50年代到60年代建的实验性或原型电厂，证
明了技术上可行；第二代为70年代到现在运行的核电厂，证明了经济上可行；第三代主要提高安全性，增设缓解严重事故等安全设施，例如AP1000，EPR，ABWR；第四代正处于概念设计和研究开发，期望在减少废物和保存资源等方面有所突破。在2002年第四代国际论坛（GIF）上提出了六种堆型：超临界水堆（SCWR）、钠冷快堆（SFR）、铅冷快堆（LFR）、气冷快堆（GFR）、极高温气冷堆（VHTR）、融盐堆（MSR）。
中国（大陆）
13.我国第一个反应堆（重水慢化研究堆）于1958年6月13日达临界，同年9月23日开
始功率运行。1978-1980年进行改建，燃料U-235的富集度由2%提高到3%，最大功率由10MW 提高到15MW。
14.1964年10月16日15时中国在本国西部地区爆炸了一颗原子弹，成功地进行了第一次
核试验。两年零八个月后于1967年6月17日又成功地爆炸了一颗氢弹。
15.1971年9月，我国第一艘核潜艇顺利下水。潜艇核动力装置的研制成功为发展核电奠定
了基础。
16.1991年12月15日，我国自行设计、建造的第一座核电厂—30万千瓦秦山核电厂并网
发电，实现了我国大陆核电“零的突破”。
17.大亚湾核电站一号机组（90万千瓦）1993年8月31日并网发电，并于1994年2月1
日开始商业运行，第二号机组于1994年5月6日投入商业运行。
18.秦山三期核电厂是中国和加拿大合作建设的重水堆核电厂，采用的是加拿大坎杜-6加压
重水堆型（CANDU 6），两台700 MW 的机组分别于2002年12月31日和2003年7月24日投入商业运行。
19.截止2009年1月底，我国大陆共有11台运行中的核电机组，总装机容量912万千瓦，
在建核电机组34台，总装机容量3708万千瓦。
20.CEFR是中国第一座快中子实验堆，热功率65MW，净电功率20MW。初装料为64.4%富集
度铀235。于2010年达临界。
21.浙江三门核电站一期工程1号机组2009年4月19日正式开工建设。是世界上第一个第
三代先进压水堆AP1000核电机组，采用非能动专设安全设施。
22.广东台山核电站一期工程1号机组2009年12月21日开工建设。是世界上第三个采用
欧洲先进压水堆（EPR）三代核电技术建设的核电站。
23.2007年，国务院正式批复了《核电中长期发展规划（2005-2020年）》，提出了“积
极推进核电建设”的核电发展基本方针。在核电发展战略方面，坚持发展百万千瓦级先进压水堆核电技术路线，按照热中子反应堆-快中子反应堆-受控核聚变堆“三步走”的步骤开展工作。
24.《核电中长期发展规划（2005-2020年）》确定我国核电发展目标是：到2020年，核电
运行装机容量争取达到4000万千瓦，核电年发电量达到2600～2800亿千瓦时。2020年末在建核电容量保持1800万千瓦左右。2010年3月23日国家能源局有关人士表示，目前我国正在对2020年核电中长期发展规划进行调整，根据目前的工作部署，到2020年我国核电装机目标保守看大概为7000—8000万千瓦。
阅读材料
Demand for Nuclear Power 核电需求
New Word and Phrases
electric power 电力
per capita 人均
fossil fuel 化石燃料
natural gas 天然气
oil 油，石油
petroleum 石油
adverse environmental effect 有害的环境影响
strip mining 露天开矿
generation of electricity 发电
chemicals 化学制品
medicinal products 药品
fiber 纤维
dye 染料
hydroelectric (water) power 水力
plastics 塑料，塑料制品
primary energy source 一次能源
solar energy 太阳能
fusion 聚变
During the present century, t he world’s consumption of energy has grown rapidly. This is partly due to the increase in population, but more important is the per capita increase in the use of energy for industry, agriculture and transportation. It is of special interest that larger and larger proportions of the energy used are in the form of electrical power.
The generation of electricity requires a primary energy source and the increasing demand for electric power can be satisfied only if primary sources are readily available. The main energy sources for the generation of electricity have been the fossil fuels, i.e., coal, natural gas, and oil, and hydroelectric (water) power. The known coal reserves should be adequate for a few centuries, but the adverse environmental effects of strip mining and the burning of coal, as well as increasing costs, are making this fuel less attractive for the generation of electricity. Although new reserves of oil and natural gas are being discovered, it appears that the worldwide production of these fuels will start to decrease, but the demand will continue to increase.
In considering the use of fossil fuels for the generation of electricity, it must be borne in mind that coal and petroleum provide the essential raw materials for the production of chemicals, including medicinal products, dyes, fibers, rubber and plastics. In the long run, the fossil fuels may prove to be more valuable in this respect than as primary sources of energy. The need to conserve remaining supplies of coal and oil for the production of chemicals, as well as for use as fuel in long distance transportation, should not be overlooked.
In view of the increasing demand for electric power, a new primary source of energy must be developed to supplement those mentioned. Two such abundant sources are solar energy and nuclear energy. The idea of making use of the solar energy is very attractive, but considerable research and development will be required before electricity can be generated from solar energy on a commercial scale. Nuclear energy can be made available either by the fission of certain heavy atomic nuclei or by the fusion of very light ones. The fusion process has been demonstrated, both in laboratory experiments and in the “hydrogen” bomb; it is doubtful that fusion energy can make any significant contribution to the world’s power requirements in a short time.
Nuclear fission, on the other hand, has been established as a primary source of energy for the generation of electricity at costs that are competitive with electricity from other sources. The conclusion appears to be inescapable that nuclear fission energy will be needed in increasing amounts, if the supply of electrical power is to meet the growing demand.
第2 课
NUCLEAR FISSION 核裂变
New Words and Phrases
atom 原子
fundamental particle 基本粒子
electron 电子
proton 质子electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射
neutron 中子
nuclide 核素
isotope 同位素
atomic number 原子序数
mass number 质量数
nucleus (pl. nuclei) 原子核spontaneous 自发的radioactivity 放射性
radioactive decay 放射性衰变
activity 活度
half-life 半衰期
neutron - nuclei reaction 中子－核反应scattering 散射
elastic scattering 弹性散射
inelastic scattering 非弹性散射compound nucleus 复合核
excited state 激发态
capture 俘获
fission 裂变
fissile nuclides 易裂变核素fissionable nuclides 可裂变核素
fertile nuclides 可转换核素
million electron volt (MeV) 百万电子伏特
fast neutron 快中子
slow (thermal) neutron 慢（热）中子fission fragment 裂变碎片
fission product 裂变产物
chain reaction 链式反应
A. Radioactivity
25.An atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons, so that
the atom as a whole is electrically neutral.
26.Atomic nuclei are composed of two kinds of fundamental particles, namely, protons and neutrons.
27.The proton carries a single unit positive charge equal in magnitude to the electronic charge.
28.The neutron is very slightly heavier than the proton and is an electrically neutral particle.
29.For a given element, the number of protons present in the atomic nucleus is called the atomic number
of the element and the total number of nucleons, i.e., of protons and neutrons is called the mass
number.
30.The term nuclide is commonly used to describe an atomic species whose nuclei have a specified
composition, that is to say, a nuclide is a species having given atomic and mass numbers.
31.Such nuclides, having the same atomic number but different mass number, are called isotopes, e.g.,
three forms of uranium isotopes in nature with the atomic number 92 but mass numbers 234, 235, and 238, respectively (table 2-1).
TABLE 2-1 ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF NATURAL URANIUM
Mass Number Atom Percent Isotopic Mass
(u)
234 0.0055 234.0410
235 0.720 235.0439
238 99.274 238.0508
32.The unstable substances undergo spontaneous change, i.e., radioactive decay, at definite rates.
33.The radioactive decay is associated with the emission from the atomic nucleus of an electrically
charged particle, either an alpha particle, i.e., helium nucleus, or a beta particle, i.e., an electron
(Fig.2-1).
34.In many instances, the gamma rays, which are penetrating electromagnetic radiation of high energy,
accompany the particle emission.
35.The most widely used method for representing the rate of radioactive decay is by means of the
half-life, which is defined as the time required for the number of radioactive nuclei (or their activity) to decay to half its initial value.
36.Since the number of nuclei (or their activity) decays to half its initial value in a half-life period, the
number (or activity) will fall to less than 1 percent of its initial value after seven half-life periods.
Fig.2-1 Radioactivity
放射性
B. Nuclear Fission
37.The neutron-nuclei reactions fall into three general categories, namely, scattering, capture, and fission.
38.The scattering can be either elastic or inelastic. In an elastic collision, the kinetic energy of the neutron
is decreased whereas that of the nucleus is increased correspondingly, because neutrons generally have a higher kinetic energy than atomic nuclei.
39.Except for elastic scattering, the first stage in a neutron-nucleus reaction is usually the absorption of
the neutron by the nucleus to form a compound nucleus in an excited (high-energy) state. In inelastic scattering, the compound nucleus almost immediately expels a neutron of lower energy, leaving an excited state of the original nucleus.
40.Instead of expelling a neutron, the exited compound nucleus can emit its excess energy as gamma
radiation; this process is referred to as radiation capture or, in brief, as capture.
41.After absorption of a neutron, a uranium nucleus breaks into two lighter nuclei, called fission
fragments, with the liberation of a considerable amount of energy and two or three neutrons; this phenomenon is called nuclear fission (Fig.2-2).
Fig.2-2 Nuclear Fission
核裂变
42.The neutrons can strike other uranium atoms and cause additional fission and the continuing process
of fissioning is known as a chain reaction.
43.It should be noted that it is only with the fissile nuclides that a self-sustaining fission chain is possible.
Uranium-233, Uranium-235, and plutonium-239, which will undergo fission with neutrons of any energy, are referred to as fissile nuclides.
44.Since fission of thorium-232 and uranium-238 is possible with sufficiently fast neutrons, they are
known as fissionable nuclides; Moreover, since thorium-232 and uranium-238 can be converted into the fissile nuclides, uranium-233 and plutonium-239, respectively, they are also called fertile nuclides (table 2-2).
TABLE 2-2 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME RADIOACTIVE NUCLIDES
Naturally Occurring Artificial
Species Activity Half-life Species Activity Half-life Thorium-232 Alpha 1.4 x1010yr Thorium-233 Beta 22.2 min
Uranium-238 Alpha 4.47 x109yr Protactinium-233 Beta 27.0days
Uranium-235 Alpha 7.04 x108yr Uranium-233 Alpha 1.58x105yr
Uranium-239 Beta 23.5 min
Neptunium-239 Beta 2.35 days
Plutonium-239 Alpha 2.44x104yr
45.The fission of uranium yields about 3 million times as much energy as the combustion of the same
mass of carbon. Alternatively, it may be stated that 1 kg of fissile material should be capable of producing the same amount of energy as about 2700 tons of coal.
46.When first liberated, neutrons usually possess high kinetic energy, and so they called fast neutrons.
However as a result of scattering collisions with varies nuclei in the medium, fast neutrons can lose much of their energy and become thermal neutrons.
47.The fission fragments are radioactive. The general term fission products is applied to the complex，
highly radioactive, mixture of nuclides consisting of the fission fragments and their decay products. 48.The amounts and activities of fission products are used for the following purposes: to evaluate the
radiation hazard as the result of an accident, to determine the decay time of the fission product radioactivity in the spent fuel elements after removal from the reactor, and, in turn, to determine the length of the cooling period before the fuel can be reprocessed, to estimate the decay heat after the reactor has been shut down, and to calculate the poisoning by fission products.
汉译注释（第25句—第48句）
放射性
25.一个原子含有一个带正电荷的核，周围则围绕着带负电荷的电子，因此作为一个整体来看，
原子是电中性的。
26.原子核由两种基本粒子组成：质子和中子。1964年，美国物理学家默里·盖尔曼和G.茨威
格各自独立提出：中子、质子这一类强子是由更基本的单元——夸克（quark）组成的。
27.质子带一个单位的正电荷，其电量等于电子电荷的电量。
28.中子稍稍重于质子，并且正如它的名字所示，它是电中性的粒子。
29.对于某种给定的元素，其原子核内的质子数称为这一元素的原子序数，核子的总数即质子和
中子之和叫做质量数。
30.通常用核素这个术语来描述具有确定成分的原子粒种；也就是说，核素是具有给定原子序数
和质量数的原子粒种。
31.原子序数相同而质量数不同的核数叫做同位素。例如天然铀有三种同位素，原子序数为92，
而质量数分别为234、235和238，其成分见表2-1.
表2-1 天然铀的同位素成分
质量数原子百分比同位素质量
(u)
234 0.0055 234.0410
235 0.720 235.0439
238 99.274 238.0508
32.放射性衰变就是不稳定的核以一定的速率进行自发的变化。
33.放射性衰变时，从原子核放出带正电荷的α粒子，即由两个质子和两个中子组成的氦核，或
者放出带负电荷的β粒子，即电子。核本身不包含电子，而在放射性β衰变中产生的这种电子，是由于一个中子自发转化成一个质子和一个电子的缘故。
34.在很多情况中，放射性衰变除了放出一个α粒子或β粒子外，还伴随放出γ射线，γ射线是
具有高能的穿透性电磁辐射。
35.表示放射性衰变速率最常用的方法是用半衰期，它定义为放射性核的数量（或其活度）衰变
到初始值的一半所需要的时间。
36.由于一个半衰期后，放射性核数（或其活度）衰减到其初始值的一半，所以7个半衰期后放
射性核数（后其活度）衰减到其初始值的1%以下。
核裂变
37.中子与核的反应主要有三类：散射、俘获和裂变。
38.散射分为弹性散射和非弹性散射。在弹性碰撞中，中子动能减少，而核的能量则相应增加，
因为中子的能量比原子核的高。
39.除了弹性散射外，中子-核反应第一阶段通常是核吸收中子形成激发态（高能）的复合核。
在非弹性散射中，复合核几乎立刻放出一个能量较低的中子而留下一个激发态的初始核。
40.复合核也可能不是放出中子而是以γ辐射的形式发出剩余能量，这种过程叫做辐射俘获或简
称为俘获。增加了一个中子的余核是初始核的同位素，但质量数增加1.
41.当一个铀原子核吸收一个中子后，裂变成两个较轻的原子，叫做裂变产物，并放出大量的能
量和2个或3个中子，这个现象叫做核裂变。
42.中子轰击另一个铀原子核引起裂变，这种连续的裂变过程叫做链式反应。
43.应该注意，只有用易裂变核素才有可能发生自持裂变链。铀-233、铀-235和钚-239可以由任
何能量的中子引起裂变,叫做易裂变核素。
44.由于钍-232和铀-238可以由足够高能量的快中子引起裂变，它们叫做可裂变核素；而且钍
-232和铀-238可以分别转换成铀-233和钚-239，所以也叫做可转换核素（表2-2）。
表2-2 某些放射性核素的特征
天然存在的人造的
核素原子序数放射性半衰期核素原子序数放射性半衰期
釷-232 90 Alpha 1.4 x1010yr 釷-233 90 Beta 22.2 min
铀-238 92 Alpha 4.47 x109yr 鏷-233 91 Beta 27.0days
铀-235 92 Alpha 7.04 x108yr 铀-233 92 Alpha 1.58x105yr
铀-239 92 Beta 23.5 min
镎-239 93 Beta 2.35 days
钚-239 94 Alpha 2.44x104yr
45.铀裂变产生的能量相当于燃烧同样质量的碳所产生的能量的300万倍。换句话说，1kg 易裂
变物质产生的能量相当于2700 吨的煤所产生的能量。
46.中子在刚被释放时，通常具有很高的动能，所以叫做快中子。然而由于同介质中各种核素散
射碰撞，快中子会失去大量的能量变成热中子。
47.裂变碎片是放射性的。由裂变碎片和它们的各种衰变产物组成的复杂的高放射性混合物统称
为裂变产物。
48.裂变产物的量和活度用于以下目的：评价事故造成的辐射伤害；确定乏燃料元件从反应堆卸
出后裂变产物所需的衰变时间，从而确定乏燃料进行后处理前所需的冷却时间；估算反应堆在停堆后的衰变热以及计算裂变产物的中毒。
阅读材料
Fission Energy 裂变能
New Word and Phrases
kinetic energy 动能
external source of neutrons 外部中子源
Instantaneous 瞬发的
neutrino 中微子
carbon 碳
combustion 燃烧
The importance of fission, from the standpoint of the utilization of nuclear energy, lies in two factors. First, the process is associated with the release of a large amount of energy per unit mass of nuclear fuel, and second, the fission reaction, which is initiated by neutrons, is accompanied by the liberation of neutrons. It is the combination of these two circumstances that makes possible the design of a nuclear reactor in which a self-sustaining fission chain reaction occurs with the continuous release of energy. Once the fission reaction has been started in a few nuclei by means of an external source of neutrons, it can be maintained in other nuclei by the neutrons produced in the reaction.
The fission of a single uranium-235 (or similar) nucleus is thus accompanied by the release of over 200 MeV of energy. This may be compared with about 4 eV released by the combustion of an atom of carbon-12. Hence, the fission of uranium yields something like 3 million times as much energy as the combustion of the same mass of carbon. Alternatively, it may be stated that 1 kg of fissile material should be capable of producing the same amount of energy as about 2700
metric tons of coal (3.0 x 104
kJ/kg).
The major proportion-over 80 percent of the energy of fission appears as kinetic energy of the fission fragments, and this immediately manifests itself as heat. Part of the remaining 20 percent or so is liberated in the form of instantaneous gamma rays from excited fission fragments and as kinetic energy of the fission neutrons; nearly all of this energy is converted into heat in a nuclear reactor. The rest of the fission energy is carried by the beta particles, neutrinos, and gamma rays emitted by the radioactive fission products as they decay over a period of time. The energy of the beta particles and gamma rays also ultimately appears in the form of heat as these radiations interact with and are absorbed by matter. The distribution of the fission energy for uranium-235, which may be regarded as applying approximately to all three of the important fissile species, is given in Table2.3.
Table 2.3 Approximate Distribution Energy Per Fission
pJ MeV kinetic energy of fission fragments 26.9 168
instantaneous gamma-ray energy 1.1 7
kinetic energy of fission neutrons 0.8 5
beta particles from fission products 1.1 7
gamma rays from fission products 1.0 6
neutrinos 1.6 10
total fission energy ~32 ~200
第3 课
GENERAL FEATURES OF NUCLEAR REACTOR
核反应堆的一般特征
New Words and Phrases
general features 一般特征
active core 活性区
moderator 慢化剂
slow down 慢化
reflector 反射层
coolant 冷却剂
ordinary (light) water 普通（轻）水
heavy water 重水
liquid metal 液态金属
control rod 控制棒
startup 启动
shutdown 停堆
graphite 石墨
critical mass 临界质量
neutron density 中子密度
effective multiplication factor 有效增殖因子
criticality 临界
critical 临界的
subcritical 次临界的
supercritical 超临界的
finite size 有限尺寸
reactivity 反应性
reactivity coefficient 反应性系数
built-in (or excess) reactivity 后备（或剩余）反应性
temperature distribution 温度分布
efficiency 效率
A. Composition of Nuclear Reactor
49.A device in which nuclear fission energy is released in a controlled manner is called a nuclear
reactor. In other words, the system in which a controlled, self-sustaining fission chain reaction
takes place is called a nuclear reactor.
50. A reactor contains an active core in which the fission chain is sustained and in which most of the
energy of fission is released as heat.
51. The core contains the nuclear fuel, consisting of a fissile nuclide and usually a fertile material in
addition.
52. The function of the moderator is to slow down the high-energy neutrons liberated in the fission
reaction, mainly as a result of elastic scattering reactions. The best moderators are materials consisting of elements of low mass number with little tendency to capture neutrons; examples are ordinary water, heavy water (deuterium oxide), beryllium, beryllium oxide, and carbon (as graphite).
53. The purpose of the reflector is to decrease the loss of neutrons from the core by scattering back
many of those which have escaped. The use of a reflector results in a decrease in the critical mass of the fissile nuclide.
54. The heat generated in the reactor core is removed by circulation of a suitable coolant, such as
ordinary (light) water, heavy water, liquid sodium (or sodium-potassium alloy), air, and helium etc. 55. The rate of heat generation in a reactor core is proportional to the nuclear fission rate and this is
determined by the neutron density, i.e., the number of neutrons per unit volume.
56. The reactor control, including startup, power operation, and shutdown, is thus achieved by varying
the neutron density in the core and generally done by moving control rods.
B. Criticality and reactivity
57. Since two or three neutrons are liberated in each of fission whereas only one is required to maintain a fission chain, it would seem that once the fission reaction were initiated, it would readily sustain itself.
58. However, such is not the case because not all the neutrons produced in fission are available to carry on the fission chain, that is, some neutrons are lost in nonfission reactions (mainly radioactive capture), whereas other neutrons escape from the system undergoing fission.
59. The fraction of neutrons lost by escape through the geometric boundaries can be reduced by increasing the size (or mass) of the fissile material. The minimum quantity of such material that is capable of sustaining a fission chain is called the critical mass.
60. In a finite system, the critical condition is defined in terms of the effective multiplication factor （k eff ）which describes all the possible events in the life of a neutron.
k eff =
Rate of neutrons production
Rate of neutron absorptions + rate of neutrons leakage
(3.1)
61. In reactor physics, it is convenient to use a smaller quantity than k eff , called reactivity (ρ), when discussing neutron multiplication. It is defined by
1
eff eff k k ρ=
- （3.2）
62. The effective multiplication factor (or reactivity) effectively describes the state of a nuclear reactor.
a) If k eff =1 or ρ= 0, the system is critical, the self sustaining fission chain can be maintained
since just as many neutrons are being produced as are lost in various ways;
ρ<0, the system is subcritical, the rate of production of neutrons would be less
b)If k eff <1 or
than the rate of loss in one way or another, and hence the neutron density would steadily
decrease;
ρ>0, the system is supercritical, more neutrons are produced than are lost, and so
c)If k eff>1 or
the neutron density (and fission rate) will increase continuously.
63.In PWR, the fuel supply cannot be continuously replaced as it is consumed. Consequently, at the beginning of each operational period, the reactor core must contain all the fuel (fissile material) that will be required to produce a predetermined quantity of energy.
64.Furthermore, additional fuel is necessary to allow for the decrease in neutron multiplication arising from fission-product poisons and from the high operating temperature, i.e., the negative temperature coefficient.
65.Hence, when a thermal reactor core is assembled prior to commencing operation, it includes a considerable amount of excess fuel-some 25 to 30 percent in water-moderated reactors-above that required for criticality in the initial cold condition. The additional fissile material in the core is said to represent built-in (or excess) reactivity.
C. Heat Removal
66.If the energy released in the reactor is to be converted into electric power, the heat must be
transferred from the coolant to a working fluid to produce steam.
67.The higher the temperature of the steam，the greater the efficiency for conversion into useful power.
Hence, in a power reactor it is desirable to operate at the highest practical temperature.
68.As far as nuclear considerations are concerned, there are no limits to the attainable temperature or
power level of a nuclear reactor. The practical operating conditions are determined by engineering and material limitations, rather than by nuclear factors.
69.Heat must be removed at a rate that permits the reactor coolant to attain high temperature without
the development of such thermal stresses and internal temperature as to cause the reactor to suffer damage.
70.The goal of the reactor thermal-hydraulic design is to provide for the “optimum” transport o f heat
from the fuel to its conversion into useful energy. By “optimum” is meant a proper balance between many opposing parameters, such as coolant flow rate, pressure loss, temperature distribution in the core, material properties, etc.
71.Since heat is being continuously produced by fission and other nuclear processes, a path must be
provided for its transmission to a sink to prevent a steady temperature increase (Fig.3-1).
72.Unlike a conventional power plant, where the temperature is limited to that resulting from the
combustion of coal or oil, the temperature in a nuclear reactor could increase continuously until the reactor is destroyed if the rate of heat removal were less than the rate of heat generation. The rates of heat generation and of heat removal must therefore be properly balanced in an operating reactor.
Fig.3-1 Heat-Flow Path
汉译注释 （第49句—第72句）
核反应堆组成
49. 以可控方式释放核裂变能的装置叫做核反应堆。换言之，发生可控的自持裂变链式反应的装
置叫做核反应堆。
50. 反应堆包含一个活性区（堆芯），在其中维持裂变链，大部分的裂变热也在其中以热的形式
放出。
51. 堆芯内含有核燃料，核燃料由易裂变核素组成，通常还含有可转换材料。
52. 在一般情况下，如果希望大部分的裂变由吸收慢中子引起，则必须要有慢化剂存在。慢化剂
的功能是通过弹性散射，将裂变反应中释放的高能中子慢化。最好的慢化剂是那些由质量数比较低、不易俘获中子的元素组成的物质，例如普通水、重水（氧化氚）、铍、氧化铍和碳（石墨）。
53. 堆芯周围有一层反射层。反射层的目的是将许多已经逃出堆芯的中子散射回来，以减少中子
的损失，使用反射层可以减少易裂变核素的临界质量。 54. 堆芯内产生的热通过适当的冷却剂带出，可作冷却剂的有普通水（轻水）、重水、液态钠（或
钠钾合金）、空气和氦气等。
55. 堆芯释热率正比于核裂变率，这由中子密度即单位体积内的中子数决定。
56. 只要改变堆芯内的中子密度，便可实现对反应堆的控制，包括启动、功率运行和停堆，这通
常靠移动控制棒来实现。
临界和反应性
57. 由于每次裂变放出两个或三个中子，而维持临界只需一个中子，因此似乎一旦开始临界，就
很容易维持下去。
58. 然而，情况并非如此，因为不是所有裂变中产生的中子都能用来进行裂变，一些中子在非裂
核电专业英语试题库来自工程公司
核电专业英语试题库 Lesson 1 The basic Concepts for Nuclear Physics 1. A nucleon is composed of protons and neutrons, and constitutes practically all the mass of the atom. （）key:× type: judgment question 2. In the nuclear reactions mass and energy is interchanged. ( ) key:√ type: judgment question 3.Capturing gamma radiation is a result of fission. ( ) key:× type: judgment question 4.The binding force acts only when the nucleons are ( ) A. large B. close to each other C. similar D. excited key: B type: single-choice question 5.Atoms having the same atomic number Z,but different numbers of neutrons N are called ( ) of the element. A. nuclei B. isotopes C. units D. masses key: B type: single-choice question 6. The excited nuclei become de-excited by emission of ( ) A.γ-rays or particles B.X-rays C. energy D. deuterons key: A type: single-choice question 7.The protons and neutrons are called ( ) A. nuclei B. isotopes C. nucleons D. atoms key: C type: single-choice question 8.Fission in uranium-238 can be caused by neutrons of ( ) A. is easy B. can be caused by neutrons of 0.1Mev C. can be caused by neutrons of 1.5Mev D. never realize key: C type: single-choice question 9.( ) are emitted during fission and the possibility of a chain reaction is realized. A. Elements B. Fragments C. γ -rays D. Neutrons key: D type: single-choice question 10.Which are the fissile nuclei among the following isotopes? ( ) A. 233U B. 235U C. 239Pu D. 238U key: A,B,C type: multiple-choice question Lesson 2 Radiation 11. The γ-rays has many charges. （） key:× type: judgment question 12.Low energy neutrons usually interact with nucleus more difficult than high energy neutrons. ( ) key:× type: judgment question 13.In the photoelectric effect, the photon is ( ). A. produced B. found C. eliminated D. increased key: C type: single-choice question 14.Beta particles presents ( ) shielding problem. A. no B. no serious C. a D. serious key: B type: single-choice question 15.When radioactive isotopes decay the ( ) are formed. A. protons B. daughter products C. radioactive isotopes D. neutron and electron key: B type: single-choice question 16.Alpha particles can ( ) the outer layer of skin of the body. A. penetrate B. pass C. be accelerated D. be stopped by key: D type: single-choice question 17.Beta particles are capable of producing ( ) as they penetrate a substance. A. large amounts of ionization B. energy C. photons D. particles key: A type: single-choice question 18.Alpha particles are ( ) in their motion than electrons. A. faster B. slower C. heavier D. less readily deflected key: D type: single-choice question 19. The interaction between gamma rays with matter includes ( ). A. photon-electron scattering B. Slowing by atoms C. photoelectric effect D. electron-positron production key: A,C,D type: multiple-choice question 1
核电英文词汇
A abnormal condition异常工况. absorbed dose rate吸收剂量 absorber chiller吸收式制冷机 absorber rod吸收棒 absorption coefficient吸收系数 absorption cross section吸收截面 absorption ratio吸收比 acceleration pressure drop加速度压降 acceleration pressure loss加速度损失 acceptable daily intake日允许摄入量 acceptance criterion验收准则 gacceptance limit可接受限值 acceptance report验收报告 acceptance standard验收标准 acceptance test验收实验 acceptance验收 access通道，入口 accident analysis事故分析 accident conditions事故工况 accident interlocking module事故联锁组件 accident management事故处理 accident mitigation事故缓解 accident prevention事故预防 accident shutdown事故停堆 accident source事故源 accidental exposure事故照射 accumulated dose累积剂量 accumulator安注箱 acid-proof tile耐酸瓷砖 activation活化 active carbon filter活性碳过滤器 active component能动部件 active core height堆芯活性高度 active power有功功率 activity concentration放射性浓度 activity level放射性活度 activity活度 actuate驱动，动作 administration building and emergency center ventilation system 办公楼及应急中心通风系统Administration building and emergency center water supply and drainage system 办公楼及应急中心给排水系统 adoption by equivalent等同采用 aerial cable架空电缆
安全工程专业英语部分翻译
Unit 1 safety management system Accident causation models 事故致因理论 Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件 Machine guarding 机械保护装置 House-keeping 工作场所管理 Top management 高层管理人员 Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型 Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效 Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员 Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化 Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查 Lower-level management 低层管理者 Business performance 组织绩
效 Most senior executive 高级主管 Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识 Safety performance 安全性能 One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems” 译文：Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义，他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式，这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可，因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员，让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。 The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management. 译文：组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成：个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任，以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。 Unit 2 System Safety Engineering System safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果
安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译
安全工程专业英语 Unit1 1. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more difficult to know about the type of preparation that is needed for a particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals succeed in it. 由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未来有什么样的工作机会，更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的准备，也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、具备何种能力才能成功适应未来的社会。 2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the safety profession that should help students considering a career in this challenging and rewarding field. 这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信息，它应该能够为安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发展机遇的职业中获得良好的发展而提供帮助。 3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the U.S. until after Word War Ⅱ. 尽管这些专业手段在20世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广泛适应性，但在美国，这些都是第二次世界大战以后才取得的突破性进展。 4. This legislation was important because it stressed the control of workplace hazards. This, in turn, defined a clear area of practice for the previously loosely organized safety profession. Other legislation passed during the next twenty years has increased the scope of safety practice into areas of environmental protection, product safety, hazardous materials management and designing safety into vehicles, highways, process plants and buildings. 这部法律很重要，因为它强调工作场所的危险控制，同时这部法律也为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了工作范围。此后20年中通过的一
核电英语词汇大全-03
psr1 第1 页5/6/2013591 abnormal condition 异常工况 absorber rod 吸收棒 absorption cross section 吸收截面acceleration pressure drop 加速度压降acceptable daily intake 日允许摄入量acceptance 验收 acceptance standard 验收标准acceptance test 验收实验 accident analysis 事故分析 accident interlocking module 事故联锁组件accident mitigation 事故缓解 accident source 事故源 accident shutdown 事故停堆accumulator 安注箱 activation 活化 active component 能动部件 active power 有用功率 actuate 驱动，动作activity concentration 放射性浓度 activity level 放射性活度administration building and emergency center water supply and drainage system 办公楼及应急中心给排水系统absorber chiller 吸收式制冷机aerodynamic behavior 空气动力特性 after filter(or post-filter) 后置过滤器 after-power，residual heat power 剩余功率 air change rate 换气率 air delivery pipe 供气管道 air filter unit 空气过滤机组 air flow rate 空气流量 air hose 空气软管 air pump 抽气泵 air self-cooling type 空气自冷式airborne particulate sample 气载粒子取样器alarm(output) module 报警（输出）组件alarm window 报警窗 absorbed dose rate 吸收剂量absorption coefficient 吸收系数absorption ratio 吸收比acceleration pressure loss 加速度损失acceptance limit 可接受限值acceptance criterion 验收准则acceptance report 验收报告 access 通道，入口accident conditions 事故工况 accident management 事故处理 accident prevention 事故预防 psr1 第1 页5/6/2013
安全工程专业外语翻译
Unit 1 Safety Management Systems 安全管理体系 1.Accident Causation Models 1.事故致因理论 The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena，and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century，it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things ：The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment. 安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。在制定预防性计划时，了解为什么、怎样做和其他意外事故的发展是十分重要的。事故致因理论旨在阐明事故现象，和解释事故的机理。所有现代理论都是基于试图解释事件发生、发展过程和最终引起损失的事故致因理论。在古老的时期，事故被看做是上帝的行为并且几乎没有预防的方法去阻止他们。在20世纪开始的时候，人们开始相信差的物理条件是事故发生的根源。安全从业人员集中注意力在提高机器监护、维护和清理上。在大多数情况下，一件事故的发生主要有两个原因：人类的行为和物理或者社会环境。 Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions，and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays，this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work. 彼得森根据管理体系中个人的行为结合当地的环境扩充了事故致因理论。他的结论是像不安全行为、不安全情况是一些错误的组织管理系统导致事故的征兆。另外，他指出，高层管理人员负责建立一个能够有效控制危险源有关组织。一个人出现的错误可能是有意的或者是无意的。拉斯姆森和杰森已经提出了三个层次的技能规则知识模型来描述不同种类的人错误的起源。如今，这种模式已经成为在工作中检验人的错误的标准之一。 Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919，based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely
核能(英文版)
Review of China's nuclear technology In the 20th century physics office had an unprecedented development, the township has promised amazing discoveries and achievements. Especially wheat, but because of the two m's E only. Koo has laid a solid foundation for the development of the physical word. Thus demonstrating the broad prospects edge energy technology development. Uranium is the most imperial l construction and development of the raw material in the nuclear industry is the main material for nuclear fission reactions. Is one of the specific minerals in China. 1954 Office of the Ministry of Geology & P committee two consolidated prospecting, in the Guangxi capital waves found signs of uranium, uranium ore samples collected. 15 May 1955, Chairman Mao Zedong in the same South instruct the Central Committee, presided over the expansion will Yau, made a strategic decision to develop China began Mo original to be able to mark the Chinese nuclear industry, industrial construction. After the third inning Chinese Qi Li Ministry of Geology (Fortunately, the third part of the Office of the State Council Li construction techniques and prison units in 1956 and established the three machines (later renamed the Second Ministry of Machine BU either by the first Minister Song Renqiong. Formally submitted the first batch of uranium industry through the
核能专业英语
第一课 词汇： ?Concept概念, conception概念, conceive构想、理解 ?Isotope同位素, isomer同质异能素 ?element, atom, nucleus, nucleon –element, elements, –molecule, molecules, molecular –atom, atoms, atomic, –nucleus['nju:kli?s，'nu:kli?s]原子核?, nuclei, nuclear, –nucleon['nju:kli?n]核子, nucleons, nucleonic核子的 –particle, particles, ?fissile易裂变的, fissionable可以发生裂变的 ?fertile可裂变的，fertile materials增殖材料 ?fission, fusion, decay ?inner, innermost / outer, outermost ?chain reaction ?fragment碎片 Expression： ?times –A is ten times B. ?varies inversely as ?E equals m times c squared. E = mc2
?the n-th power of a: an ?result in / result from ?is accompanied by / correspond to ?The discovery of fission was made in Germany in 1938 by Hahn...... ?Be composed of 由…组成 ?Binding energy 结合能 ?Discrete excited states 不连续的激发态 ?Electromagnetic radiation 电磁辐射 ?Ev：electron-volt ?Conservation of mass/energy 质量/能量守恒 练习： ?电子带负电，质子带正电。 ?Electron is negatively charged，proton is positively charged。 ?在任何质量变化的反应中，质量的减少与能量的释放相伴，而质量的增加与能量的吸收相随。 ?In any reaction in which mass changes，a decrease of mass is accompanied by the release of energy，and an increase of mass corresponds to the absorption of energy。 ?电荷间的静电斥力与它们之间距离的平方成反比。 ?The force of electrostatic repulsion between like charges varies inversely as the square of their separation。 ?通常，原子核存在于能量为基态的平衡态或者说稳定的条件下。
机械工程专业英语翻译合集
1.我们可以把钢再次加热到临界温度以下的某一温度，然后在慢慢让其冷却。We can heat the steel again to a temperature below the critical temperature, then cool it slowly. 2.无论任何简单的机床，都是由单一元件即通称为机械零件或部件组成的。However simple, any machine is a combination of individual components generally referred to as machine elements or parts. 3.这些金属不都是好的导体。 All these metals are not good conductors. 4. 在做带电实验的时候，再怎么小心都不为过。 You can't be too careful in performing an experiment. 5.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。 The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo. 6.假定电源输入的电压保持不变。 Assume that the voltage input of the power supply remains the same. 7.化石燃料是发电过程中最为频繁使用的能源。 Fossil fuels are most frequently used source daring the power generation process. 8单个机械零件的可靠性成为评估整台机器使用寿命的基本因素。 The individual reliability of machine elements becomes the basis for estimating the overall life 9.说我们生活在一个电子时代，这一点都不夸张。 It's no exaggeration to say that we live in an electronic age. 10.发动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。 Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible. 11.如能从大型核电站获得成本极低的电力，电解氢的竞争能力就会增强。（Electrolytic hydrogen）。 If extremely low-cost power were ever to become available from large nuclear power plants, electrolytic hydrogen would become competitive. 12.电子技术提供了一种新的显示时间的方法。 A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 13.远距离输电需要高压，安全用电需要低压。 High voltage is necessary for long transmission line while low voltage for safe use. 14.铝的电阻大约是同等尺寸的铜的1.5倍。 The resistance of aluminum is approximately half again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions = size 15.In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the for ce of gravity. 事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。 16.In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy is not
核电站科技法语词汇,
mesures préventives /de prévention 预防措施 s?reté安全/ sécurité（人员）安全 réacteur 反应堆 combustible 燃料 tranche机组/ tranche en marche在机组运行情况下 la probabilité de fusion du coeur 堆芯熔化概率 réduire la probabilité de fusion du coeur 降低堆芯熔化的风险 limiter les conséquences 限制造成的后果，降低影响 puissance électrique 电功率/puissance thermique 热功率 assemblage combustible 燃料组件 pression primaire 一回路压力 pression de calcul 设计压力 débit primaire thermohydraulique 一回路热工水力流量 condenseur冷凝器/ condenser压缩、使冷凝 pression vapeur 蒸汽压力 systèmes de sauvegarde 安全系统 une zone d’étalement du corium/le récupérateur de corium/ compartiment d'étalement 堆芯熔融物收集区 tuyauterie haute énergie 高能管道 la puissance linéique moyenne平均线功率 bache水箱 accident/ accidentel 事故事故的
安全工程专业英语词汇及翻译(司鹄版)
Unit6 Industry hygiene工业卫生physical hazard物理危害、物质危害nonionizing radiation非电离辐射adverse effects副作用loud noise嘈杂的声音chemical bum化学烧伤live electrical circuits 带电电路confined space密闭空间hearing loss听力丧失physical or mental disturbance身体或精神障碍annoyance烦恼power tools电动工具impulse脉冲sound level meter噪声计jet engine喷气式发动机time-weighted average时间加权平均heat stress热应力、热威胁shivering 颤抖hard labor辛苦工作fatigued疲劳的living tissue活组织plastic sealer塑料密封机biological hazard生物危害potable water饮用水sewage污水physical contact身体接触allergic reaction 过敏反应severe pain剧烈疼痛manual handing手工处理airborne空中的on a daily basis每天hazard communication standard危害通识规定stipulation规定、条款trade name商标名 工业卫生被定义为：“致力于预测、识别、评估和控制环境因素或压力的科学与技术，这些压力产生或来自与工作场所，能够造成疾病、损害人们的幸福安康、或是工程或社区居民的工作效率不高，并使他们感觉到很不舒服。（P67） 当噪音导致暂时或永久的听力丧失，使身体或精神发生紊乱，对语言交流产生干扰，或对工作、休息、放松、睡觉产生干扰时，它是一种非常严重的危害。噪音是任何不被期望的声音，它通常是一种强度变化但不包括任何信息的声音。他干扰人们对正常声音的辨别，可能是有害的，能使人烦恼，并干扰人们说话。（P68） Unit9 Accident investigation事故调查after-the-fact事实背后的take an investigation进行调查fact-finding process寻找事实的过程insurance carrier保险公司/承保人plance blame推卸责任permanent total disability永久全部劳动力丧失for simplicity为简单起见accident prevention 事故预防investigation procedures调查过程fact finding寻找事实operating procedures flow diagrams操作过程流程图maintenance chart维修图表bound notebook活页笔记本physical or chemical law物理或化学定律table of contens 目录narrative叙事的counter-measure干预措施 调查人员在调查过程中从各方面收集证据，从证人、旁观者及一些相关报道中得到信息，在事故发生后尽快的找目击证人谈话，在事故现场遭到改变前进行检查，对事故场景进行拍照并绘制草图，记录与地形相关的所有数据，并将所有的报道复印保存。记录常规的操作流程图、维修图表或对困难、异常现象的报告等非常有用。在活页笔记本中完整准确地记录。记录事故发生前的环境、事故顺序及事故发生后的环境情况等。另外，记录伤者、证人、机械能量来源和危害物质的位置。（P119） Unit10 Safety electricity安全用电electrical equipment电力设备fuse puller保险丝夹break contact断开接点/触电hot side高压端load side 负荷端line side线路/火线端groundfault circuit Interrupt 漏电保护器ground fault接地故障receptacle电源插座hot bubs热水澡桶underwater lighting水底照明fountains 人工喷泉ungrounded（hot）conductor 未接地（高压）单体/火线neutral conductor中性导体fault current载荷中心panelboard 配电板branch-circuit分支电路CB一种多功能插座plug-in插入式 上锁/挂牌成套设备也是可用的。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有必须满足OSHA上锁/挂牌标准的组件。上锁/挂牌套件中包含有可重复使用的危险标签、临时悬挂标志、各种闭锁、锁、磁性标志、及与上锁/挂牌相关的信息。无论什么原因停下工作或当天不能完成工作时，在返回