(完整版)2018年高考全国2卷生物试题及答案(文字精校版)

(完整版)2018年高考全国2卷生物试题及答案(文字精校版)
(完整版)2018年高考全国2卷生物试题及答案(文字精校版)

2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试

理科综合能力测试(生物部分)

本试卷共38题,共100分,共16页,考试结束后,将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。注意事项:1.答题前,考生先将自己的姓名、准考证号码填写清楚,条形码准确粘贴在条形码区域内。

2.选择题必须使用2B铅笔填涂:非选择题必须使用0.5毫米黑色字迹

的签字笔书写,字体工整、笔迹清楚。

3.请按照题号顺序在答题卡各题目的答题区域内作答,超出答题区域

书写的答案无效;在草稿纸、试卷上答题无效。

4.作图可先使用铅笔画出,确定后必须用黑色字迹的签字笔描黑。

5.保持卡面清洁,不要折叠、不要弄破、弄皱,不准使用涂改液、修

正带刮纸刀。

可能用到的相对原子质量:H1 C12 N14 O16 Na23 P31 S32 Fe56

一、选择题:本题共13小题,每小题6分,共78分。在每小题给出的四个选项中,只有一项是符合题目要求的。

1.下列关于人体中蛋白质功能的叙述,错误的是

A.浆细胞产生的抗体可结合相应的病毒抗原

B.肌细胞中的某些蛋白质参与肌肉收缩的过程

C.蛋白质结合Mg2+形成的血红蛋白参与O2运输

D.细胞核中某些蛋白质是染色体的重要组成成分

2.下列有关物质跨膜运输的叙述,正确的是

A.巨噬细胞摄入病原体的过程属于协助扩散

B.固醇类激素进入靶细胞的过程属于主动运输

C.神经细胞受到刺激时产生的Na+内流属于被动运输

D.护肤品中的甘油进入皮肤细胞的过程属于主动运输

3.下列有关人体内激素的叙述,正确的是

A.运动时,肾上腺素水平升高,可使心率加快,说明激素是高能化合物

B.饥饿时,胰高血糖素水平升高,促进糖原分解,说明激素具有酶的催化活性

C.进食后,胰岛素水平升高,其既可加速糖原合成,也可作为细胞的结构组分

D.青春期,性激素水平升高,随体液到达靶细胞,与受体结合可促进机体发育

4.有些作物的种子入库前需要经过风干处理,与风干前相比,下列说法错误的是

A.风干种子中有机物的消耗减慢

B.风干种子上微生物不易生长繁殖

C.风干种子中细胞呼吸作用的强度高

D.风干种子中结合水与自由水的比值大

5.下列关于病毒的叙述,错误的是

A.从烟草花叶病毒中可以提取到RNA

B.T2噬菌体可感染肺炎双球菌导致其裂解

C.HIV可引起人的获得性免疫缺陷综合征

D.阻断病毒的传播可降低其所致疾病的发病率

6.在致癌因子的作用下,正常动物细胞可转变为癌细胞。有关癌细胞特点的叙述错误的是

A.细胞中可能发生单一基因突变,细胞间黏着性增加

B.细胞中可能发生多个基因突变,细胞的形态发生变化

C.细胞中的染色体可能受到损伤,细胞的增殖失去控制

D.细胞中遗传物质可能受到损伤,细胞表面的糖蛋白减少

29.(8分)

为研究垂体对机体生长发育的作用,某同学用垂体切除法进行实验,在实验过程中,用幼龄大鼠为材料,以体重变化作为生长发育的检测指标,回答下列问题

(1)请完善下面的实验步骤

①将若干只大鼠随机分为A、B两组后进行处理,A组<对照组>的处理是_____ B组的处理是______

②将上述两组大鼠置于相同的适宣条件下饲养

③_________

④对所得数据进行统计处理与分析

(2)实验结果与分析

B组大鼠生长发育的状况不如A组,出现这种差异的原因是由于B组的处理使大鼠缺失了来源于垂体的_______激素和______激素

30.(8分)

为了研究某种树木树冠上下层叶片光合作用的特性,某同学选取来自树冠不同层的A,B两种叶片,分别测定其净光合速率,结果如图所示。据图回答问题:

(1)从图可知,A叶片是树冠________(填“上层”或“下层”)的叶片,判断依据是________。

(2)光照强度达到一定数值时,A叶片的净光合速率开始下降,但测得放氧速率不变,则净光合速率降低的主要原因是光合作用的________反应受到抑制。(3)若要比较A,B两种新鲜叶片中叶绿素的含量,在提取叶绿素的过程中,常用的有机溶剂是________。

31.(11分)

大型肉食性动物对低营养级肉食性动物与植食性动物有捕食和赶作用,这一建立在“威慑”与“恐惧”基础上的种间关系会对群落或生态系统产生影响,此方面的研究属于“恐惧生态学”范畴。回答下列问题:

(1)当某种大型肉食性动物迁入到一个新的生态系统时,原有食物链的营养级有可能增加。生态系统中食物链的营养级数量一般不会太多,原因是

________。

(2)如果将顶级食性动物引入食物网只有三个营养级的某生态系统中,使得甲、乙两种植食性动物间的竞争结聚发生了反转,即该生态系统中甲的数量优势地位丧失。假定该反转不是由于顶级肉食性动物的直接捕食造成的,那么根据上述“恐惧生态学知识推测,甲的数量优势地位丧失的可能原因是________(答出一点即可)。

(3)若某种大型肉食性动物在某地区的森林中重新出现,会减轻该地区野猪对农作物的破坏程度,根据上述“恐惧生态学”知识推测,产生这一结果的可能原因有________(答出两点即可)。

32.(12分)

某种家禽的豁眼和正常眼是一对相对性状,豁眼雌禽产蛋能力强,已知这种家禽的性别决定方式与鸡相同,豁眼性状由Z染色体上的隐性基因a控制,且在W 染色体上没有其等位基因。

回答下列问题:

(1)用纯合体正常眼雄禽与豁眼禽杂交,杂交亲本的基因型为为_______,理

论上F

1个体的基因型和表现型为________,F

2

雄禽中豁眼禽所占的比例为

_______。

(2)为了给饲养场提供产蛋能力强的该种家禽,请确定一个合适的杂交组合,使其子代中雌禽均为豁眼,雄禽均为正常眼,写出杂交组合和预期结果,要求标明亲本和子代的表現型、基因型。

(3)假设M/m基围基因位于常染色体上,m基因纯合时可使部分应表现为豁眼的个体表现为正常眼,而MM和Mm对个体眼的表现型无影响。以此推测,在考虑M/m 基因的情况下,若两只表现型均为正常眼的亲本交配,其子代中出现豁眼雌禽,则亲本雌禽的基因型为_______,子代中豁眼禽可能的基因型包括

_______。

37.{生物-选修1,生物技术实践}(15分)

在生产生活和科学实践中,经常通过消毒和灭菌来避免细菌的污染。

回答下列问题。

(1)在实验室,玻璃和金属材质的实验器具_____(填“可以”或“不可以”)放入干燥灭菌箱中进行干燥灭菌

(2)牛奶的消毒常采用巴氏消毒法及高温瞬时消毒法,与煮沸消毒法相比,这

两种方法的优点是______。

(3)密闭空间内的空气可采用紫外线照射消毒,其原因是紫外线能______,在照射前,适量喷洒______,可强化消毒效果。

(4)水厂供应的自来水通常经过______(填“氯气”“乙醇”或“高锰酸钾”)消毒的。

(5)某同学在使用高压蒸汽灭菌锅时,在压力达到稳定要求,而锅内并没有达到相应温度,最可能的原因是______。

38.(生物-选修3)现代生物科技专题(15分)

某种荧光蛋白(GFP)在紫外光或荧光激发下会发出绿色荧光,这一特性可用于检测细胞中的基因表达,某科研团队将某种病毒的外壳蛋白(E1)基因连接在GFP基因的5’末端获得了L1-GFP的融合基因(简称为甲),并将其植入端粒P0,构建了真核表达载体P1,其成分结构和酶切位点的示意图如下,图中E1-E4四种限制酶产生的黏性末端各不相同。

回答下列问题:

(1)据图推断,该团队在将甲植入质粒P0时,使用了两种限制酶,这两种酶是______,使用这两种酶进行酶切是为了保证______,也是为了保证______。(2)将P1转入体外培育的牛皮肤细胞,若在该细胞中观察到了绿色荧光,请说明L1基因在牛的皮肤细胞中完成了______和______过程。

(3)为了获得含有甲的牛,该团队需要做的工作:将能够产生绿色荧光细胞的______植入牛的______中,体外培育,胚胎体移植。

(4)为了检测甲是否存在克隆牛的不同组织细胞中,某同学用PCR方法进行鉴定,在鉴定时因分别以该牛不同组织细胞中的______(填“m RNA”“总RNA”或“核DNA”)作为PCR模板。

参考答案1-6:CCDCBA

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2018年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(全国Ⅰ卷) 文综历史试题 24.《墨子》中有关于“圆”“直线”“正方形”“倍”的定义,对杠杆原理、声音传播、小孔成像等也有论述,还有机械制造方面的记载。这反映出,《墨子》() A.汇集了诸子百家的思想精华B.形成了完整的科学体系 C.包含了劳动人民智慧的结晶D.体现了贵族阶层的旨趣 25.据学者研究,唐朝“安史之乱”后百余年间的藩镇基本情况如表2所示。 表2 “安史之乱”后百余年间唐朝藩镇基本情况表 由此可知,这一时期的藩镇() A.控制了朝廷财政收入B.彼此之间攻伐不已 C.注重维护中央的权威D.延续了唐朝的统治 26.北宋前中期,在今四川井研县一带山谷中,密布着成百上千个采用新制盐技术的竹筒井。 井主所雇工匠大多来自“他州别县”,以“佣身赁力”为生,受雇期间,若对工作条件或待遇不满意,辄另谋高就。这反映出当时() A.民营手工业得到发展B.手工业者社会地位高 C.雇佣劳动已经普及D.盐业专卖制度解体 27.图6中的动物是郑和下西洋时外国使臣随船向明政府贡献的奇珍异兽。明朝君臣认为,这就是中国传说中的“麒麟”,明成祖隧厚赐外国使臣。这表明当时()

A.对外交流促使中国传统绘画出现新的类型 B.朝廷用中国文化对朝贡贸易贡品加以解读 C.海禁政策的解除促进了对外文化交流 D.外来物品的传入推动了传统观念更新 28.甲午战争时期,日本制定舆论宣传策略,把中国和日本分别“包装”成野蛮与文明的代表,并运用公关手段让许多欧美舆论倒向日方。一些西方媒体甚至宣称,清政府战败“将意味着数百万人从愚蒙、专制和独裁中得到解放”。对此,清政府却无所作为。这反映了() A.欧美舆论宣传左右了战争进程B.日本力图变更中国的君主政体 C.清朝政府昏庸不谙熟近代外交D.西方媒体鼓动中国的民主革命 29.五四运动后,出现了社会主义是否合适中国国情的争论,有人反对走俄国式的道路,认为救中国只有一条路,就是“增加富力”,发展实业;还有人主张“采用劳农主义的直接行动,达到社会革命的目的”。这场争论() A.确定了新民主主义革命的道路 B.使思想界认清了欧美的社会制度 C.在思想上为中国共产党的成立准备了条件 D.消除了知识分子在救亡图存方式上的分歧 30.1948~1949年夏,英、法、美等国通过各自渠道同中国共产党接触,试探与将要成立的新政府建立某种形式的外交关系的可能性。中共中央考虑:不接受足以束缚手脚的条件;可以采取积极办法争取这些国家承认;也可以等一等,不急于争取这些国家的承认。 这反映出() A.中国共产党奉行独立自主的外交政策B.西方国家放弃了对国民党政权的支持 C.中国冲破了美国的外交孤立D.新政府不急于获取国际支持 31.图7是1953年的一幅漫画,描绘了资源勘探队员来到深山,手持“邀请函”叩响山洞大门的情景。这反映了当时我国()

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