山东自考英语二题型分析

山东自考英语二题型分析
山东自考英语二题型分析

英语(二)课程考试是属于学业考试,本门课程的考试是依据全国高等教育自学考试指导委员会制订的纲和指定的全国统一教材来命题。其命题的难度和广度根据纲规定的知识范围和能力要求确定。试题包括客观性试题和主观性试题,各占卷面总分的50%。由于本课程的考试是学业考试,因此试题所选用的句子大部分是根据教材中出现的句子编写的,其余试题所用的句子虽然不是引自教材,但它们的选择也是严格依据纲的要求和教材的范围。

试题题型包括词汇与结构选择、完型填空、阅读理解、单词汉译英、填写语法形式、汉译英(句子)和英译汉(短文)。

I. 词汇与结构题(Vocabulary and Structure )

此题型有10 个小题,每小题1分,共10分。本题所用的句子根据教材中出现的句子编写,本题用来测验语法(主要为句子结构)和词的用法(主要为词的搭配、惯用语),比例各占一半。此题型所考查的重点主要包括以下几个方面:

1. 搭配题:搭配题型主要考查那些固定搭配的词组,主要是介词与其他词形成的固定的、习惯性的、成语性的搭配关系。例如:考查搭配under threat of

在...的威胁下;turn 这个动词与不同介词的搭配,turn out 结果证明是,结果是;turn up 出现;turn in 上交;出卖;turn down 拒绝。在复习备考时还要注意其他的一些动词与不同介词搭配的情况,尤其像set , take , break , get , put , bring , cut 等词与不同介词搭配的意思。一般来说这类题型比较容易,复习和备考时要注意教材后面的词组表。搭配题型在历年考试中都占有一定比例。

2.词义辨析题:这种题型主要考查词义相近或词型相近的词的辨析,或者是不相关的一些词的词义辨析。做这种题型的时候要根据句子上下文推理,弄清题意,分析选项,抓住线索,看一看选项的区别特征如结构、搭配、构词法等等,这些具有某种提示作用。然后去掉干扰,缩小选择范围,一般来说,4个选项中,有一到两个距题意要求较远,可首先排除掉,以提高命中率。

3 语法结构题:语法结构题主要考查非谓语动词(主要是分词作状语,分词的独立结构),引导从句(状语从句、定语从句、主语从句)的关联词或关系代词、关系副词等,强调句、倒装句。有时也考查动词的时态、被动语态、虚拟语气等。做语法题时,要努力分清句子的结构,是简单句,并列句,还是复合

句。是复合句,则要根据句子的性质、句意、上下文选择合适的连接手段。

II. 完型填空(Cloze Test )

完形填空是测试考生语篇理解能力和词汇运用能力的一种综合手段。做完形填空题,考生必须具有扎实的语法基础、比较牢固的词汇基础以及良好的语感。

按考纲规定,完形填空题的考查重点是语法,包括一致关系,动词时态、语态,名词的数,代词,形容词和副词的级,连词,介词等。从最近的几次考试看,完形填空题的语法重点仍在连接各种从句的关联词上,除此之外,也有一部分题是考查介词和代词的。在词汇方面,也可能考查一些常用词和习惯用语的用法。完型填空的题型分为:搭配题,语法题,词汇辨析题,逻辑关系题等。在做完型填空题时要注意下面一些解题步骤和方法技巧:

1. 快速浏览全文。做完型填空题时,首先要集中注意力将短文快速浏览一遍,尤其注意开头没有挖空的一个或几个句子,以此为“窗口”,了解文章的主题和大意。在浏览的过程中,注意捕捉关键词,记忆相关信息,以把握文章发展的基本线索,搞清上下文之间的逻辑关系。

2. 在快速浏览的基础上,开始复读做题。按照先易后难的原则,首先选出那些直接的、明显的,根据句子或上下文的意义就能确定的答案,如固定短语、常用句型、固定搭配、语法中的时态、语态等。这样做一方面能增强信心,减轻心理压力,另一方面也能使文章内容趋于完整,为解决难度较大的选项提供帮助信息。

3. 全部题目做完后,将填好空格的文章从头到尾读一遍,检查前后是否连贯,句子是否通顺,内容是否清楚。

完型填空着眼于整体效果,考生一定要“顾全大局”,从全文的角度来审视各个具体空格的填词。III. 阅读理解(Reading Comprehension )

阅读理解题占英语二考试总分的30% ,是七道大题中所占比例最大的一项。阅读理解由三篇短文构成,每篇短文约350词,短文后有5道小题,共15道小题,每小题2分。三篇短文均选自教材以外的文章,难度相当于下册教材后半部分的课文。题材上,阅读理解题的文章涉及一般经济、社会、文化、科普和日常生活方面的内容。

有些同学在阅读时存在一些不良的阅读习惯,比如逐词指读、出声阅读,母语译读或频繁复读等习惯,

这些不良的阅读习惯是影响阅读速度和对文章整体把握的重要原因。因此,在考试中做阅读理解题时一定要注意除了题目本身所要求查找的细节外,阅读时不要逐字逐句地死抠,而要有所侧重,主要侧重以下几个方面:

1) 侧重首段、尾段,首句、尾句、

因为这些部分往往是作者所要谈及的论点、主题或中心思想,抓住了主干,那么细节问题就会迎刃而解。

2)侧重语篇标志词。

语篇标志词。语篇中句子和句子之间、段落和段落之间就是通过这种词语连接起来的,把握住这些词语就等于把握了句与句、段与段之间的关系,对于获取所需信息、准确答题至关重要。语篇标志词主要表示:(1)例解;(2)列举;(3)比较;(4) 转折和对比;(5)原因;(6) 结果;(7) 方式手段;(8) 时间;

(9)地点;(10) 目的;(11)分类;(12)补充;(13)强调;(14)条件;(15)结论。

3)侧重长句、难句。

因为英语表达多以冗长著称,论理性很强的文章更是如此。通过较长的句子来表达复杂的思想内容,从而使文章更具有说服力。所以,我们在阅读时,必

须重视长句、难句,认真分析句子,把握关键。事实上,不少问题就是针对这些长句、难句而设置的。阅读理解题主要考查五个方面的内容:

1)词与短语的意思;

2)句子表达的内容和内容之间的联系;

3)文章主题思想和大意;

4)句子和文章的内在含义及推理;

5)文章作者的态度。

英语二考试阅读理解题型相对规范、稳定,主要题型有:

1) 主旨题:

这类问题主要测试考生把握主题与中心思想的能力。主要形式有:

a. The main idea of this passage is ________.

b. The passage mainly discusses ____________.

c. What is the passage primarily concerned about?

d. What is the main topic of this passage?

e. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

f. The best title for this passage might be _________.

作者的态度、写作目的与主题和中心思想关系密

切,可以看作主旨题的延伸。主要形式有:

问写作目的:

g.The author writes this passage mainly to _______.

h.The author\’s purpose in writing this passage is _________.

问态度:

i.The author\’s attitude towards ... is _________.

j.The tone of this passage can be described as ___________.

主旨是一篇文章或一个段落的核心,通常以主题句(topic sentence )的形式出现在文中。准确把握主题句是解答这类题的关键。主题句一般具有意思完整概括、形式简单的特点。一个段落一般围绕一个主题句展开,其他句子对主题句进行阐述、扩展或论证。由于文章的题材和要求不同,主题句的位置不尽相同,但一般位于篇章、段落的开头或结尾,但应注意,这类题目的正确选择项决不会是原文主题句的简单重复,而是其意思的重新表述。

2) 细节题:

这类问题测试考生把握文章细节的能力,主要与文中的考点相联系,如:最高级、唯一性、其他对比、

数字年代、原因等。主要形式有:

是非题:(三正一误或三误一正)

a. Which of the following is True ?

b. Which of the following is NOT True ?

c. Which of the following is Not mentioned in Paragraph ...?

例证题:

a. The author gives an example in Paragraph .. mainly to show that ______.

其他具体细节题:

a. From the passage , it can be seen that ....

b. The main reason for ...is _________.

细节题的答案一般都能直接从原文中找到。但是细节题一方面数量较多,另一方面细节在文章中的位置往往不太显眼,因此细节题比较费时间。比较好的做法是在浏览全文时,将标志主要事实和细节的语言标志做记号,看完问题后找出题干或题支的关键线索,然后到原文中定位,那么这些有记号的地方都是要首先要看的地方。另外细节题的正确选项也不会是原文句子的重复,而是用一些与原文句子中的某个词的同义词或近义词来进行表述,或是用另外一个相同意思的句子来表述。

3) 推理题

这类题主要测试考生能否在理解字面意义的基础上,根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论,进而理解文章的隐含意义和深层意义。

主要形式有:

a. It is implied in the passage that ________.

b. The passage implies (suggests) that ________.

c. It can be inferred from the passage that _________.

d. It can be concluded from the passage that ________.

e. From the passage we can infer (draw the conclusion) that _________.

推理题的难度比较大,推理题一般综合性较强,应尽可能在速读完全文后再做。推理题必须基于事实依据,不可主观臆断,推理的结果不只是事实本身。考生应在准确把握全篇主旨或段落主题的基础上,分析句与句之间的关系,捕捉语言线索,揣测作者的意图,切不可死抠字面意思。

4) 词义题

这类问题主要测试考生使用词语搭配和根据上下文判断词义的能力。主要形式有:

a. The word "..." in line (Paragragh... )most probably means ______.

b. In paragraph ..., the word "..." refers to (stands for) _______.

c. The word "..." in Paragraph ... can be best replaced by ________.

词汇题考查的词汇主要是熟词僻义或生词,熟词僻义指考查常用词的不常见意义。遇上这样的词,一方面应推敲上下文,领会其意思,或对词的本义作适当引申;另一方面要坚决排除其常见意义选项。词义题中如果考生词、难词的话,那么命题者一定是选中在上下文中有线索可循的单词,那么考生所要做的就是冷静地理解上下文,找准其中线索,合理推测,考生可采取以下方法:

(1) 利用定义、解释推测;(2) 利用列举推测;

(3) 利用对比关系推测;

(4) 利用构词法推测;(5) 利用上下文的相关信息综合判断。

III. 单词拼写(Word Spelling )

考纲对词汇拼写题的命题要求是主要选择常用词,这道题看似简单,但其实是比较不容易得分的,因此在做题时一定要注意单词拼写的准确性同时还

要注意三个方面:词性、单词的第一个字母以及所给空格数。

IV. 词型变化题(Word Form )

这个题型主要考查动词的形态变化,也就是说,根据句子的实际情况将动词的原形变为适当的形式。还包括少量的试题考查形容词和副词的比较级或最高级的形式变化,尤其是几个不规则变化的形容词和副词。还可能考查名词的词形变化,名词主要考查名词变复数的规则,特别是一些不规则变化。另外词性转换也是考试的重点。

做词型变化题时一定要先确定所填的词的词性,如果是动词的话,要搞清楚它在句中是谓语动词还是非谓语动词,然后再作相应的变化,如果是谓语动词,要考虑根据句子的结构、句子意思和时间状语等填动词的各种时态、语态或虚拟语气。如果这个动词不是句中的谓语动词,那么需要考虑填什么样的非谓语动词,动词不定式、分词、还是动名词。

V. 汉译英(Translation from Chinese into English )

本题主要测试考生主动运用英语的能力。通常每个句子包含一个或一个以上的语法重点,如时态,被动语态,非谓语动词,复合句,虚拟语气,强调句,

倒装句或某个常用词组。共有五个汉语句子,要求译成英语,每句3分,共15分。

按考纲规定,汉译英题中的句子是根据教材中的句子编写的。由于教材课文中的句子大多数都比较长,所以实际考试的句子一般比原文的句子简短,有的句子是根据教材中的语法、课文或词汇的练习题编写,还有的则是教材以外的句子。

评分参照如下标准:译文理解正确,表达通顺,无语法大错,可给3分;译文理解正确,表达大部分通顺,有1个语法大错,可给2分:译文理解正确,表达基本通顺,有2个语法大错,可给1.5分:译文理解基本正确,表达一般,有较多的语病,可给1分;比第四等级更差的译句,不给分;拼写错误、用词错误等因素进行综合考虑,每句酌情扣0.5一1分。

做汉译英题时,一定要先筹划,要找出句子的主要结构,并且细心斟酌选用哪些词或词组才能确切地表达原文的意思,然后再来翻译。

VI. 英译汉(Translation from English into Chinese )

英译汉的关键首先是要理解原文。除了要具备阅读理解能力以外,还需要有正确的汉语表达能力,即要用通顺的汉语把原文的思想内容完整地表达出来。

另外还要掌握一些翻译的技巧和汉英两种语言在表达上的不同。考前要复习下册后面五个单元的翻译技巧讲解。

翻译是一个实践的过程,因此建议大家在平时学习时要经常做一些翻译的练习,只有在练习中才能真正掌握翻译的有关理论和技巧,才能提高翻译的能力和水平。

单选10分,完形填空10分,阅读30分,单词拼写10分,英译汉和汉译英各15分,词形填空10分

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2011年7月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二)试卷 I. Vocabulary and. Structure (10 points, 1 point each) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1 .Students should_____their own interests as well as do their schoolwork. A. persuade B .pursue C. persist 2. I'd like to remind you that there is no_____on the part of suspects to answer questions. A. obligation 3. He blamed his poor performance_____jet lag. B .for 4 .We_____knowledge from our families,schools,jobs,and the mass media. 5. Not until recently_____that Thompson had ben telling the truth all along. realized I realize did realize I 6. I don’t need any help at the moment,but I_____your offer. 7 .The sad condition of women working as house servants around the world received much media_____early this year. A .importance B. attention 8 .She has no hostility to us, _____can be judged from her eyes. A. that 9 .When you're_____ a crisis, it often helps to talk to someone. through in for after over on whether the message is right or wrong should at least come after _____what the message is. out out out out II. Cloze Test (10 points,1 point each) 下列短文中有十个空白,每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案,并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 People in all parts of the world are observing "No Tobacco Day". It is the day 11 the World Health Organization (WHO) appeals to people to stop using tobacco products. WHO hopes if people stop smoking cigarettes or 12 tobacco for one day, they will stop permanently. Health experts have warned for years that smoking can lead to heart disease, cancer and other 13 .WHO says diseases linked to smoking kill 14 2,500,000 persons each year. Still, many people find it 15 stopping smoking. One reason is nicotine, a substance found in cigarettes. Nicotine is a drug. Its effects are 16 those of cocaine and heroin. "No Tobacco Day" is intended for smokers and 17 who earn money from tobacco sales. So businesses are urged to stop selling tobacco products for twenty-four hours. 18 are urged not to carry advertisements for cigarettes. WHO has approved plans to help reach its 19 of a "smoke-free" world. They urge governments to take action to help 20 make money by growing other crops. They also call for improved public information campaigns about the risks of smoking. 11. A. whether B. which C. when D. what

山东自考英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy (n.有文化,有教养,有读写能力)in Australia,就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样,there has been foreign languages fervor[f??v?] in China,中国也掀起一股外语热,with English on top of the list. 在这股热潮中,英语高居榜首。English is not only taught at schools,colleges and universities,but also at evening classes,on radio and TV.不仅各级学校教英语,夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。Parents hire private tutors for their school children;父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教,adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination. 成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日,到公园参加英语角,与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? 英语真的有这么难,需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? The answer,if I am asked to offer,is undoubtedly,yes.如果我被问及这个问题,那么毫无疑问,我的答案是:是的。From my personal experience, 从我个人的经验来看,I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation,its grammatical rules,its words,etc.英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等,It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it.它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。Without such a complete understanding of the language, 对英语没有这样全面的理解,the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation,sentence structure and the words he uses.即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误,一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it.讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。Take the Chinese English learners for example.以学英语的中国人为例," Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people."你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?",which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese."你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语,若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?",他们会因此感到不悦,这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? 这个英语句子结构不对吗? Of course not.当然不是。It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. 学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。By the same token,同样,"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. 英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语),会觉得中国人非常好客,会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。Meanwhile,the Chinese would be shocked to hear,"Oh,it's very nice of you.When?",if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet.如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食,又碰巧没有吃饭,他会回答"太好了,什么时候?",中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner.Why can't we say pig,bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork,beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions.中国的英语学习者可能会这样问:"我们可以说吃鸡,为什么不能说吃猪、吃牛、吃羊,而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、羊肉呢?"Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners.对学习英语的中国人来说,为这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易事。But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history.问题在于如果不懂英国历史,死记硬背英语单词毫无效率。Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken.所以说,学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习使用该语言国家的历史知识。A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak

自考英语二历年真题及答案(2005-2014)史上最全

2005年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二)试卷及答案 (课程代码:00015) PART ONE (50 POINTS) Ⅰ.Vocabulary and Structure (10 points, 1 point for each item) 从下列各句四个选项中选出一个最佳答案,并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 1.Would’t you rather your child ______ successful with his study and won the scholarship? A. became B. become C. would become D. becomes 2. Although Tom is satisfied with his academic achievement, he wonders _______will happen to his family life. A. it B. that C. what D. this 3. We hope that all the measures against sandstorms, ________ was put forward by the committee, will be considered seriously at the meeting . A. while B. after C. since D. as 4. We cannot leave this tough job to a person_________. A. who nobody has confidence B. in whom nobody has confidence C. for whom nobody has confidence D. who everyone has confidence of 5. You are the best for the job _____ you apply your mind to it . A. until B. if only C. in case D. unless 6.Hey, leave _____!I hate people touching my hair. A. behind B. out C. off D. over 7.I thought the problem of water shortage would ________ at the meeting but nobody mentioned it. A. come up B. come up to C. come over D. come to 8.Mr.Smith , can I ________ you for a minute? I’d like to hear your opinion on this issue. A. say a word with B. have words with C. mention a word with D. have a word with 9.There is a deadlock (僵局) in the discussion when neither side gives ________ to the over . A. a way B. way C. the way D. its way 10. This type of desk and chair can be adjusted ________ the height of students at different ages. A. with B. for C. to D. in Ⅱ.Cloze Test (10 points, 1 point for each item) 下列短文中有十个空白,每个空白有四个选项。根据上下文要求选出最佳答案,并在答题卡上将相应的字母涂黑。 For over a hundred years Japan has consistently spent large sums of money and considerable human resources in an effort to obtain technology. Her ability to negotiate __11___ by the fact most of the technology she wanted was no commercial secrets. Japan’s __12__ has also been strengthened by the fact that her internal market was large, so that __13__ to this market could be offered to multinational companies as an attraction to them to grant licenses. Besides, Japan’s work force was disciplined, so it was capable __14__ applying the information it acquired. Finally, American and European companies, who were __15__ licensers, felt that the

全国至自学考试英语二历年真题及答案全集

全国至自学考试英语二历年真题及答案全集 Last revision on 21 December 2020

2014年4月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二)试题答案及评分参考 第一部分:阅读选择(第1-10题,每题1分,共10分) 第二部分:阅读判断(第11-15题,每题2分,共10分) 第三部分:概括段落大意和补全句子(第16-25题,每题1分,共10分) 第四部分:填句补文(第26-30题,每题1分,共10分) 第五部分:填词补文(第31-40题,每题1分,共10分) 第六部分:完型补文(第41-50题,每题分,共15分) 绝密★启用前 2014年10月高等教育自学考试全国统一命题考试 英语(二)试题答案及评分参考 (课程代码00015) 第一部分:阅读判断(第1~10题,每题1分,共10分) 1、B 2、B 3、A 4、C 5、B 6、C 7、A 8、A 9、B 10、A 第二部分:阅读选择(第11~15题,每题2分,共10分)

11、D 12、A 13、C 14、B 15、A 第三部分:概括段落大意和补全句子(第16~25题,每题1分,共10分) 16、C 17、D 18、A 19、B 20、F 21、D 22、F 23、E 24、A 25、C 第四部分:填句补文(第26~30题,每题2分,共10分) 26、C 27、E 28、A 29、F 30、B 第五部分:填句补文(第31~40题,每题分,共15分) 31、G 32、I 33、B 34、H 35、A 36、K 37、C 38、E 39、L 40、J 第六部分:完形补文(第41~50题,每题分,共15分) 41、born 42、resulted 43、growth 44、manufacturing 45、moved 46、addition 47、fewer 48、machines 49、unnecessary 50、unemployment 【评分参考】本部分无分和1分的计分。语法错误或拼写错误均不给分;英、美拼写均可接受;大小写错误不扣分。 第七部分:短文写作(第51题,30分) 51.范文(略)

山东自考(00015)英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia,there has been foreign languages fervor in China,with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools,colleges and universities,but also at evening classes,on radio and TV.Parents hire private tutors for their school children;adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer,if I am asked to offer,is undoubtedly,yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样,中国也掀起一股外语热,在这股热潮中,英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语,夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教,成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日,到公园参加英语角,与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难,需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题,那么毫无疑问,我的答案是:是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation,its grammatical rules,its words,etc.It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it.Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation,sentence structure and the words he uses. 从我个人的经验来看,英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等,它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解,即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误,一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it.Take the Chinese English learners for example." Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people.It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?",which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese.Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not.It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token,"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile,the Chinese would be shocked to hear,"Oh,it's very nice of you.When?",if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例,"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语,若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?",他们会因此感到不悦,这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样,英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语),会觉得中国人非常好客,会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食,又碰巧没有吃饭,他会回答"太好了,什么时候?",中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner.Why can't we say pig,bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork,beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions.Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners.But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history.Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken.A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history.Consequently, the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few. 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问:"我 们可以说吃鸡,为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊,而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说,为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史,死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说, 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多,因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处,并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以,在中国,英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者,也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English.Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she",for the two words sound the same,though,different in written forms in Chinese.As a result, some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes.But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins.The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values,to a certain extent, affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he/she reads and hears.Only by developing an understanding and tolerance(忍受)of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers. 英语学习中,东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法,因为这两个字尽管 字形不同,读音却相同,他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论,认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候,英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆,在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容,才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all,of course!)in learning English.Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write.This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech, the amount of information conveyed, and,above all,the quality of communication. 学习英语的中国人,只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候,将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语,这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量,最重要的是,影响交 流的质量。 The above is,not wholly,how difficult English is.Some native speakers might have said,"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying."Why should l?"1 would protest,though.Still,I have to keep asking myself:Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全,以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说:"你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳:"我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问:一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this.Linguists are working on this problem in two ways.First,they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language. 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言,大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面, 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak.Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage.This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that, along with many other things,they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language,and a little help from their parents,they are able to learn to speak.Another group of linguists does not think this is correct. 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的;而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力, 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触,在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents.They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language.When children know some words,their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences.These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language.Instead, parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case,the environment is their family and their home. As you see,the first group of linguists disagrees. 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后,父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为,父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反,父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为, 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下,语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出,第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language.Many people are studying the process of language learning by children.This work is being done in many countries.Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process.Many psychologists,doctors, and parents are also interested.People who teach foreign languages are interested, too. 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家,许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason.If they knew how children learn their native language,perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language.This is a very interesting idea.Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children.These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom.They will not talk to students in the native language.They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible.They do not teach them any rules for using the language.Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage,either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly.Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students,this method is successful.They learn to speak quickly and easily.They seem to enjoy using the language,and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say.Some students, however,cannot learn a language this way.Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language. 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣,有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语,就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学:课堂上只讲外 语,不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式, 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则,而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说,这种方 法是成功的,他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言,并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法,语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method,the rule-learning method,sometimes works better with these students.Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language.They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly.These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn.Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again.The students are encouraged to make up new sentences, using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know. 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则,必须练 习使用这种语言,练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则,再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习,同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method.They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it,too.For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language.For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class, hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it.These people are rare. 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好,他们学得很快,用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则,能够使用 所学的语言,也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说,这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说,两种方 法都行之有效。有时候,老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用,目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听,与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily.Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language.Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language. 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后,语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States.I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about. 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国,是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦,自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit.It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States.I was eager to see my parents, my brothers and sisters,and my friends. 几个月前,我回香港探亲,这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived.Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago.Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it.My elementary school was gone.The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings. 到达时,我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化,一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉,代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city,however,was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home.My family greeted me warmly when I arrived.While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor,the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States.I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after,but then I began to feel that something was wrong.I noticed that my family, especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking.They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me,and I became uncomfortable and confused as to(至于)why they were behaving that way. 但是,我到了父母亲家里不久,就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题,情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比,香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风,家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到,在我讲话的时候,我的家人, 尤其是我母亲,会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地,大家对我疏远起来, 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服,弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother.She asked me,“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant.She said.“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home.You talk when you should remain silent.You speak on matters that are of concern only to men.You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires.That’s not the way of a Chinese woman.We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves.” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我:“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说:“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候, 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望,这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke,I realized what had happened to me.American including American women,are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings.Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject.They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion.I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years,,I had gradually adopted some of their ways. 听着母亲这样讲,我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人,包括美国女性,都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样,对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中,她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想,过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman.But it didn’t work.My family remained distant from me.They could no longer accept me fully as one of them.I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country. 接下来的几天,我尽力作一名中国女 性,可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人,这使我更加不自在, 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States.But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain.In fact,I feel more confused than before.I now feel homeless.I don’t feel like an American.Americans haven’t accepted me.The women I work with at the store are polite enough,but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them.During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping.On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night.My accent,my name,and 1

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