2010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
2010年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark[A],[B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET
1.(10points)
In1924American’National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrial experiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthore Plant near Chicago.It hoped they would learn how stop-floor lignting__1__workers productivity.Instead,the studies ended __2___giving their name to the“Hawthorne effect”,the extremely influential idea that the very___3____to being experimented upon changed subjects’behavior.
The idea arose because of the__4____behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant.According to__5____of the experments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased,but also when it was dimmed.It did not__6____what was done in the experiment;___7_something was changed,productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be ____9___to alter workers’behavior____10____itself.
After several decades,the same data were_11__to econometric the analysis.The Hawthorne experiments have another surprise in store:_12__the descriptions on record,no systematic_13__ was found that levels of reproductivity were related to changes
in lighting.
It turns out that particular way of conducting the experiments may have led to__14__interpretation of what happed.__15___, lighting was always changed on a Sunday.When work started again on Monday,output__16___rose compared with the previous Saturday and__17_to rise for the next couple of days.__18__
a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday. Workers__19__to be diligent for the first few days of the weeking week in any case,before__20__a plateau and then slackening off.This suggests that the alleged“Hawthorne
effect“is hard to pin down.
1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored
2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off
3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof
4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]
ambiguous
5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]
assessments
6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work
7.[A]as far as[B]for fear that[C]in case that[D]
so long so
8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]
illusion
9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant
10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by
11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed
12.[A]contrary to[B]consistent with[C]parallel with
[D]pealliar to
13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source
14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable
[D]misleading
15.[A]In contrast[B]For example[C]In consequence
[D]As usual
16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]
suddenly
17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued 20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hitting
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].Mark your answers on
ANSWER SHEET1.(40points)
Text1
Text2
Over the past decade,thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business https://www.360docs.net/doc/ad11704841.html, received one for its“one-click”online payment system.Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.
Now the nation’s top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents,which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized10years ago.In a move that has intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In re Bilski,as the case is known,is“a very big
deal”,says Dennis’D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.It“has the potential to eliminate an entire
class of patents.”
Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is1998decision in the so-called state Street Bank case,approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings,initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online https://www.360docs.net/doc/ad11704841.html,ter,move established companies raced to add such patents to their files,if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch.In2005,IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly,some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products,even as they took positions in court cases opposing
the practice.
The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all
12of the court’s judges,rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should”
reconsider”its state street Bank ruling.
The Federal Circuit’s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has nurrowed the scope of protections for patent https://www.360docs.net/doc/ad11704841.html,st April,for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for“inventions”that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are“reacting to the anti-patient trend at the supreme court”,says Harole C.wegner,a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School. 26.Business-method patents have recently aroused concern
because of
[A]their limited value to business
[B]their connection with asset allocation
[C]the possible restriction on their granting
[D]the controversy over authorization
27.Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?
[A]Its rulling complies with the court decisions
[B]It involves a very big business transaction
[C]It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit
[D]It may change the legal practices in the U.S.
28.The word“about-face”(Line1,Paro3)most probably means
[A]loss of good will
[B]increase of hostility
[C]change of attitude
[D]enhancement of disnity
29.We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method
patents
[A]are immune to legal challenges
[B]are often unnecessarily issued
[C]lower the esteem for patent holders
[D]increase the incidence of risks
30.Which of the following would be the subject of the text?
[A]A looming threat to business-method patents
[B]Protection for business-method patent holders
[C]A legal case regarding business-method patents
[D]A prevailing trend against business-method patents
Text3
In his book The Tipping Point,Malcolm Aladuell argues that social epidemics are driven in large part by the acting of a
tiny minority of special individuals,often called
influentials,who are unusually informed,persuasive,or well-connected.The idea is intuitively compelling,but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.
The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the“two step flow of communication”:Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to ereryone else.Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials,those selected people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing,promoting or developing whaterver it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive
trends.
In their recent work,however,some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact,they don’t seem
to be required of all.
The researchers’argument stems from a simple obserrating about social influence,with the exception of a few celebrities
like Oprah Winfrey—whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media,not interpersonal,influence—even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who,according to the two-step-flow theory,are supposed to drive social epidemics by influcencing their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur,however,each person so affected,must then influcence his or her own acquaintances,who must in turn influence theirs,and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant,for example from the initial influential prove resistant,for example the casecade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people. Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence,the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating of populations,manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendence to be.
31.By citing the book The Tipping Point,the author intends to
[A]analyze the consequences of social epidemics
[B]discuss influentials’function in spreading ideas
[C]exemplify people’s intuitive response to social epidemics
[D]describe the essential characteristics of influentials.
32.The author suggests that the“two-step-flow theory”
[A]serves as a solution to marketing problems
[B]has helped explain certain prevalent trends
[C]has won support from influentials
[D]requires solid evidence for its validity
33.what the resarchers have observed recenty shows that
[A]the power of influence goes with social interactions
[B]interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media
[C]influentials have more channels to reach the public
[D]most celebrities enjoy wide media attention
34.The underlined phrase“these people”in paragraph4refers
to the ones who
[A]stay outside the network of social influnce
[B]have little contact with the source of influnence
[C]are influenced and then influence others
[D]are influenced by the initial influential
35.what is the essential element in the dynamics of social
influence?
[A]The eagerness to be accepted
[B]The impulse to influence others
[C]The readiness to be influenced
[D]The inclination to rely on others
Text4
Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes,they have been taking aim at someone else:the accounting standard-setters.Their rules,moan the banks,have forced them to report enormous losses,and it’s just not fair.These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay,not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. Unfortunately,banks’lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable,but the independence of standard-setters,essential to the proper functioning of capital markets,is being compromised.And,unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers,reviving the
banking system will be difficult.
After a bruising encounter with Congress,America’s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes.
These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz,the FASB’s chairman, cried out against those who“question our motives.”Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls“the use of judgment by management.”European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning,but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.Charlie McCreevy,a European commissioner,warned the IASB that it did“not live in a political vacuum”but“in the real word”and that Europe could
yet develop different rules.
It was banks that were on the wrong planet,with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses,because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank’s shares trade below their book value,suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses,yet are reluctant
to buy all those supposed bargains.
To get the system working again,losses must be recognized and dealt with.America’s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that,cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions,for example,against hostility form special interests.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more
concessions.
36.Bankers complained that they were forced to
[A]follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules
[B]collect payments from third parties
[C]cooperate with the price managers
[D]reevaluate some of their assets.
37.According to the author,the rule changes of the FASB may
result in
[A]the diminishing role of management
[B]the revival of the banking system
[C]the banks’long-term asset losses
[D]the weakening of its independence
38.According to Paragraph4,McCreevy objects to the IASB’s
attempt to
[A]keep away from political influences.
[B]evade the pressure from their peers.
[C]act on their own in rule-setting.
[D]take gradual measures in reform.
39.The author thinks the banks were“on the wrong planet”
in that they
[A]misinterpreted market price indicators
[B]exaggerated the real value of their assets
[C]neglected the likely existence of bad debts.
[D]denied booking losses in their sale of assets.
40.The author’s attitude towards standard-setters is one of
[A]satisfaction.
[B]skepticism.
[C]objectiveness
[D]sympathy
Part B
Directions:
For Questions41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs from the first A-G and fill them into the numbered boxes to from a coherent text.Paragraph E has been correctly placed.There is
one paragraph which dose not fit in with the text.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)
[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out;the consumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about32percent of total consumption in1995to35percent in2000and is expected to approach38percent by2005.This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by4to5percent a year across Europe,compared with growth in retail demand of 1to2percent.Meanwhile,as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious.They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic
alternative.
[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill,leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,with limited success,and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big,profitable opportunity in their own backyard:the wholesale food and drink trade,which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need. [C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?Definitely not.The
functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers.In other words,it is up to the buyer,tather than the seller,to decide what to buy.At any rate,this change will ultimately be acclaimed by an ever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers,regardless of how long the current consummer pattern will take hold.
[D]All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.At least,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among the biggest national markets, especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures, as well as the competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European whloesaling in which particular abilities might unseat smaller but entrenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliar business
models are needed too.
[E]Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined—France,Germany, Italy,and Spain—are made out of same building blocks.Demand comes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop
grocery stores which,unlike large retail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known in the trade as“horeca”:hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall,Europe’s retail wholesale market,but the figures,when added together,
mask two opposing trends.
[F]For example,wholesale food and drink sales come to＄268 billion in France,Germany,Italy,Spain,and the United Kingdom in2000-more than40percent of retail sales.Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate. [G]However,none of these requirements should deter large
retails and even some large good producers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable
gains.
41→42→43→44→E→45
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET2.(10points)
One basic weakness in a comservation system based wholly one economic motives is that most members of the https://www.360docs.net/doc/ad11704841.html,munity have no economic value.Yet these ereatures are members of the biotic community and,if its stability depends on its inteyrity,they are entitled to continuance.
When one of these noneconomic categories is threatened and,if we happen to love it.We invert excuses to give it economic importance.At the beginning of century songbiras were supposed to be disappearing.(46)Scinentists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them,the evideuce had to be comic in order to be valid.
It is pamful to read these round about accounts today.We have no land ethic yet,(47)but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue survival as a matter of intrinsic right,regardless of the presence or absence of
economic advantage to us.
A panallel situation exists in respect of predatory mamals and
fish-eating birds.(48)Time was when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by killing the physically weak,or that they prey only
on“worthless species”.
Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly.or have too low a sale vale to pay as imeber crops(49)In Europe,where forestry is ecologically more advanced,the Non-commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest community,to be preserved as such,within reason. To sum up:a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.(50)It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate,many elements in the land community that lack commercial value,but that are essential to its healthy functioning.Without the uneconomic pats.
SectionⅢWriting
Part A
51.Directions:
You are supposed to write for the postgraduate association a notice to recruit volunteers for an international conference on globalization,you should conclude the basic qualification
of applicant and the other information you think relative. You should write about100words.Do not sign your own name at the end of the https://www.360docs.net/doc/ad11704841.html,e“postgraduate association”instead.
Part B
52.Directions:
Write an essay of160-200words based on the following drawing.
In your essay,you should
1)describe the drawing briefly,
2)explain its intended meaning,and then
3)give your comments.
You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET2.(20points)
江苏省盐城中学2018届高三上学期期末考试英语试题
第二部分：英语知识运用(共两节，满分35分) 第一节单项填空(共15小题；每小题1分，满分15 分) 请认真阅读下面各题，从题中所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。 21. Every time I feel like giving up, my mother is turning up, saying hopes remain, there will be ways out. A. until B. though C. unless D. while 22. It seems to have him that I was the one who introduced him to the professor, with whose help he is a now famous physician. A. avoided B. rejected C. escaped D. removed 23. Event morning, time credits you with 86,400 seconds, and every night it , as lost, whatever of this you have failed to invest to good purpose. A. writes off B. turns off C. puts off D. takes off 24. —You didn’t go to Malaysia, why? —I was scheduled to start, this morning, but I to Shanghai because of the eruption of volcano there. A. am going B. will go C. was going D. would go 25. It is reported that North Korea is going to change its Amy Day to Feb. 8th and observe its 40th one day before the opening of the Winter Olympics, which shocks the whole world. A. skillfully B. athletically C. illegally D. precisely 26. If their populations continued to grow as fast as the past few years, the living conditions, traffic, public services, and especially the consumption of water and generation of garbage unbearable. A. would soon become B. soon became C. would have soon become D. had soon become 27. The main social between unbalanced and inadequate development and the people’s ever-growing needs for a better life is what we must face up to. A. conflict B. contribution C. controversy D. contradiction
2010年全国高考英语试题及答案-北京
绝密★使用完毕前 2010年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(北京卷) 英语试卷 本试卷共15页，共150分。考试时长120分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。 第一部分：听力理解(共三节，30分) 第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，共7.5分) 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话你将听一遍。 1. What does the man want to be in the future? A. A soldier. B. A lawyer. C. A teacher. 2. What does the girl want? A. Sweets. B. Books. C. Pencils. 3. When did the two speakers plan to meet Jane? A. At2:00. B. At2:15. C. At2:30. 4. what will the woman do tonight? A. Go to the park. B. Play basketball. C. Work at a bookstore. 5. what is the woman doing? A. Offering help. B. Asking for information. C. Making an introduction. 第二节(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分) 听下面4段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白你将听两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。 6. Where do the two speakers work? A. At a store. B. At a hotel. C. At a school. 7. Where does the woman come from?
B1 高三英语9月入学考试试题
云南省曲靖市沾益区四中2019届高三英语9月入学考试试题 （考试时间：120分钟，满分：150分） 第Ⅰ卷（选择题） 第一部分：听力（共两节，满分30分） 第一节：（共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分） 听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。 1. What will the boy probably eat next? A. An apple. B. Vegetables. C. Chocolate cake. 2. When did Tom finish work? A. At 10:00. B. At 6:30. C. At 4:30. 3. What is the doctor’s advice? A. Come back in two days. B. Take some medicine. C. Stay home from school. 4. How does the woman feel? A. Surprised. B. Tired. C. Relaxed. 5. Who has been to Yellowstone National Park? A. The woman. B. The man’s uncle. C. The man’s sister. 第二节：（共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分） 听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中
大学英语入学考试试卷
B11. He didn’t keep on asking me the time any longer as he had had his watch . A. to repair B. repaired C.repairing D. repair C12. Grandma has no water, please ________ some for her. A. take B. carry C. fetch D. bring D13. Rarely _______ so difficult a problem. A. she could have faced with B. could have she faced with C. she could have been faced with D. could she have been faced with D14. This restaurant always _______ delicious dishes. A. gives B. offers C. have D. serves A15. There is _______ sugar. You needn’t go to buy any. A. plenty of B. a large number of C. a great many D. plenty B16. The factory has done good honour to the government and the people around so that visitors come to it ___________. A. in number B. in larger numbers C. to the number D. by number A17. There aren't many pandas ________ in the world today. A. alive B. living C. lively D. lived B18. Such electron tubes ________ in a radio set are also found in a TV set. A. that we use B. as we use C. as we use them D. that we use them A19. you don’t like him is none of my business A.What B.Who C.That D.Whether C20. He looked quite healthy though he was . A. in seventy B. in his seventy C. at seventies D. at the age of seventy C21. Please ______ me at the station on time. A. meeting B. to meet C. meet D. met B22. Jane, what do you think of Mr. Green? As ______ teacher, he ought to set _______ good example to the pupils. A. the ; a B. a ; a C. a ; the D. / the D23. Hao long has this bookshop been in business? 1982 A. After B. In C. From D.Since A24.Here’s my card. Let’s keep in A. Touch B. relation C.connection D.fiendship B25. Please telephone me half an hour _______. A. in charge B. in advance (提前) C. in time D. in front A26. Don’t get off the bus until it ________. A. has stopped B. stopped C. will stop D. shall stop A27. Two weeks allowed for making the necessary preparations. A. was B. were C. are D. have been B28. She is always the first __________to school. A. coming B. to come C. to have come D. having come A29. this book and tell me what you think of it. A.Look though(纵览) B.Look on C.Look into D.Look up A30. His report on the space exploration was really ________. A. exciting B. excited C. excitement D. excitedly C31. The roof fell he had time to dash into the room to save his baby . A. after B. as C. before D. until B32. He usually a bus to work instead of going by taxi. A. takes B. carries C. gets D. sits C33. An expert, together with some assistants, to help in the work. A. were sent B. are sent C. was sent D. have been sent A34. The three children looked after their sick mother__________. A. in return B. by turn C. in turn D. being done C35. Get to the top of hill, ______ you can see the whole city. A. or B. but C. and D. so Passage one The Internet has led to a huge increase in credit－card (信用卡) fraud.Your card information could even be for sale in an illegal web site（非法网站）. Web sites offering cheap goods and services should be regarded with care. On－line shoppers who enter their credit－card information may never receive the goods they thought they bought.The thieves then go shopping with your card number—or sell the information over the Internet. Computers hackers (黑客) have broken down security（安全）systems, raising questions about the safety of cardholder information. Several months ago, 25,000 customers of CD Universe, an on－line music retailer (零售商) , were not lucky. Their names, addresses and credit－card numbers were posted on a Web site after the retailer refused to pay US $157,828 to get back the information. Credit－card firms are now fighting against on－line fraud. Mastercard is working on plans for Web－only credit card, with a lower credit limit. The card could be used only for shopping on－line. However, there are a few simple steps you can take to keep from being cheated (欺骗). Ask about your credit－card firm’s on－line rules: Under British law, cardholders have to pay the first US $78 of any fraudulent (欺骗性的) spending. And shop only at secure sites; Send your credit－card information only if the Web site offers advanced secure system. If the security is in place, a letter will appear in the bottom right－hand
高三上学期期末考试英语试题
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