戴炜栋《新编简明英语语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(语义学)【圣才】

第5章语义学

5.1 复习笔记

本章要点：

1. Semantics

语义学

2. The referential and sense

指称和涵义

3. Analysis of meaning

意义分析

4. Component analysis

成分分析

5. Sentence meaning

句子意义

本章考点：

语义学的定义；词汇意义关系(同义、反义、下义)；识别各种实例中词与词的意义关系、以及句与句之间的蕴涵、前提、会话含义、同义、不相容、语义矛盾、语义反常等意义关系；用成分分析法分析同义词、反义词，句子意义的区别等；反义词的种类及举例。

本章内容索引：

I. The definition of Semantics

II. Some views concerning the study of meaning

1. The naming theory

2. The conceptualist view

3. Contextualism

4. Behaviorism

III. Lexical meaning

1. Sense and reference

2. Major sense relations

(1) Synonymy

(2) Polysemy

(3) Homonymy

(4) Hyponymy

(5) Antonymy

IV. Sense relations between sentences

1. X is synonymous with Y

2. X is inconsistent with Y

3. X entails Y. (Y is an entailment of X.)

4. X presupposes Y. (Y is a prerequisite of X)

5. X is a contradiction

6. X is semantically anomalous

V. Analysis of meaning

1 Componential analysis—a way to analyze lexical meaning

2 Predication analysis—a way to analyze sentence meaning

I. The definition of Semantics（语义学定义）

【考点：名词解释，与语用学的区分】

Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning.

语义学可以简单地定义为对意义的研究。

II. Some views concerning the study of meaning（有关意义研究的一些观点）

1. The naming theory（命名论）

(1) Content（内容）

Naming theory was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. According to this theory, the linguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are simply labels of the objects they stand for. So words are just names or labels for things.

命名论是由古希腊学者柏拉图提出的。据此理论，语言学形式和符号，换言之，就是一门语言中所使用的词仅仅是其所代表的物体的标记。所以词语只不过是其所代表的事物的名字或标记。

(2) The limitations（局限性）

①This theory seems applicable to nouns only, but verbs, adjectives, and adverbs such as “think”, hard”, “slowly” are definitely not labels of objects.

②Besides, within the category of nouns, there are nouns which denote things

that do not exist in the real world such as “ghost”, “dragon”, and“unicorn”, and also nouns that do not refer to physical objects. but abstract notions such as “joy”, “impulse”.

①首先，这一理论看起来仅适用于名词，而像think、hard和slowly这样的动词、形容词和副词就绝对不是物体的标记。

②另外，在名词这一范畴之内，有些名词指称的是现实世界中根本就不存在的事物，如ghost (鬼)、dragon (龙)和unicorn (独角兽)，还有一些名词并不是指实物性的物体，而是指像joy，impulse这样的抽象概念。

2. The conceptualist view（概念论）

This conceptualist view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i. e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.

This is best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle or triangle of significance suggested by Ogden and Richards:

In the diagram，the SYMBOL or FORM refers to the linguistic elements(words，phrases)，the REFERENT refers to the object in the world of experience, and THOUGHT or REFERENCE refers to concept.

Problem: the link between the symbol and the concept remains unclarified.

概念论认为，在语言学形式和它的所指之间并不存在直接的联系(即在语言和真实世界之间并没有直接联系)；而是在意义的诠释中它们通过大脑思维中的概念为媒介相连。

这在由奥格登和理查兹所提出的经典语义三角或意义三角中得到极好的例示：

在该图中，”符号”或“形式”指的是语言学成分(单词、词组)，“所指”指的是现实世界中的物体，而“思想”或“指称”是指概念。

问题：因为符号和概念之间确切的联系是什么这个问题还没有得以澄清。

3. Contextualism（语境论）

The theory holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation，use，context elements closely linked with language behaviour. A representative of this approach was J. R. Firth.

The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts. Two kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistic context.

这种理论认为意义应当从场景、运用、语境这些与语言行为紧密相联的成分的角度来进行研究。这一观点的代表人物是约翰·鲁南特·弗斯。

意义的语境论基于这样一个假设：人们可以从可观察的语境中推出意义，或者将意义还原至可观察的语境。已被人们承认的语境有两种：场景语境和语言语境。

4. Behaviorism（行为主义论）

Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer. ”(Bloomfield, 1933).

行为主义者试图将语言形式的意义定义为”言者发出该形式的场景和它在听者身上所起的反应”。(布龙菲尔德，1933 )。

III. Lexical meaning（词汇意义）

1. Sense and reference（涵义和指称）

(1) Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and

de-contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.

涵义指的是语言形式的内在意义。它是语言形式所有特征的集合，是抽象的，而且与语境无关，是词典编篡者所感兴趣的方面。

(2) Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real. physical world；it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.

指称意指语言形式在现实的物质世界中所指的事物;它涉及的是语言成分和非语言的经验世界之间的关系。

▼(3) Relation of sense and reference（二者关系）

【考点：名词解释&辨析—Sense和Reference的区别】

The distinction between sense and reference is comparable. Sense refers to the