英语国际音标讲解

英语国际音标

一、音素和国际音标

（一）什么是音素：音素是语音的最小单位。

（二）音素的分类：元音和辅音。

（三）音素的个数：共48个，元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。

（四）什么是音标：记录音素的符号叫做音标。

（五）什么是国际音标：国际音标是由国际语音协会规定的一套音标，用来记录世界各主要语言的语音。

（六）开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e : name, bike, home, due, plane, shine

b) 辅音+元音: he, go, hi, do, be, tree, three, hello

（七）闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音: bad, bed, sit, hot, cup,let, mad, map

b)元音+辅音: it,is, of, in, on, up, out, ant

（八）重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。

（九）元音和辅音的定义：

发音时声带振动，呼出的气流通过口腔时不受阻碍，这样形成的语音称为元音。

不论声带振动与否，发音时呼出的气流通过口腔或鼻腔时受到一定的阻碍，这样形成的语音称为辅音。

发音时声带不振动的辅音称为清辅音。

发音声带振动的辅音称为浊辅音。

二、48个国际音标一览表

三、音标学习

（一）元音音标学习

元音概述：元音是有噪音的语音。形成元音时，声带振动，气流经由咽腔和口腔逸出时，不受到任何阻碍，没有可以听得到的摩擦声。英语里共有20个元音（单元音12个，双元音8个）。

1．元音[i:] [i] [?:] [?] 学习

[i:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合e ea ee

e: me be she he we evening

ee:sweet bee sweep sheep see sleep three green

ea: meat leaf sea pea teach eat clean

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出下列单词中元音字母组合发音相同的两个词。

1. seat rain bean cat

2. gift feet teacher dog

3. pig star tree jeep

4. sweet sea fish the

[i] 发这个音的字母和字母组合i e y ey ay

i: pig fish in fifteen six ship thin

e: begin behind jacket basketball

y: happy heavy busy lorry carry sunny lovely study thirsty twenty thirty windy rainy

ey: monkey money

ay: Sunday Saturday Friday

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出每组中元音字母发音不相同的单词。

1. sofa sit kick lip

2. ink gift jam ship

3. hand picture big sister

4. hot lick pig jelly

[?:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合er ir ur ear or

er: her serve term

ir: bird girl skirt first dirty skirt shirt

ur: nurse Thursday turtle purple curtain

ear: early learn

or: word work world

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出每组中元音字母组合发音相同的单词。

1. thirty beer thirsty wheat

2. bank king her nurse

3. turtle bird rabbit knee

4. room run shirt term

[?] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ure er ar or a e

ure: picture

er: teacher brother dinner father sister

ar: sugar

or: doctor

a: panda about above camera sofa China

小练习：根据发音规则，找出发[?]的2个单词。

1. mother sofa road smile

2. sit father sister food

3. hair deer tiger China

4. sugar soon ear leader

2. 元音 [?:] [?] [u:] [u] 学习

[?:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a aw al or oor

a: water

aw: draw strawberry

al: ball wall

or: horse corn fork or short

oor: floor door

小练习;根据发音规则，找出发[?:]的1个单词写在后面的横线上。

1. tall bird bread poor

2. idea chair sport hare

3. cake bear walk cup

4. drink short bag milk

[?] 发这个音的字母和字母组合o a

o: fox coffee dog shop dog doctor long

a: watch

小练习：根据发音规则，找出发[?:]的2个单词。

1. doctor teacher box clothes

2. cold zoo clock dog

3. love boss lot violin

4. watch beach fox girl

[u:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合o oo ui u

o: do who whose

oo: food moon too

ui: fruit juice

u: ruler rude

小练习：根据发音规则，找出不发[u:]的单词。

1. juice moon zoo panda

2. tooth broom eye spoon

3. head boot noodles pool

4. noon cool boot watch

[u]发这个音的字母和字母组合o oo u

o: woman wolf

oo: look good book foot wood

u: bull bullet

小练习：根据发音规则，选出与其它单词元音发音不相同的单词。

1.mouth book look pull

2.push tape sugar foot

3.wood kind wolf bull

4.bullet wood cook name

3．元音 [a:] [Λ] [?] [e] 学习

[a:] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a ar au ear

a: grass glass class plant dance fast father last

ar: car star arm March garden dark scarf

au: laugh aunt

ear: heart

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出发[a:]的2个单词。

1. arm lip doctor card

2. cloud cart garden gate

3. ball scarf dark tiger

4. job lorry March park

[Λ] 发这个音的字母和字母组合o u oo ou

o: son come colour love money

u: sun nut jump gum bus brush supper us

ou: touch cousin country

小练习：根据发音规则，找出每组中发[Λ]的单词。

1. hear cup bed air

2. voice boy duck ant

3. vase corn bear gun

4. cute boy money her

[?] 发这个音的字母和字母组合 a

a: dad cap cat bad apple bag flag hand rabbit ant black fat has stand rat map 小练习：根据发音规则，找出每组中发[?]的单词。

1. rat bed face sport

2. hear cup fat pear

3. rice bat finger tree

4. sea young knife apple

[e] 发这个音的字母和字母组合e ea

e: egg bell desk leg pet ten pen

ea: bread head breakfast

小练习：根据发音规则，找出每组中不发[e]的单词。

1. cat well leg pen

2. sweat map pet elephant

3. egg ten tall desk

4. bread head bed toy

4. 元音 [ei] [ai] [?i] [au] 学习

[ei] 发这个音的字母和字母组合a ai ay

a: cake make name game snake gate lazy

ai: rain train wait

ay: day May play taday way

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出下列单词中发音不一样的单词。

1. face wave sheep tail

2. grape plane name coat

3. time tape train snake

4. rain soap cake train

[ai] 发这个音的字母和字母组合i y ie uy

i: kite bike nice tiger write knife

y: by cry fly my sky try why

ie: tie pie

uy: buy

小练习：根据发音规则，找出每组中发[ai]的2个单词.

1. rice good jam right

2. ship mine ice-cream mouse

3. cloud sit tie eye

4. write small tennis kite

[?i] 发这个音的字母和字母组合oi oy

oi: oil boil coin

oy: boy toy

小练习：根据发音规则，找出每组中发[?i]的2个单词.

1.soil hear soy cold

2. rabbit bed boy noise

3.walk voise boil word

4. tea enjoy toy milk

[au] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ou ow

ou: house mouse mouth trousers

ow: flower cow how now down

小练习：根据发音规则，选出不发[au]的单词。

1. mouse cloud arm clown

2. teacher trousers cow mouth

3. town dance flower house

4. tower blouse now baby

5. 元音[?u][i?][e?] [u?] 学习

[?u] 发这个音的字母和字母组合o oa ow

o: nose rose poen over

oa: boat coat soap goat

ow:show window snow bowl

根据发音规则，圈出每组中发[?u]的2个单词。

1. coat goat tree river

2 .make window knife road

3. your white row coat

4. boat hen nose lamp

[i?] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ear eer

ear: ear hear tear

eer: deer beer

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出每组中发[i?]的1个单词。

1. bear beer fair tail

2. noodles pair near come

3. horse near tower air

4. ring king here three

[e?] 发这个音的字母和字母组合air ear

air: hair chair pair

ear: pear bear wear

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出每组中发[e?]的1个单词。

1.bear idea pineapple tail

2. noodles pair climb come

3. horse house tower air

4. ring king hare three

[u?] 发这个音的字母和字母组合oor our ure

oor: poor

our: tour

ure: sure pure

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出每组中发[u?]的1个单词。

1. clear tourist pineapple tail

2. noodles pair climb fury

3. beard cure tower air

4. voice king pure engineer

（二）辅音音标学习

爆破音： [p] [t] [k] [b] [d] [g]

摩擦音： [f] [v] [s] [z] [θ] [e]

破擦音： [tr] [dr] [ts] [dz] [t∫] [t3]

鼻辅音： [m] [n] [η]

舌侧音： 1. 出现在元音之前叫作清晰舌边音

2. 出现在辅音及单词末尾时叫作模糊舌边音

半元音：擦音中气流较弱，摩擦较小，介于元音跟辅音之间的音 [w] [j] [3] [∫] [h] [r] 6. 辅音 [p] [b] [t] [d] 学习

[p] 发这个音的字母和字母组合p pp

p: piano panda parrot pet ship sheep pig stop

pp: apple happy

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出没有发[p]的单词。

1.ship phone sleep pear

2.pick pen big pineapple

3.taxi parrot sheep pig

4.panda pony pet truck

[b] 发这个音的字母和字母组合b bb

b: book ball bird big boy bag banana

bb: rubber rabbit cabbage

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出发[b]的2个单词。

1. cab gift beach love

2. pet god tub bed

3. weather boy bus make

4. rabbit read dress baby

[t] 发这个音的字母和字母组合 t tt

t: table tea taxi cat rat fat ticket

tt: butter matter

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出没有发[t]的1个单词。

1. taxi fat bag toy

2. hat ticket tea duck

3. pocket packet cat rain

[d] 发这个音的字母和字母组合d ed

d: duck seed door desk day red head bed read cold ed: smiled opened played

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出没有发[d]的1个单词。

1. bed clothes hand

2. dog cold five

3. dance duck grape

7. 辅音 [k] [g] [s] [z] 学习

[k] 发这个音的字母和字母组合c k ck

c: cap cook cup car can class

k: cook milk key desk kite cake

ck: clock sock cock neck

小练习：从下列单词中找出一个发[sk]的单词。

1. cake car desk neck

2. mask rock ink clock

3. disk truck silk duck

[g] 发这个音的字母和字母组合g gg

g: glass golf get girl bag goat flag

gg: egg

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出发[g]的单词。

1. gas drive gum give violin bag

2. jeans orange log bridge guess

3. tank grade long language

[s]发这个音的字母和字母组合s c ss ce

s: star sun snake sea see

c: pencil city cedar ceiling celebrate

ss: grass glass class boss

ce: face race rice nice

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出每组中2个发[s]的单词。

1. whose juice lick student

2. those case scarf shoes

3. space nose science meat

4. tears piece bus nose

[z] 发这个音的字母和字母组合z s se

z: zero zebra zoo

s: bags photos sisters

se: nose rose

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出每组中2个发[z]的单词。

1.zoo freeze lick case

2. game play busy shoes

3.dog nose rose meat

4. tears peanut eagle zero

8. 辅音[∫] [3] [t∫] [d3] 学习

[∫] 发这个音的字母和字母组合s sh

s: sugar sure

sh: ship sheep wash cash shop she

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出下列单词中发[∫]的2个单词。

1. shell ship watch desk

2. truck shirt skirt ship

3. brush carrat sheep sleep

4. hero shape street shelf

[3] 发这个音的字母和字母组合s

s: television usually Asia measure a great decision my pleasure 小练习：根据发音规则，圈出下列单词中发[3]的2个单词。

1. shell ship garage desk

2. truck shirt pleasure ship

3. brush casual sheep sleep

4. hero shape leisure shelf

[t∫]发这个音的字母和字母组合ch tch

ch: teacher peach cherry chair

tch: watch match

小练习：根据发音规则,找出下列单词中发[t∫]的单词。

1. chair dumpling beach cheese

2. night she monkey

3. China church these flower egg

4. dream shark chick catch

[d3]发这个音的字母和字母组合g j dge

g: ginger giraffe

j: jump job jam

ge: orange cabbage cage

小练习：根据发音规则,圈出下列单词中发[d3]的单词。

1. egg giraffe dragon grass cabbage job

2. gift gate orange drug jeans gun

9. 音标 [f] [v] [θ] [e] 学习

[f] 发这个音的字母和字母组合f ff ph gh

f: five fan flower fish four leaf

ff: giraffe

ph: phone elephant photo

gh: laugh

小练习：选出下列单词中不发[f]的单词。

1. knife flower foot fish pick get

2. photo giraffe laugh leaf independent

[v] 发这个音的字母和字母组合v ve

v: video vase vest

ve: five love violin

小练习：根据发音规则,在不发[v]的单词上打×

1. violin move vote window

2. van volcano white woman

3. victory wet wave vase

[θ]发这个音的字母和字母组合th

th: three thin third teeth mouth

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出不发[θ]的单词。

1. father three maths thirsty

2. mouth throat Thursday brother

3. think thirsty mother thousand

4. thin thick they teeth

[e] 发这个音的字母和字母组合th

th: father mother brother clothes weather

小练习：根据发音规则，圈出每组中发 [e]的1个单词。

1. than sister brother three

2. weather thank night good

3. tie look teeth they

4. thin father throat watch

10. 辅音［ts］[dz] [tr] [dr] 学习

[ts] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ts tes

ts: seats goats coats cats pets eats

tes: gates kites dates tastes

小练习：根据发音规则，找出发[ts]的4个单词。

1. sands woods boots birds

2. hats carrats hands beds

3. friends rats seeds kids

[dz] 发这个音的字母和字母组合ds des

ds: seeds woods friends birds beds

des: rides

小练习：根据发音规则，找出发[dz]的5个单词。

1. coats hands cats kites

2. beds words pets kids

3. seats horse sands gates

[tr] 发这个音的字母和字母组合tr

tr: tree truck trousers strawberry trick

小练习：根据发音规则，找出没有发[tr]的3个单词。

1. seats truck train trash tractor

2. drink street drug trousers

[dr] 发这个音的字母和字母组合dr

dr: draw drink driver dragon dry

小练习：根据发音规则，找出每组中发[dr]的2个单词。

1. dream duck dress rain

2. rat drain drug door

3. tree treasure drawer drink

4. truck dragon dish drum

11. 辅音 [h] [r] [l] [m] 学习

[h] 发这个音的字母和字母组合h wh

h: he her head heart hair ham

wh: who whose

小练习：根据发音规则，把下列单词中不发[h]的找出来。

1. ham hat white

2. horse whale who

3. wheat hole hair

[r] 发这个音的字母和字母组合r rr wr

r: rice room ride road rose

rr: mirror carrot parrot

wr: write wrong wrap

小练习：根据发音规则，选出发[r]的单词，打√。

1. bread driver wrong rain worker

2. river father robot rope sister

3. write fruit rabbit crown drum

[l] 发这个音的字母和字母组合l ll

l: look light lock lucky lion tail

ll: ball pull dollar tell

小练习：根据发音规则，选出每组中不发[l]的单词。

1. lamp nail flag woman

2. yellow fruit lion lychee

3. grape bull laugh lake

4. dumpling moon wheel whale

[m] 发这个音的字母和字母组合m mb

m: mouth mouse milk monkey moon money mum

mb: climb comb thumb

12. 音标 [n] [η] [w] [j] 学习

[n] 发这个音的字母和字母组合n kn gn

n: nose net nut banana noodles train rain plane down kn: knee knife knock

gn: sign

小练习：根据发音规则，找出发[n]的单词并抄下来。

1. mirror wheel yes knock

2. mall hen laugh nut

3. earrings plane wing bread

[η]发这个音的字母和字母组合n ng

n: ink bank tank finger

ng: sing hang song king reading running

小练习：根据发音规则，从下列每组中找出2个发[η]的单词。

1. net ring finger meat

2. tennis mouth song swing

3. dumpling wing run nail

4. hang swim ink note

[w]发这个音的字母和字母组合w wh

w: winter window watch water well would

wh: white where which when why wheel whale

小练习：根据发音规则，选出每组中不发[w]音的1个单词。

1. wood write wheel which

2. wheat snow wet woman

3. white window now why

4. whale water watch row

[j] 发这个音的字母和字母组合y

y: yo-yo yogurt yard yes you your

小练习：根据发音规则，找出发[j]的单词。

1. cry you your sky yellow lorry

2. money jelly toy boy yogurt soy

13. 语音的基本常识

（1）音节的划分：一个单词的音标中有几个元音就有几个音节。

（2）重读音节：任何双音节或多音节单词的音标中，有重读音节和非重读音节，哪一个音节重

读，该音节的左上方或该音节的元音上方标有重读符号“ ' ”。

（3）浊化音：以sp__, st___, sk___开头的单词中，清辅音/p/ /t/ /k/分别要发浊辅音/b/ /d/ /g/。

（4）定冠词the的读音e.g. the man--the old man

（5）不完全爆破：爆破音[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] 后面紧跟另一个爆破音时，前面的那个爆破音只在

口腔内形成阻碍，而不能完全读出。e.g. basketball; the part of the earth

（6）连读：在一个短语或句子中，如果相邻两词的关系相等密切，而前一个词以辅音结尾，后一

个词以元音开头，辅音和元素连在一起读。

（7）意群的停顿：对于一个较长的句子，可以根据意思和结构将其分成几群,一个意群必须一口

气说完。

巩固练习：

1. 找出下列没有相同发音的词。

( ) ①he feet bread green

( ) ②pig is dog ship

( ) ③thirty bird her food

( ) ④she big in money

( ) ⑤sweets fish teacher we

( ) ⑥teacher sister about girl

( ) ⑦tiger first work shirt

( ) ⑧tree bean clean chin

( ) ⑨father doctor skirt china

( ) ⑩happy sea sit picture 2. 找出下列没有相同发音的词。

( ) ①moon food eat fruit

( ) ②true book wood look

( ) ③four small walk bird

( ) ④got clock shop shirt

( ) ⑤bus foot push book

( ) ⑥lost ball long ox

( ) ⑦ruler dog mooncake blue

( ) ⑧big ship horse it

3. 将下列单词与正确的音标用线连起来。

hot [blu:]

football [huk]

blue [ki:s]

hook [futb?:l]

kiss [h?t]

4. 选出下列没有相同发音的词。

( ) 1. car arm food garden

( ) 2. true jump bus cut

( ) 3. bag short map flag

( ) 4. egg pen head small

( ) 5. got clock bell dog

( ) 6. rabbit book wood foot

( ) 7. rat bat apple ten

( ) 8. gun star duck moneg

5. 改变下列单词的一个字母,使它变成另一个单词

like_________________(交通工具)

hat ________________(动物)

lake ________________(食品)

nice _______________(数字)

hot _________________(用品)

well _______________(用品) 6. 选出下列没有发相同发音的词

( ) 1. cake egg rain May

( ) 2. kite cry broom fly

( ) 3. boy joy cat noise

( ) 4. blouse sun cow house

( ) 5. tower flower mouth arm

7. 把下列单词下正确的音标连接起来

bow [bau]

tray [geit]

pie [trei]

poison [p?izn]

8. 选出下列没有相同发音的词。

( ) 1. mouth coat goat window

( ) 2. dear beer cake teacher

( ) 3. pair boy air hare

( ) 4. poor tour Europe cry

( ) 5. boat bike side fly

9. 把下列单词与音标用线连起来。

［r?uz］ theater

['θi?t?] rose

[skwe?] tour

[tu?] square

[pleisiz] places

10. 选出下列没有相同发音的词

( ) 1. pear ship coat pig

( ) 2. taxi bean cab cabbage

( ) 3. hat sea ticket wallet

( ) 4. seed dance hand full

( ) 5. pick pen sit pineapple

( ) 6. cold find door chair

( ) 7. cloth purple pool push

( ) 8. eat fan quiet set 11. 将下列没有相同发音的词找出来

( ) 1. car stay neck clock

( ) 2. gas give drive bag

( ) 3. sea boss rice cook

( ) 4. lick zoo rose zero

( ) 5. tears freeze desk busy

12. 把下列单词与音标用线连接起来。

socks ['gigl]

giggle [g?ust]

ghost [s?ks]

cheese [feis]

13. 选出下列具有相同发音的单词。

( )1. shell watch ship see

( ) 2. shell pleasure sick treasure

( )3. chair China Monkey dream

( )4. job gift door cabbage

( )5. grass chick start jeans

14. 将下列没有相同发音的词找出来

( ) 1. foot knife pick fish

( ) 2. window move vote vase

( ) 3. three fan thousand thin

( ) 4. father them brother watch

( ) 5. finish van fool fat

15. 选出下列每题中有几种读音。A.一种 B.二种 C.三种 D.四种 ( ) 1. foot room leaf vase

( ) 2. vest five like love

( ) 3. ship pea pick hike

( ) 4. thumb cut brother mother

( ) 5. they thin maths mouth

16. 选出下列选项中具有相同发音的两个单词。

( ) ( ) 1. dream shoes drink popcorn

( ) ( ) 2. truck thirsty bath trash

( ) ( ) 3. beds pets words gates

( ) ( ) 4. birds boots rats friends

( ) ( ) 5.drug drain rain dish

17. 把下列单词和音标用线连起来。

[k?uts］ trousers

[si:dz] coats

[tr?∫] seeds

['draiv?] trash

[trauz?z] driver

18. 把下列单词用线连接起来。

parrot [′p?r?t]

heart [l?k]

lock [ha:t]

dollar [klaim] climb [′d ?l?] 19. 把下列单词用线连起来。

knee [h?η]

hang [ni:]

yolk [j?uk]

whale [iηk]

ink [weil]