代词和指代题目P-含答案解析
第二节：代词指代错误
1. In cold-water habitats, certain invertebrates无脊椎动物and fish convert starches into complex carbohydrates called glycerols, in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze.
A. in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze
B. effectively manufacturing antifreeze of its own
C. in effect manufacturing their own antifreeze
D. so that they manufacture their own antifreeze
E. thus the manufacture of its own antifreeze
结构提取：
In…, invebrates and fish convert…into…, in effect manufacturing its own antifreeze.
考点：代词指代
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
A项：its own antifreeze
B项：antifreeze of its own
E项：its own antifreeze
ABE项优先排除：违背代词指代数格一致原则（invertebrates and fish为复数概念，不能用its指代）
D项：so that they manufacture their own antifreeze
D项优先排除：they指代不清：“ carbonhydrates, glycerols, starches, 或者vertebrates and fish”
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法点提示：
分词短语逻辑主语的判断：
位置之一：ing分词短语在句尾
逻辑主语：1.表示伴随状态，逻辑主语等于句子主语
2.表示结果，无逻辑主语
E.g. Clark and Florence Wallace, a husband-and-wife medical team, worked steadily and efficiently through the night, but he seemed disoriented, she noticed, sipping their coffee the next morning.
上述句子分析：首先找到分词短语，确定位置：sipping…在句尾，充当伴随动作状语；根据原则，其逻辑主语等于句子主语；全句只有一个动词：seemed，sipping their coffee的逻辑主语等于seemed的主语he, he sipped their coffee,逻辑意思不合理。
因此原句应更改为：Clark and Florence Wallace, a husband-and-wife medical team, worked steadily and efficiently through the night, as they sipped their coffee the next morning, she noticed that he seemed disoriented.
正确选项：C
释义:
在寒冷的水生环境中，某些无脊椎动物和鱼类将淀粉转化成一种叫做甘油的复杂的碳水化合物，事实上它们是在为自己制造防冻剂
2. The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse.
A. The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections
than they are in national elections because they typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse.
B. Because they不是指rules，但结构指代rules typically involve smaller amounts of
money and present less opportunity for abuse, the rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections than the rules are in national elections.
C. The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in local elections
than national elections because they同B typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse.
D. Because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less
opportunity for abuse than national elections，the rules that govern local political contributions are less stringent than national contributions.
E. The rules that govern political contribution are less stringent in local elections
than they are in national elections because local elections typically involve smaller amounts of money and present less opportunity for abuse
结构提取：
The rules that … are less stringent in …than they are in …because they typical ly involve …and present…
考点：代词指代，平行结构
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
A项：The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in …than they are in …because they typical ly involve …and…
C项：The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in…than…because they typically involve…and…
E项：The rules that govern political contributions are less stringent in…than…because they
typically involve…and…
ACE项优先排除：ACE项缺乏谓语动词
差异比对：
B项：they指代不清：既可指代the rules,又可指代national elections
题干语法错误类型：缺乏谓语成分
语法知识点提示：
同位语结构的知识点补充
1．名词或词组做同位语
在英语的同位结构中，最普通的是名词性同位结构，即名词词组+同位语。名词词组的同位语通常由名词词组表示，或其他相当于名词词组的结构表示。
E.g.Paul Jones, the distinguished art critic, died in his sleep last night.
2. 用作同位语的名词从句
A．用作同位语的名词从句对与它同位的名词进行解释或说明其实际内容，一般由that 引导，有时也可用whether，what，when，where，why，how等来引导。
例1：The fact that sea water can't be used for drinking is known to all.
B．带有that-分句作同位语的句子，如果谓语动词及其补足成分较短或同位的主要名词词组带有其他修饰语，则that-分句可与该主要名词词组分隔。
例1：The fact remains that there is no filling station here.
3. 表述同位关系的词语
A．表示等同关系的词语：namely, that is, that is to say, in other words, or.
B．表示举例或列举的词语：for example, for instance, such as, say, including.
C. 表示突出某点的词语：especially, particularly, in particular, notably, chiefly, mainly, mostly
正确选项：D
释义:
由于相对于全国选举而言，地方选举涉及的钱款量和钱款滥用机会较少，因此地方政府钱款的管理制度没有国家钱款的管理制度严格。
3. Oaks preferring drier ones, pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates.
A. Oaks preferring drier ones, pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates.
B.With oaks preferring drier ones, pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates.
C. Whereas oaks prefer drier ones, with pine trees thriving in relatively wet climates.
D. Pine trees thrive in relatively wet climates, whereas oaks prefer drier ones.
E. Pine trees thriving in climates that are relatively wet ones, oaks prefer drier climates.
结构提取：
Oaks preferring drier ones, pines trees thrive in…
考点：代词指代
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
A项：Oaks preferring drier ones
B项：With oaks preferring drier ones
C项：Whereas oaks prefer drier ones
ABC项优先排除: Ones无指代
差异比对：
E项: Pine trees thriving in …, oaks prefer …
E项：改变原句重心（原句重心：松树生长在较为湿润的环境中；E项重心：橡树喜欢较干的环境）。
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
独立主格结构是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语作为逻辑谓语都成。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前，主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
1.名词/代词+介词短语
E.g.1 Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the ramshackle house, a vast load of firewood on her bacl.
2.名词/代词+形容词
E.g.1 The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.
3.名词/代词+过去分词
E.g.1 More time given ,we should have done it much better.
4.名词/代词+现在分词
E.g.1 The temperature falling so rapidly, we couldn’t go on with the experiment
5.名词/代词+副词
E.g.1 This little excitement over, nothing was to be done but to return to a steadfast gaze at my mute companion.
6.名词/代词+不定式
E.g.1 We shall assemble at ten forty-five, the procession to start moving at precisely eleven.
7. with+名词/代词+不定式/分词/介词/形容词
E.g.1 With a revolver in his right hand, Johnny hurled his muscular body against the door. 正确选项：D
释义:
松树在较为湿润的环境中生长，而橡树则喜欢相对干燥的环境。
4. Japanese researchers are producing a series of robots that can identify human facial expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creating a robot that will empathize with us.
A. expressions, to which they will then respond; their goal is primarily creating
B. expressions, then responding to them; primarily to create
C. expressions and then respond to them; the researchers' primary goal is to create
D. expressions as well as giving a response to them; their primary goal is creation of
E. expressions and responding to them; primarily, the researchers' goal is creating
结构提取：
Japanese researchers are producing…that can identify…., to which they will…;their goal is primarily creating …that will…
考点：指代错误,平行结构
POE排查过程：
差异比对：
A项：模糊指代，they既可以指代前面的Japanese researchers,又可以指代robot
B 项: 分号后应加完整的句子，排除
D 项：…that can identify…as well as giving…
E 项：…that can identify…as well as giving…
DE项优先排除：违背平行结构的形式对称原则
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
“介词+关系代词”定语从句知识（in/with/on/by+which/whom）：
1. 单个介词+关系代词（whom/which）
介词确定依据: 依从句中的动词，形容词，名词与介词的固定搭配而定; 依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定
E.g.1: The two of which they felt very proud were Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
2. 复杂介词+关系代词
常用复杂介词：as a result, at the back of, because of, in front of, in the middle of, at the bottom
of, on the top of, at the foot of…
E.g.1：They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat an old man.
3. 单个介词+关系代词（which/whose）+名词
介词要依与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定
E.g.1：He lived in London for three months, during which time he learned some English.
4. 部分词汇/结构+of +关系代词
A. 部分词汇结构：
All, both, none, neither, either, many, few, several, enough, half, any, one, two, three, the majority, a number
B. 数词（基数词，序数词，百分数，分数）+名词
C. The+形容词最高级/比较级
E.g.1：Here are two pairs of socks, either of which you may choose.
5. the +名词+of +关系代词（which/whom）结构总的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系
E.g.1：This is the book the cover of which is designed by Mr. Li = This is the book, whose cover is designed by Mr. Li
正确选项：C
释义:
日本的研究人员正在研究一系列能够识别人类表情并对人类表情做出回应的机器人，他们的主要目标是制造出能与人类产生感情共鸣的机器人。
5.Although aspirin irritates the stomach, it can be avoided if the aspirin tablet is given a coating that will not dissolve until the tablet reaches the intestine.
A. Although aspirin irritates the stomach, it
B. The irritation of the stomach caused by aspirin
C. The fact that aspirin causes irritation of the stomach
D. Aspirin causes stomach irritation, although it
E. Aspirin irritates the stomach, which
结构提取：
Although aspirin irritates the stomach, it can be avoided if…
考点：指代错误
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
AD项：违反GMAT中it不可以指代句子规则
差异比对：
C项：违背GMAT简洁性原则
E项：which指代错误（如果指代stomach,逻辑错误）
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
定语从句又叫形容词性从句，是指在句中起定语作用的主谓结构，通常修饰前面的名词或代词，即先行词。定语从句一般用关系代词：who(whose, whom), which ,that 或关系副词when ,where, why引入。
定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种：限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限定性从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉后也不影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开：
E.g.1：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那栋房子（限制性）
E.g.2：The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这栋房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
正确选项：B
释义:
阿司匹林对肠胃造成的刺激可以通过在药物外层加层糖衣来缓解，这样可以避免药片在到达小肠之前被吸收。
6. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, their descendants, popularly known as killer bees, had migrated as far north as southern Texas.
A. Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
B. In less than 35 years since releasing African honeybees outside Sao Paulo, Brazil,
C. In less than the 35 years since African honeybees had been released outside Sao
Paulo, Brazil,
D. It took less than 35 years from the release of African honeybees outside Sao Paulo,
Brazil, when
E. It took less than the 35 years after the time that African honeybees were released
outside Sao Paulo, Brazil, and then
结构提取：
Less than 35 years after the release of African honeybees…, …, their descendants, known as…, had migrated ….
考点：指代，动词形式
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
D项：It took….from….
E项：It took….after ….
DE项优先排除：形式主语it不能用于指代介词结构
差异比对：
B项：逻辑表达错误
C项：since的使用及时态错误
BC项优先排除：since为现在完成时的时态标志，应排除
语法知识点提示：
since的四种用法:
(1) since +过去一个时间点(如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six)。
I have been here since 1989.
(2) since +一段时间+ ago
I have been here since five months ago.
(3) since +从句
Great changes have taken place since you left.
Considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.
(4) It is +一段时间+ since从句
It is two years since I became a postgraduate student
正确选项：A
释义：
在非洲蜜蜂释放到巴西圣保罗以外地方的不到35年的时间内，它们的后代——杀人蜂，向北迁徙到了南德克萨斯州。
7. While brokers, as a rule, are not permitted to know executive access codes, in many instances they are widely known.
A. They are widely known
B. They are widely known to be
C. They are widely known by many
D. The codes are able to be widely known
E. The codes are widely known
结构提取：
While brokers are not permitted to know codes, they are known
考点：代词指代
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
A项：They are widely known
B项：They are widely known to be
C项：They are widely known by many
ABC项优先排除：they模糊指代
差异比对：
D项：be able to改变原句含义，排除
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
Can 和be able to 的用法：
1.两者均可表示能力，有时可互换：
例1：He can /is able to] drive. 他会开车。
例2：He was able to /couldrun very fast. 他可以跑得很快。
2.以下区别需注意：
(1) 表示过去一般性能力，用could 和was (were) able to 均可，但若表示过去特定场合的能力，则通常用was (were) able to，而不用could。
(2) be able to 不仅有多种时态形式(通常不用于进行时或与be going to 连用), 而且还可以与某些情态动词连用(通常不与can 连用), 甚至还可以有非谓语形式：
例1：He has not been able to go to school for a week. 他已有一周不能上学了。
例2：You might be able to persuade him. 你也许能够说服他。
例3：I hope to be able to do the work. 我希望能干得了这项工作。
例4：I regret not being able to help her. 我很遗憾未能帮助她。
以上用法中的be able to 均不能用can 替换
正确选项：E
释义：
作为惯例，经纪人是不允许知道行政访问代码的。但是在许多情况下，这些代码是众所周知的。
8. In ancient times, Nubia was the principal corridor where there were cultural influences transmitted between Black Africa and the Mediterranean basin.
A. where there were cultural influences transmitted
B. through which cultural influences were transmitted
C. where there was a transmission of cultural influences
D. for the transmitting of cultural influences
E. which was transmitting cultural influences
结构提取：
Nubia was the principal corridor where there were….
考点：指代错误
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
AC项：首部标志为where,排除。违背定语从句的先行词要在从句中充当成分的规则。
差异对比：
D项：for the transmitting of中，the 表明其后应接名词，而transmit一词的名词形式应为：Transmission，此处用词不当。
E项：” was transmitting “时态错误，并且此处使用which指代的是corridor,逻辑意思表达不清
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
定语从句的先行词：
一、分析先行词属性,确定关系代/副词范围
分析先行词属性,可以确定定语从句关系代词/副词范围。请看下面的展示：:
二、分析先行词功能,确定关系代/副词
先行词除具备一定属性外,还在定语从句中充当一定成分,这一点决定了关系代/副词的最后归属。
正确选项：B
释义：
在古代，努比亚是黑非洲和地中海盆地的文化传播主要通道，同时也受到其文化的影响。
9.Many population studies have linked a high-salt diet to high rates of hypertension and shown that in societies where they consume little salt, their blood pressure typically does not rise with age.
A. shown that in societies where they consume little salt, their
B. shown that in societies that have consumed little salt, their
C. shown that in societies where little salt is consumed,
D. they showed that in societies where little salt is consumed,
E. they showed that in societies where they consume little salt, their
结构提取：
Many population studies have linked ….to…and shown that in societies where they…, their blood pressure…
考点：指代一致
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
A项:they 和their没有指代对象
B项:their没有指代对象
D项:they指代模糊，既可以指代studies,又可以指代rates
E项:第一个they指代对象不清，第二个they 和their没有指代对象
ABDE项优先排除
正确选项：C
释义：
许多针对人口的研究都将高盐饮食和高血压联系起来，研究同时显示在食用盐较少的地方，人们的血压通常不会随着年龄的增长而上升。
10. More than five thousand years ago, Chinese scholars accurately described the flow of blood as a continuous circle controlled by the heart, but it went unnoticed in the West.
A. but it went
B. but it was
C. although it was
D. but the discovery went
E. although the discovery was
结构提取：
…, Chinese scholars described the flow of blood as…, but it went unnoticed…
考点：指代错误
POE排查过程：
差异比对：
ABC项：it
ABC项：it无指代，语法上it应该只带the flow of blood，但逻辑意义上指代的事the discovery E项：although 改变原句重心，but连接并列句，而although连接让步状语从句
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
Unnoticed的用法：
1.adj. 被忽视的；不引人注意的；未被注意的
例1：Elsa stood unnoticed at the edge of the crowd.
2．go/pass unnoticed
例1：His remark went unnoticed by everyone except me.
正确选项：D
释义：
五千多年前，中国的学者已经精确得将血液流动描述为由心脏调控的连续循环，但这一发现在西方却被忽视。
11. India is a country with at least fifty major regional languages, of whom fourteen have official recognition.
A. of whom fourteen have official recognition
B. fourteen that have official recognition
C. fourteen of which are official recognized
D. fourteen that are officially recognized
E. among whom fourteen have official recognition
结构提取：
India is a country with…languages, of whom fourteen have…
考点：指代错误
POE排查过程：
差异比对：
AE项：whom只能指代人，指代错误
BD项：that指代错误，指代fourteen不符合逻辑意思。
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
定语从句知识点补充：
表示所属关系时介词为of+代词+which/whom
互换：n+of+whicn/whom=whose+n
例1：He lives in a room the window of which faces west= He lives in a room whose windows face
west. 他住在一间窗户朝东的房间里
例2：Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _______was very reasonable. A．which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose
根据题意，后文是对前面句中的名词an ancient Chinese vase起补充说明的作用，故应是一个非限
制性定语从句，选择B，相当于whose price.
正确选项：C
释义：
印度至少有50种主要的地方语言，其中有14种是被官方承认的。
12. As the price of gasoline rises, which makes substituting alcohol distilled from cereal grain attractive,
the prices of bread and livestock feed are sure to increase.
A. which makes substituting alcohol distilled from cereal grain attractive
B. which makes substituting the distillation of alcohol from cereal grain attractive
C. which makes distilling alcohol from cereal grain an attractive substitute
D. making an attractive substitution of alcohol distilled from cereal grain
E. making alcohol distilled from cereal grain an attractive substitute
结构提取：As the price of gasoline rises, which makes….attractive , …. are sure to increase.考点：指代错误
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
ABC项: which只能指代一个特定的主体，不能指代整个句子。而which指代价格不能符合本句的逻辑意思。价格的本身是不能说明用从谷物中蒸馏出来的酒精来做替代品变得更有吸引力的。
差异比对：
D项：make n1
E项：make n1 n2
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
make做使役动词时的几种常见用法结构
1．make+名词（代词）+动词不定式短语，-ed分词短语，介词短语，名词短语，形容词或形容词短语。
例1：To quote from Albert Einstein，science is the attempt to make the chaotic diversity of our sense experience correspond to a logically uniform system of thought．
须知，不定式短语在主动结构中作宾语补足语时，不带to；但在被动结构中作主语补足语时，不定式短语则必须带to。
例1：I was made to feel at ease．
例2：The novel，Of Mice and Men，made the name of Steinbeck known throughout America．2．make+形容词（短语）+名词短语这是一种倒装结构。为使句子结构保持平衡，通常将较长的名词短语移置补足语之后，不加引导词汇作形式宾语。
The telescope made possible the observation of the far-off stars．
国内出版的某些专著把能够用于这一结构中的形容词仅限于“possible”一词。其实，在现代英语中能够用于这一结构中的形容词越来越多。
例1：The primary aim of every punctuation mark is to make unmistakable the meaning of written words．
例2：Mattes says："but we will simply be making available to a wider public services that already exist．”
3．make+it+形容词+不定式短语（从句）不定式短语或从句作宾语时，需移置宾语补语之后，在原来宾语的位置上用引导词it作形式宾语，从而使句子保持平衡。
例1：In order to make it easier for people to use computers，languages for writing programs have been devised．
正确选项：E
释义：
汽油价格的上升使可以蒸馏酿酒的谷物粮食成为引人注意的替代品，这无疑将导致面包和牲畜饲料价格的上涨。
13. The study undertaken by the Department of the Interior will involve examination and tagging of the California condor in order to obtain information about their daily movements, foraging habits, and sites where they nest.
A. their daily movements, foraging habits, and sites where they nest
B. their daily movements, foraging habits，and their nesting sites
C. its daily movements, foraging habits, and nesting sites
D. its daily movements, foraging habits, and about nesting sites
E. daily movements, foraging habits, and sites in which there are nests
The study will involve….in order to obtain … about their daily movements, foraging habits, and sites where …
考点：指代错误，平行结构
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
AB项：their指代the California condor，指代在数上不一致，优先排除
差异比对：
D项：about its daily movements, foraging habits, and about nesting sites
E项：daily movements(形容词修饰名词), foraging habits（形容词修饰名词）, and sites in which there are nests
DE项优先排除：违背平行结构的对称原则
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
平行结构的对称原则：
1.平行结构的并列项通常是同一类型的语言结构（形式绝对对称）
a.所连接的谓语形式必须一致。
E.g.1：He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter.
b.所连接的词或短语形式必须一致。
E.g.1：Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class.
c.连接的非谓语动词的形式必须一致。
E.g.1：Some find swimming more enjoyable than sitting at home reading.
d.所连接的句子结构必须一致。
E.g.1：She is pleased with what you have given and all that you have told him.
e.动词不定式平行结构。
E.g.1：Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.
2.不同类型的语言结构只要属于同一层次并具有相同的句法功能，也可成为并列项（功能性相对对称）。
E.g.1：The student answered the question promptly and without mistakes.
释义：
内政部所进行的研究，将涉及加州秃鹰的调查和标记，以便以获取有关其日常活动，觅食的习性以及鹰巢的信息
14. According to Interstudy, a nonprofit organization that studies health maintenance organizations (HMO’s), they estimate that, in comparison to last year, when only 36 percent of the nation’s 607 HMO’s was profitable, this year 73 percent will be.
A. they es timate that, in comparison to last year, when only 36 percent of the nation’s
607 HMO’s was profitable, this year 73 percent will be
B. compared to only 36 percent of the nation’s 607 HMO’s being profitable last year, they
estimate 73 percent would be this year
C. only 36 percent of the nation’s 607 HMO’s were profitable last year; it estimates that
this year 73 percent will be
D. it estimates 73 percent of the nation’s 607 HMO’s would be profitable this year; last
year that was only 36 percent
E. only 36 percent of the nation’s 607 HMO’s last year were profitable, whereas they
estimate it this year to be 73 percent
结构提取：
According to …, they estimate that …. when …. was profitable, this year ….will be.
考点：指代错误
POE排查过程：
差异比对：
ABE选项：they指代错误,优先排除。
D项：would be ….this year, would be 使用无根据；That 无指代；
According to….,it estimates….违背GMAT简洁原则
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识提示：
英语中分号用法
分号有时又称为小句号。它表示一个停顿，其停顿时间在逗号与冒号的停顿时间之间。文章如采用许多分号，其风格则变得严肃、正式。为了正确使用分号，有必要先学会辨认主句。当两个主句没有任何连接词（and, but, or, nor, for）连接而出现在同一个句子里，这时最好采用分号使之分离。分号的主要作用很简单，它常用于分离没有连接词连接的句子。但最好不要在从句之间形成如此之强的停顿。如果要连接从句，而又不愿意用连接词时，则采用分号。
一般说来，分号的作用介于逗号和句号之间，即用分号隔开的两部分之间的关系，比用句号
隔开的紧密，但不及用逗号分开的紧密。
1.用于并列句之间。
E.g.1: People make history; unusual people make history interesting.
E.g.2: Your car is new; mine is six years old.
2.分隔已有逗号的并列成分，以避免歧义。
E.g.1：Folow this procedure：first，get your apllication forms; next, fill them out; last, pay the charge.
3.用于由for example, namely, in fact等引出的分句之前。
E.g.1：Tom is well-liked; in fact, he is the most popular person in the class
正确选项：C
释义：
根据Interstudy这个研究卫生保健组织的非盈利机构评估显示：相比去年只有607个保健组织的36%盈利的状况，今年盈利的百分比将达到73%。
15. Iguanas have been an important food source in Latin America since prehistoric times, and it is still prized as a game animal by the campesinos, who typically cook the meat in a heavily spiced stew.
A.it is still prized as a game animal
B.it is still prized as game animals
C.they are still prized as game animals
D.they are still prized as being a game animal
E.being still prized as a game animal
结构提取：
Iguanas have been a food source…, and it is still prized as a game animal…
考点：指代错误
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
AB项：it指代错误，优先排除
差异比对：
D项：being多余
E项：违背平行结构的形式对称原则
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
正确选项：C
释义：
自史前时代以来，美洲蜥蜴在拉丁美洲就是一个重要的食物来源，并且蜥蜴仍然是农场工作
人员的捕猎目标，经常被他们炖煮。
16. The population of India has been steadily increasing for decades, and it will probably have what is estimated as 1.6 billion people by 2050 and surpass China as the world's most populous nation.
A. it will probably have what is estimated as
B. they are likely to have
C. the country will probably have
D. there will probably be
E. there will be an estimated
结构提取：
The population….has been increasing….,and it will have….
考点：指代错误
POE排查过程：
首尾排查：
A项：it指代对象错误，同时probably 和estimated重复
B项: they无指代
AB项优先排除：指代错误
差异比对：
DE项：违背平行结构的形式对称原则
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识点提示：
estimated to be, estimated at的用法补充：
在is estimated句型中，age, cost，price, expenditure等做主语，用at, to be都行：The cost is estimated at/to be 100$.
注意：可不可以用at关键是看is estimated前面的东西（what is estimated to be/at），或estimate后面的东西(I estmiate what to be/at)。
估计任何数字的属性，如果estimate 属性（age, cost, price, The price of the gadget is estimated at 10 $.）, 可以用at/to be；
如果estimate估计的该东西，即属性的主体（如有该age的人或化石，该price的商品The gadget is estimated to be 10$）则只能用to be. The price of the gadget是The gadget 的属性。
Estimate是典型的带不定式作宾语补语的动词。
Estimate to be更加安全，任何时候都可以用。
Estimate sth at sth是惯用法。只在特定的场合下使用
正确选项：C
释义：
印度人口已经持续增长了几十年，到2050年印度将拥有160亿人口，并超过中国成为世界第一人口大国。
17. Scientists have observed large concentrations of heavy-metal deposits in the upper twenty centimeters of Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
A. Baltic Sea sediments, which are consistent with the growth of industrial activity there
B. Baltic Sea sediments, where the growth of industrial activity is consistent with these
findings.
C. Baltic Sea sediments, findings consistent with its growth of industrial activity.
D. Sediments with the Baltic Sea , findings consistent with the growth of industrial activity
in the area.
E. Sediments with the Baltic Sea , consistent with the growth of industrial activity there.
结构提取：
Scientists have observed….in ….,which are consistent with …..
考点：代词指代
POE排查过程：
差异比对：
A项：which指代所引导的定语从句就近修饰sediments,意思变成sediments are consistent with the growth of industrial activity.
B项：where指代所引导的定语从句就近修饰sediments,意思变成the growth of industrial activity happens in the sediments.
AB项：优先排除，如用which/where指代，两者从句子的逻辑完整性上无法与前述内容建立联系。
C项：优先排除，句中无任何单数名词可以用its进行指代。
E项：修饰错误，consistent with 就近修饰sea。
题干语法错误类型：指代错误
语法知识提示：
同位语结构：
在英语的同位结构中，最普通的是名词性同位结构，即名词词组+同位语。名词词组的同位语通常由名词词组表示，或其他相当于名词词组的结构表示。
代词指代例题
代词指代例题： 1.The more you run at high altitudes, the more our bodies and lungs will acclimate to changing elevations. A.The more you run at high altitudes B.The more we run at high altitudes C.The more high altitudes run D.As the running at high altitudes increases E.As people run more at high altitudes 2. The study undertaken by the Department of the Interior will involve examination and tagging of the California condor in order to obtain information about their daily movements，foraging habits，and sites where they nest. A . their daily movements，foraging habits，and sites where they nest B. their daily movements，foraging habits，and their nesting sites
C. its daily movements，foraging habits，and nesting sites D. its daily movements，foraging habits，and about nesting sites E. daily movements, foraging habits，and sites in which there are nests 3. Although the bite of brown recluse spiders are rarely fatal, they cause chronic flesh wounds, posing the greatest danger to the infant and elderly，who are particularly vulnerable to its poison. A. brown recluse spiders are rarely fatal, they cause chronic flesh wounds，posing the greatest danger to the infant and elderly, who are particularly vulnerable to its B. brown recluse spiders are rarely fatal, they cause chronic flesh wounds，posing the greatest danger to the infant and elderly, who are particularly vulnerable to their C. the brown recluse spider is rarely fatal, it causes chronic flesh wounds，posing the
【英语】高考英语代词试题经典
【英语】高考英语代词试题经典 一、单项选择代词 1．－When shall we go to see the movie The Hunger Games together? －Make it ________ day you like; it's all the same to me. A．one B．any C．another D．some 【答案】B 【解析】 试题分析：考查形容词辨析。本句中的any意为“任意一个”，another另外一个；some一些；one一个；句意：—我们什么时候一起去看《饥饿游戏》这部电影啊？—你喜欢的随便那一天都行，我都没关系的。根据句意可知使用any day，表示任意一天都可以。故B正确。 【名师点睛】 本题要特别注意any意为“任意一个....”，语气很强烈；another作形容词时,是指在原有的基础上再加一（些）,表示“再一（些）”或“另外一个（些）”的意思,在心理上至少有三 个.another还可作代词,意思与作形容词时一样.它前面不能加任何冠词,后面也不能加s 【举一反三】 The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at _______ chemist's. A. other B. some C. another D. any 〖答案〗D 试题分析：考查代词：A. other其他，B. some一些，C. another另一个，D. any任何一个，句意：这个药到处都在卖，你可以到任何一家药店买到它。选D。 考点：考查形容词辨析 2．I hate _______ when people eat with their mouths full. A．that B．these C．it D．them 【答案】C 【解析】 【详解】 考查代词。句意：我讨厌人们吃东西时嘴里塞满东西。表示爱憎类的动词如： like/love/hate/dislike或appreciate, rely on和see to等其后加宾语从句时，此时一般先用it 做其形式宾语，其后再接that/when等引导的宾语从句。故选C。 【点睛】 it作形式宾语一般有以下三种情况 1. 谓语动词appreciate, dislike, like, hate, love, make (按时到达，成功)等后接由if或when 等引导的宾语从句时，往往在前面加上形式宾语it。 I would appreciate it if you could come to my birthday party. 2. 动词have(表明，坚持说)，take(认为，猜想)，hide(隐藏)，publish(公布)，put(表达，写出来)等后接由that引导的宾语从句时，往往在从句的前面加上形式宾语。I take it that you will be leaving Shanghai soon.我认为你不久就离开上海。
新初中英语语法知识—代词的易错题汇编附解析
一、选择题 1．My parents showed some old pictures that brought back sweet memories. A．I B．me C．my D．mine 2．I tried two stores for the present I wanted，but ______ of them had it． A．none B．either C．neither D．both 3．—Do you like thrillers or comedies, Mike? —___________. I think action movies are the most exciting. A．Both B．None C．Either D．Neither 4．—Which one do you like better, English-Chinese dictionary or Words app? — I like________ of them. They are useful for English learners. A．none B．neither C．all D．both 5．— Is there anything to drink in the fridge? — No, there is _____ left. A．all B．both C．neither D．none 6．---Who was knocking at the door just now? ---______ was my cousin Andy. A．He B．She C．They D．It 7．---Can you tell me how to have a good relationship with parents? ---Certainly. If you often talk about your ideas with them, they will talk about with you, too. A．their B．them C．theirs 8．Mr. Wang recommended me a few foreign movies, but ____was to my taste. A．all B．neither C．nothing D．none 9．—Ellen, I picked up a white pen under your chair. Is this yours? —Oh, yes. It’s _______. Thank you, Lisa. A．she B．his C．mine D．your 10．---Is_______here？ ---No.Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave A．everybody B．somebody C．anybody D．nobody 11．A smile costs , but gives much, so always keep smiling! A．something B．anything C．nothing D．everything 12．—Hi. Jack. Our T-shirts are the same. —Yes, But ________ looks newer. A．his B．yours C．you D．him 13．----Where would you like to go tomorrow, Beijing or Xi'an? ---- is OK. It’s up to you. A．Either B．Neither C．Both D．All 14．Life is full of ups and downs, and without the downs, the ups will mean A．something B．everything C．anything D．nothing 15．My grandparents live in the countryside. We often go to see ______.
高中数学典型例题详解和练习- 求分段函数的导数
求分段函数的导数 例 求函数?????=≠=0 ,00 ,1sin )(2 x x x x x f 的导数 分析：当0=x 时因为)0(f '存在，所以应当用导数定义求)0(f '，当 0≠x 时，)(x f 的关系式是初等函数x x 1 sin 2，可以按各种求导法同求它的导数． 解：当0=x 时，01sin lim 1 sin lim ) 0()(lim )0(0200 ===-='→?→?→?x x x x x x f x f f x x x 当 ≠x 时， x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x f 1 cos 1sin 2)1cos 1(1sin 2)1(sin 1sin )()1sin ()(22222-=-+='+'='=' 说明：如果一个函数)(x g 在点0x 连续，则有)(lim )(0 0x g x g x x →=，但如 果我们不能断定)(x f 的导数)(x f '是否在点00=x 连续，不能认为 )(lim )0(0 x f f x →='． 指出函数的复合关系 例 指出下列函数的复合关系． 1．m n bx a y )(+=；2．32ln +=x e y ； 3．)32(log 322+-=x x y ；4．)1sin(x x y +=。 分析：由复合函数的定义可知，中间变量的选择应是基本函数的结构，解决这类问题的关键是正确分析函数的复合层次，一般是从最外层开始，由外及里，一层一层地分析，把复合函数分解成若干个常
见的基本函数，逐步确定复合过程． 解：函数的复合关系分别是 1．n m bx a u u y +==,； 2．2,3,ln +===x e v v u u y ； 3．32,log ,322+-===x x v v u y u ； 4．.1,sin ,3x x v v u u y +=== 说明：分不清复合函数的复合关系，忽视最外层和中间变量都是基本函数的结构形式，而最内层可以是关于自变量x 的基本函数，也可以是关于自变量的基本函数经过有限次的四则运算而得到的函数，导致陷入解题误区，达不到预期的效果． 求函数的导数 例 求下列函数的导数． 1．43)12(x x x y +-=；2．2 211x y -= ； 3．)3 2(sin 2π +=x y ；4．21x x y +=。 分析：选择中间变量是复合函数求导的关键．必须正确分析复合函数是由哪些基本函数经过怎样的顺序复合而成的，分清其间的复合关系．要善于把一部分量、式子暂时当作一个整体，这个暂时的整体，就是中间变量．求导时需要记住中间变量，注意逐层求导，不遗漏，而其中特别要注意中间变量的系数．求导数后，要把中间变量转换成自变量的函数．
(完整版)代词历年高考真题(学生)
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