初中英语3种基本从句讲解

初中宾语定语状语从句

从句的共同特点

从句的共同特点：1.从句都有自己的连接词 2.从句都是陈述语序

1.：宾语从句

在研究宾语从句之前我们先来看一下什么是宾语。宾语表示动作行为的对象，宾语包括动宾、介宾，动宾就是跟在及物动词后的宾语，

宾语从句的特点：1.连接词2.宾语从句用陈述语序 3.宾语从句的时态宾语从句与其他名词性从句一样，也有三种类型：

1．由从属连词that引导的宾语从句表示陈述意义，连词that常可被省略。例如：I hope (that) they will have fun. Mary said that she felt sleepy. Can’t you see (that) I’m a bird?

注意：1）当主句的谓语动词是think,believe等时，宾语从句尽管要表示否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式。如：I don’t think he will come.我认为他不会来。

2）两个表示陈述意义的宾语从句并列时，有时省去第一个从句的连词that，但第二个从句的连词that一般不可以省略。如：

He told me (that)they could not decide what to do and that they asked my advice.

2.由从属连词if或whether引导的宾语从句表示“是否（有，能，已经……）”等一般疑问句的含义。

例如：I wonder whether (if) he lives here.

The teacher asked whether (if) they were getting ready for the English Evening.如果要强调“究竟……还是不……”，常用连词whether引导宾语从句，后面

再加or not或直接在whether后加or not。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。如：I’d be interested to know whether he will see the film“House of Flying Daggers”or not.=I’d be interested to know whether or no the will see the film“House of Flying Daggers”.

3.由连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which和连接副词when,where,how,why等引导的宾语从句表示“谁，谁的，什么，哪（个，些），何时，何地，怎样，为什么”等等特殊疑问句的意义。除了连接词及被修饰的词提前以外，宾语从句用陈述句语序。

例如：To masked who could give the message to her mother.

Do you know what he said just now? I wondered how old his brother was.

宾语从句的时态呼应：1）．当主句是现在时或将来时的时候，宾语从句可以用所需要的任何时态。

2）．主句是过去时，宾语从句一般只能用过去时的某种形式；当从句叙述的是客观事实或一般真理时，宾语从句仍然用现在时态。

3）．情态动词must一般不用于过去时，但却可以用于主句是过去时的宾语从句中。

二.宾语从句的语序；A.宾语从句的连接词后加陈述语序（主语在前，谓语在后）,如：

I want to know if he can come tomorrow

B.当连接词本身又是宾语从句的主语时，后面直接加谓语动词，如：She asked me who had helped him

三.宾语从句的时态，只要记住以下口诀就可以了“主现则从任，主过则从过，客观真理一般现”。

A.主现则从任：主句如果是一般现在时，则从句根据时间状语需要从八种时态中任选一种，如：1.He tells me he likes English very much(一般现在时)

2.He asks me if I saw his brother yesterday(一般过去时)

3.She wants to know what has happened(现在完成时)

4.I say that the world is changing all the time(现在进行时)

5.He wonders what I was doing at five yesterday afternoon.(过去进行时)

6.My father tells me that he will fly to Qingdao for a holiday(现在将来时)

7.My sister says he had learn one thousand English words by the end of last term(过去完成时)

8.My friends hopes me that I can help him(含情态动词的一般现在时)

B.主过则从过：主句如果是一般过去时，则从句根据时间状语需要从四种带“过”字的时态中任选一种，带“过”字的时态分别是如：1.一般过去时，2.过去进行时，3.过去将来时，4.过去完成时

1.He told me that he liked playing football(一般过去时)

2.She asked me whether I was watching TV at this time last day(过去进行时)

3.I wanted to say that our team would beat them(过去将来时)

4.He wondered if I had finished my homework (过去完成时)

5.I said I could help him (含情态动词的一般过去时)

C.客观真理一般现:客观真理永远用一般现在时，如：

1.He says the moon goes around the earth

2.He told me that one and one makes two.

2. 状语从句

状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等，根据状语的功能状语从句可分为：时间状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、条件状语从句。

一．时间状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。

时间状语的连接词：when（当…时候） while（当…时候） as（当…时候） after （在…以后） before（在…以前） as soon as（一…就） since（自从…到现在） till /until（直到…才） by the time（到…为止）依旧是连接词后加陈述语序。

举例：1.when当…的时候（一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。）Mozart started writing music when he was four years old.

(当)莫扎特的时候，开始写音乐作品。

I will become a teacher when I grow up

当我长大了，我要当老师

2.while当…时

He visited a lot of places while he was traveling.

他在旅途中参观了许多地方。

3.as在…的同时；一边…一边…

He smiled as he stood up.他一边站起来一边笑着。

4.after在…之后

He left the classroom after he had finished his homework the other day.

前几天做完作业之后回的家。

5.before 在…之前

Mr. Brown had worked in a bank for a year before he came here.

布朗先生来这之前已经在一家银行里工作一年了。

6.as soon as 一…就…(一般情况下主句是将来时的时候，从句要用一般现在时。) We began to work as soon as we got there.

我们一到那就开始工作。

I will write to you as soon as I get home.

我一到家就给你写信。

7.since 自…以来到现在

表示自过去的一个起点时间到目前(说话时间)为止的一段持续时间。主句一般用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。

Mr Green has taught in that school since he came to China three years ago. 自格林先生来中国以来，他就在这所学校教书。

(还可以用作介词，本句从句还可以用短语：since three years ago(自三年前以来)表示。)

8 till /until都可以作连词，连接时间状语，也可以作介词，与其它词构成介词短语，在句中作状语。

They walked till /until it was dark. 他们一直走到天黑。

Xiao Ming didn’t leave home till / until his father came back.

小明直到他爸爸回来才离开家。

9. by the time 到…为止 (所在句子的主句应用现在或过去完成时)

By the time he gets there , his father has already gone.

他到家的时候，他爸爸已经走了。

By the time I got to school, the class had already began.

我到校时，已经开始上课了。

用法辨析：1.when, while和as的区别

when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。

例如：

When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时，我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)

When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时，我常常为他担水。（延续性的动词）

We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开，就在那时他进来了。While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的，并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生（或者相对应）。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如：

While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词，was reading和was watching同时发生)

I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球，而你喜欢打篮球。（对比）

As表示“一边……一边”，as引导的动作是延续性的动作，一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生；as也可以强调“一先一后。例如：

We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。（as表示“一边……一边”）

As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时，开始下雪了。（as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生，而不强调开始下雪的特定时间）

as when while的辨析

as when while都表示主、从句动作同时发生，三者差异如下：

as表示“一边。。。一边＂的意思

强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时

用于发生时间较段时

when

1、还可以表示从句动词的动作在主几句动词的动作＂之前＂或＂之后＂发生。

2、when＝and then; at that moment (正在那个时候)

3.常用于常见搭配中

while

1、用于时间较长时

2、强调两个动作同时进行，并表示对比时

有时这三个连词可以互换，有时不可以。

lt was raining hard when (as) I got there.

我到那里时，正在下大雨。 ( 动作同时发生，when可换为as, 但不能换为while，因为get是点动词.)

When I had read the article, he called me.

我看完这篇文章之后，她给我打了电话。( 从句动作发生在主句之前，注意时态表达，只能用when )

When I got to the cinema, the film had begun.

(当)我到了电影院时，电影已经开演了。(从句的动作发生在主句之后，只能用when,并要注意时态)

He was about to leave, when the telephone rang.

他正要离开，忽然电话响了。( 此时不能放在句首。主句动词一般表达“正在”“即将”.

while, as不能代替

She thought I was talking about her daughter, while, in fact, I was talking

about my daughter.

他以为我在谈她女儿，然而，实际上在谈论我女儿。(表转折，对比，when, as都不能代替它)

While the alien was buying a souvenir, the girl called the police.

外星人买纪念品时，那女孩给警察打了电话。(表示主句，从句的动作同时发生，while 后引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词不能是点动词，因为它表示较长时间) Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as (when/ while) father was away.

妈妈担心，因为小爱丽丝病了，特别是他父亲不在家的时候。(此时as ,when, while 可通用)

2. 由till或until引导的时间状语从句。

till和until一般情况下两者可以互换，但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是：如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时，必须用否定形式；如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时，用肯定或否定形式都可以，但表达的意思不同。例如：

I didn't go to bed until（till） my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。

It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。

I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。

I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。

Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。

3. 由since引导的时间状语从句。

since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词，又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下，

从句谓语动词用一般过去时，而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时，表述为：现在完成时+since+一般过去时。但在It is ＋时间＋since从句的句型中，主句多用一般现在时。例如：

I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来，我一直在北京了。Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后，你到哪里去了？

It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。知识扩展

1. It is since从。。。以来多长时间了(因为since +从句或名词，表示一段时间)

It is five years since we met last time.从我们上次见面已经五年了。

2. It is +before…(。。。才)

It was a long time before I went to sleep again.

过了很长时间我才睡着。

It was an hour before(＝until) the police arrived.

过了一个小时，警察才来。

二.原因状语从句：在一个句子中作时间状语的句子。

连接词：由连词because, since, as引导, 也可由for, now that 等词引导

1.I didn’t go to school yesterday because I was ill.

我昨天没去上学，因为我生病了。

2. Since everybody is here, let’s begin our meeting.

既然大家都来了, 让我们开始开会吧.

3. As you are in poor health, you should not stay up late.

既然你身体不好, 你就不该熬夜.

4.I asked her to stay to tea, for I had something to tell her

我请她留下来喝茶,因为我有事要告诉她.

用法辨析：because , since , as , for辨析

1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。

I didn’t go, because I was afraid.

Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.

2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

He is absent today, becaus e / for he is ill.

He must be ill, for he is absent today.

三、条件状语从句

连接词：if如果, unless (=if not) 除非。(让步)

1.If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go hiking.

如果明天不下雨, 我们就去远足.

2.You will get good grades if you study hard.

如果你努力学习,就会取得好成绩.

3.I will go to the party unless he goes there too.

我不会去参加聚会的, 除非他也去.(如果他不去,我也不去.)

4.You will be late unless you leave immediately.

如果你不马上走,你将会迟到的.(=If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late.)

难点提示：用条件状语从句时要注意时态的正确使用,当主句是将来时的时候,从句要用一般现在时.

He will not leave if it isn’t fine tomorrow.

一般将来时，一般现在时

They are going to have a picnic if it doesn’t rain next week.

一般将来时, 一般现在时

四、目的、结果状语从句

目的状语从句是指在一个句子中充当目的状语的句子。

结果状语从句是指在一个句子中充当结果状语的句子

目的状语从句连接词so that, so…that , in order that 引导。

结果状语从句连接词 so…that, such…that, so much/many…that引导。

1.so…that 如此…以至于

The scientist’s report was so instructive that we were all very excited.科学家的报告很有教育性，我们感到很兴奋。

He always studied so hard that he made great progress.

他总是那么努力，所以他取得了很大的进步。

2.so that 以至于, 以便于

I’ll run slowly so that you can catch up with me. (目的)

我将慢慢跑以至于你能赶上我。

I opened the window so that fresh air might come in. (目的)

我把窗户打开以便于使新鲜空气可以进来。

3. such…that 如此…以至

It’s such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.

天气是如此的好，我们大家都想去公园玩。

4.in order that=so that:为了

We shall let you know the details soon in order that you can/may make your arrangements.

不久我们将会让你知道详情,以便你们能够做出安排。(目的)

5.比较：so和 such

其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little 连用，形成固定搭配。

so foolish such a fool

so nice a flower such a nice flower

so many / few flowers such nice flowers

so much / little money. such rapid progress

so many people such a lot of people

（ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.

He is such a young boy that he can’t go to school

难点

so+形容词或副词 so+形+a(an)+单数可数名词

so +many 或few+复数可数名词 +that

+much或 little+不可数名词

so that ,such…that 都可以in order that两者皆可引导目的地状语从句和结果状语从句，

当他们引导目的状语从句时，从句的谓语里常常有can, could, may, might, will, would等次。

so +adj或adv.+ that， such +n.+ that 以上两种句型都表示结果,其中so为副词,后接形容词，副词原型，当可数名词前有many, few；不可数名词前有much, little 修饰时，应采用句型：so many (few, much, little )+n. 。 such为形容词, 后只能接名词。这名词既可以地可数的，也可以是不可数的。如果这名词是可数的,则必须在名词前加不定冠词a(an). 常见的形式是:such a (beautiful)garden, such(nice)people.

1。I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.

我跌了很多跤，浑身数摔得清一块紫一块.

2。there are so few notebooks that I can’t give you any.

笔记本太少了,我一本也给不了你.

3。It is such nice weather that I’d like to take a walk.

天气是如此只好,以致于我想去散散步.

4。Mike is so honest a man that we all believe him.

麦克是如此诚实的一个人,以致于大家都相信他

(=Mike is such an honest man that we all believe him.)

5。The weather is so nice that I’d like to take a walk.

天气是如此只好,以致于我想去散散步.

五、让步状语从句

让步状语从句是指在句子中作让步的状语的句子

连接词： though, although.，whether…or not

难点：

though, although当“虽然”讲, 都不能和but连用. Although/though…but的格式是不对的.但是他们都可以同yet (still) 连用. 所以thought (although)…yet(still)的格式是正确的.

Wrong: Although he is rich but he is not happy.

Right : Although he is rich, yet he is not happy.

虽然他很富有, 然而他并不快乐.

Right : Although we have grown up, our parents treat us as children.

Right : Although we have grown up, our parents still treat us as children. 尽管我们已经长大了,可是我们的父母仍把我们看作小孩.

although, though 辨析

although 不能though 那样用作副词, 表示强调时要用even though.

1、He is looking fit, though.

但是,他看上去很健康. 考点

2、Even though I didn’t under a word, I kept smiling.

尽管我一个字也不懂，我还是一直微笑着。

3、He is quite experienced, he is young, though.

尽管他很年轻，他很有经验。

典型例题

1） ___she is young, she knows quite a lot.

A. When

B. However

C. Although

D. Unless

答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。

3) ever if, even though. 即使

We’ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.

尽管天气很坏，我们仍将要去旅行。

4) whether…or not 不管……都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.

不管你信不信，那是真的

第三讲no matter 从句

结构："no matter +特殊疑问词疑问词+陈述语序" 或"特殊疑问词+后缀ever+陈述语序"

No matter what happened, he would not mind.

Whatever happened, he would not mind.

替换：no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

（错）No matter what you say is not useful now.

（对）Whatever you say is not useful now.

你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)

（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they’re given,

（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they’re given.

3 定语从句

定语是指在句子中用来修饰名词、代词的成分，如：I will give my teacher a bunch of beautiful flower.(中beautiful就是定语)

定语从句是指在一个句子中作定语的句子，定语从句要放在所修饰的词后，如：I have met the doctor who is in the No.1 hospital.

定语从句的连接词：

1.连接代词：who、which、whom、whose、that

2.连接副词：when、where、why

选用连接词的关键是看先行词，先行词是指定语从句所修饰的名词或代词，如：The boy who is playing football is my brother. (这里the boy 就是先行词)

一、连接代词的选用：1.who指人，先行词为人,在从句中做主语

(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.

(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.

2. whom指人，先行词为人,在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。

(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.

(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.

注意：关系代词whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。

(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend

3.which指物，先行词为物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.

(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.

4. that指人时，相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.

(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?

5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语,译成"...的"

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常用以下结构来代替

(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.

(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) Do you like the book whose cover is yellow?=Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?

介词+连接代词引导的定语从句连接代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时

从句常由介词+连接代词引导

(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.

(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for.

(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked

about.

(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

注意：1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)

(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)

2. 若介词放在连接代词前，连接代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；连接代词是所有格时用whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)

(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)

(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)

(4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

3. “介词+连接代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代词或者数词

(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities

二、连接副词的选用：1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

(2) The time when we got together finally came.

2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语

(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

(3) Great changes have taken place in the city in which./where I was born.

三、判断关系代词和关系副词的方法

准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词,具体操作方法如下：提出定语从句，把先行词补进定语从句中，若是先行词作地点状语就用Where,若作时间状语就用when，若作原因状语就用why（先行词一般为the reason），其他情况则用连接代词，例1. Is this the museum ___ you visited a few days ago?

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?

A. where

B. that

C. on which

D. the one

例3. Is this the reason why you are late for school?

答案：

例1 D，例2 A

在句1中，定语从句you visited a few years ago 所缺部分为visited 后的宾语，因此先行词给该定语从句作宾语，故选连接代词，所以应选B。

而句2中, 定语从句the exhibition was held主、谓、宾俱全，将先行词the museum 代入定语从句，定语从句变为the exhibition was held in the museum，in the museum 是地点状语，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)；

先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)

四、介词+连接词用法说明

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。

2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ,where和why 互换，如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

This is the reason why he came late.

This is the reason for which he came late.

五、定语从句只能用that的几种情况

1．当先行词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时

(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?

(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for him in the world.