被动语态(一)

被动语态（－）

1.主动句和被动句

John helped peter. / Peter was helped by John.

2.被动语态的结构：be +动词的过去分词

3.主动句和被动句的转换

将下列各主动句转换为被动句

1）They punished the criminal

2) They should do the work at once

3) They must have finished their work.

4) They offered him some assistance.

5) Father gave me a watch.

6) We have painted the windows white.

注意：当主动句变为被动句时，有时用by-词组，有时不用，这是多种因素决定的，一般说来，当施动者为谁不太清楚，不甚重要或不愿说出时，通常不用by-词组。但有时为了强调施动者，则须用by-词组，如，

Hamlet was written by Shakespeare.

主动句转被动句时注意的几点情况：

1）否定句中带有any-构成的不定代词，变成被动句的主语常用no-构成的不定代词，如，We didn’t notice anything special in his work.-----Nothing special was noticed in his work.

2) 双宾语及物动词变成被动语态时，将间接宾语变成句子主语或将直接宾语转化为主语，如，They gave the children many good books.---The children were given many good books.或Many good books were given to the children.

但是，并非所有的双宾语及物动词在变成被动语态时，都可以将间接宾语转化为被动句主语，如，She wrote Jordan a long fan letter.----A long fan letter was written to Jordan

但不能为：Jordan was written a long letter.

4.主动句与被动句相互转换的限制性

主动句能否转换为被动句，首先与动词的类别有密切关系，比如own 和have都可以表示所有关系，但前者可用于被动句，而后者不可以，如，Bob owned a house in the city.

可转换为A house was owned by Bob. 但是Bob had a house in the city.不能转换为A house was had by Bob.

还有一些类似have（作“有”解）的静态动词通常也没有被动态，如，This quiet little room becomes（适合）me perfectly. / This plane holds about 150 people. / The color of the dress doesn’t suit her.

当主动句的宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，这种主动句也不可以变为被动句，因为反身代词和相互代词通常不可以作主语。如，

He hurt himself when he fell from the ladder.

We should help each other.

注意：有少数动词通常只以被动态出现，所以在有些英语词典中已被划归形容词。如，She was born in Shanghai.

She is reputed to be the best singer in Europe.

5.一般词组动词的被动态。当动词词组用作及物动词时，一般都可以变为被动态，这时，

词组动词应视为一个单词及物动词，其后的介词或副词不可略去，如，

The children are well looked after.

This matter is being looked into.

The sports meet is to be put off.

Such a thing cannot be put up with.

6.“动词+名词+介词”的被动态，如take care of, make a mess of, pay attention to 等，这类

词组动词由主动态转换为被动态时通常有两种形式，一种形式是把整个词组动词当作一个及物动词处理，如，He took great care of his books.---His books were taken great care of.

第二种形式是把词组动词看作“动词+宾语+介词词组”结构处理。如，

He took great care of his book.----Great care was taken of his books.

注意：采用第二种形式时要把整个介词词组放到被动态动词的后面去。如，

They had made a mess of the house.

The house had been made a mess of. (第一种形式)

A mess had been made of the house.（第二种形式）

注意：不可拆开的短语没有被动形式，常见的此类短语有：lose heart, lose one’s heart, change hands, take place，set up home等。

7. get+过去分词可以表示被动，如，

She got married last week. / He fell off the car and got killed.

7.相关练习（主动句和被动句互换）,如有不能变为被动语态的句子请注明。

1）Who wrote it?

2）He lacks confidence.

3）A watch was given to me by father.

4）We could hardly see each other in the fog.

5）They didn’t look after the children properly.

6）You must lay special emphasis on the choice of words.

7）It was obvious that they never paid attention to the matter.