高级英语作业

非谓语动词的形式分类及其功能

摘要：非谓语动词是我们在学习英语的过程中最常遇到的英语的语法，因为其结构复杂，功能繁多，也是众多学生难以掌握的语法点。它不像从句和虚拟语气，只要掌握条理，背熟规则就可以很容易地找出答案。但非谓语也不是全无迹可寻。本文就非谓语动词的定义、分类及其功能等方面作一阐述，希望能够帮助学生更好的掌握非谓语动词的判断,以此来促进英语的学习。

关键字: 非谓语分类功能

非谓语的定义及分类

非谓语动词，顾名思义，是在英句子中不做谓语成分。在语法书中，对非谓语动词的定义为；在英语句子中，不作句子的谓语，而除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有不定式（the Infinitive）；动名词（the Gerund）；分词（the present Participle；（the past Participle）。

一、动词不定式

动词不定式具有名词、形容词、副词等特征。

（一）不定式的句法功能

1.作主语。不定式作主语时，谓语用单数。往往用it 作形式主语，把不定式放在谓语后面。如：

It took us two hours to finish the job.

It is impossible for us to get there on time.

（2）当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用It is …to…的句型。

To believe him is to negate my own idea .

（3）It is+ adj. of / for sb. to do sth. 结构中，当不定式的逻辑主语和前面的形容词可以构成系表结构时，用of, 否则用 for.

2．作宾语

（1）动词+不定式。如：

He managed to escape from the fire.

I find it hard to get along with him.

（2）动词+疑问词+to , “特殊疑问句+不定式”相当于名词，作宾语。如：

I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.

I have a little baby to look after.

3. 作状语，表示目的、结果、原因等，有时还有一些固定搭配的不定式短语，如in order to , so as to, so…as to, such …as to, ….enough to, too…to等。

（1）做目的状语，to, only to （仅仅为了）, in order to, so as to, so(such)….as to…（如此???以便???）如：

He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.

He came to the school to see his son.

（2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。如：

He hurried to the post office only to find it was closed.

He searched the room only to find nothing.

（3）做原因状语。如：

We were very excited to hear the news.

I’m glad to see you.

（4）做条件状语。如：

To turn to the left, you could find a post office.

3.主语补足语

不定式可放在be动词后面，构成表语。如：

The question is how to put it into practice.

His dream is to be a doctor.

注意：1.不定式在句中作表语时，对应的谓语动词用单数。

2.当助词是不定式时，表语不能用Ving形式，可用不定式。

如：To see is to believe. （眼见为实）

4、独立结构。如：

To tell you the truth, I don’t agree with you.

To make matters worse, it began to rain.

（二）不定式的时态和语态

1、不定式的时态

（1）现在时：有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。如：

He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.

（2）完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。如：

I’m sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seems to have caught a cold.

（3）进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。如：

He seems to be eating something.

（4）完成进行时：表示动作从过去某个时间开始，一直延续到现在，并有可能持续下去。如：

She is known to have been working on the problem for many years.

2、不定式的语态

当不定式的逻辑主语是其动作的承受者时，就用被动式。如：

He was seen to enter the hall.

He asked to be sent to work in Tibet.

省to 的动词不定式

1、情态动词（除ought 外，ought to）

2、Would rather, had better.

3、感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice, observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel 等后作宾补，省略 to.但在被动语态中 to 不能省略掉。如：

They were made to work the whole night.

4、使役动词 let, have, make.

5、由 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去。如：He wants to move to France and marry the girl.

6、Help 可带 to ,也可不带to, help sb. (to) do sth.

7、Why…/Why not…

8、But 和 except 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。试比较：

He wants to do nothing but go out.

He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.

9、通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be .如：

He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。

二、动名词

动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能。

(一)、动名词的句法功能

1、作主语

谓语用单数。It代替动名词作主语，常用于如下结构：

It’s no good/use doing???如：

Seeing is believing.

It’s no good waiting here.

2、作宾语

I enjoy listening to music.

He often practices playing the piano in the evening.

3、作表语

此时的动名词可以和主语调换位置。如：

My hobby is collecting stamps.

Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the child.

4、作定语

动名词作定语，一般表示用途。如：

A waiting room，a diving board，a reading room，a dining hall

There are a lot of swimming pools in the city.

（二）、动名词的时态和语态

动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：

We are interested in playing chess.

He was praised for having finished the work ahead of time.

若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：

We must do something to prevent water from being polluted.

He was afraid of being scolded by the teacher.

三、现在分词和过去分词

区别：在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义；

在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。

如：falling leaves 正在下落的树叶 fallen leaves 已经落在地上的树叶

(一)、分词的句法功能

1、作定语

（1）单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：

The sleeping boy is my son.

The excited people rushed into the building.

（2）分词短语作定语，分词后置；分词修饰不定代词something等要后置；个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如：

The girl standing under the tree is my niece.

The building built last year is our library.

（3）过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：

Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists

The first textbook written for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century.

2、作状语

现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。

If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.(条件)

Bitten by a snake, he was taken to hospital(原因).

Though defeated, he didn’t lose heart.(让步)

He lay on the grass, looking into the sky.(伴随)

He came running to tell me the good news.(方式)

注意：

（1）选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：

（Being）Used for a long time, the book looks old.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。

Using the book, I find it useful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。

（2）分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。

When completed, the museum will be open to the public next year.

3、作表语

现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：

She looked tired with cooking.

He remained standing beside the table.

4、作宾语补足语

分词和不定式一样，在一些感官动词或使役动词后作宾语补足语。如：

I smell something burning.

I can’t make myself understood in English.

5、作插入语

其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。

generally speaking 一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说到

strictly speaking 严格地说 judging from 从???判断

all things considered 从整体来看taking all things into consideration 全面看来。如：

Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。

Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs.总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。

(二)、分词的时态

1、与主语动词同时。如：

Arriving there, they found the boy dead.刚一到那儿，他们就发现那男孩死了。

The secretary worked late into the night, preparing a long speech for the president.

2、先于主语动词

分词作时间状语，如果先于主动词的动作，且强调先后，要用having done。如：

Having finished his homework, he went out for a walk.

After he had finished his homework, he went out for a walk.

（三）、分词的语态

1、通常情况下，现在分词表示主动，过去分词表示被动。如：

He is the man giving you/who gave you the book他就是给你书的那个人

She is the girl stopped by/who was stopped by the car.她就是那个被车拦住的女孩。

2、不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生。像：gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等词。如：

a retired person 一个退休的人 a fallen ball 一个落下来的球

总结：通过系统全面对非谓语的阐述，相信学生对非谓语有了进一步的了解。进而提高运用的能力。

参考文献：

1.王学锦，考试周刊第27期，2011.

2.祝晓光，新概念英语第二册语法精粹.