化工专业英语复习

有机化学：

alkane , “-ene”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl” , aldehyde, amide, ether, ester, ketone, alcohol, carboxylic acid, acetic acid, acid chloride

carbon, hydrocarbon, carbohydrate, Lewis acid, Lewis base, amine, ammonium, Grignard reagent, carbonium ion, carbonyl, benzene, hydroxyl, functional group, homologue, homologous, heteroatom, organometallic

isomer, stereochemistry, stereoisomer, optically active, optical rotation, conformational isomer, eclipsed conformation, staggered conformation

isolation, reflux, evaporation, filtration, crystallisation, extraction, distillation, residue, by-product, dehydrate

nucleophilic, electrophilic, addition, substitution, electronegativity

aliphatic, aromatic,

derivative, be derived from, parent member

bond angle, single bond, double bond, triple bond, cis, trans, localized, delocalized, resonance, intermediate, polarize, orbital

无机化学:

oxide, hydroxide, carbon dioxide, halide,

-ate(carbonate, nitrate, sulphate)

-ium(lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum)

zinc, copper, iron

oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, neutralization, decomposition

acid, oxyacid, hydrochloric acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrobromic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid，nitric acid

base, alkali, alkali-earth

hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, halogen

sp3-hybridized, formula,

物理化学:

intermolecular, intramolecular,

thermodynamics, exothermic, endothermic, law, constant, kinetics, rate coefficient, plot A against B, slope, reciprocal, mechanism, order, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, crystal, amorphous, phase, interfacial, interfacial tension,

solute, solvent, dissolve, soluble ,solubility, capillary, saturation, aqueous

equilibrium, forward, backward, reversible, irreversible,

hydrophilic, hydrophobic, amphiphilic, lipophilic, surfactant, cationic, anionic, non-ionic, positive ion, negative ion, saponification, water-in-oil, oil-in-water, contact angle, wet, emulsifier, emulsion, suspension

starch, preservative, zeolite, degradable, adsorption

homogeneous, heterogeneous,

分析化学:

titration, analyte, titrant, standard solution, indicator, complexometric, precipitation, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

qualitative analysis, quantitative analysis

equimolar, molarity, concentration, stoichiometric,

dilute, chelating agent

spectroscopy, spectrum, mass spectrometry, gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance

高分子化学:

macromolecule, polymer, dimer, trimer, tetramer, polysaccharide, addition polymer, condensation polymer, liner polymer, net-work polymer, cross-linked polymer

化工:

conduction, convention, countercurrent, co-current, batch process

翻译练习—单词

（一）单词的增译及省译

1.Practically all substance expand when heated and contract when cooled.

实际上一切物质都是热胀冷缩的。(省译“when, and, when”)

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b010584496.html,anic compounds are usually volatile and possess low melting points.

有机化合物通常容易挥发且熔点较低。(省译动词“possess”)

3.Being stable in air at ordinary temperature ,mercury combines with oxygen if heated.

水银常温下在空气中是稳定的，但如果加热时，它会与氧化合。(增译“但”)

翻译练习—单词

（二）单词的引申译

1.Tertiary alcohols are very resistant to oxidation.

叔醇难于氧化

2.For the series of normal alkanes, those having one to four carbon atoms are gases.

对直链烃系而言，含有一至四个碳原子的是气体。

翻译练习—单词

（三）名词的单复数

1.If the unsaturation is due to the presence of a triple bond then the compounds are

called alkynes.

如果不饱和现象是由于叁键的存在，则该类化合物称为炔烃。

(加译“类”，“炔烃”不必译出复数。)

2. A body with a negative charge possesses more elections than protons.

带负电的物体所含的电子比质子多。(不译作“一个负电，一个物体”)

翻译练习—词类转换的译法

1.The zinc plate becomes more and more negatively charged with electrons ,as more

atoms of zinc dissolve.

随着越来越多的锌原子溶解，锌极板上充满了电子，使它变得越来越负。(adj. v.)

2.Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter.

气体和固体的区别在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。(v.→n.)

3.One of the outstanding properties of carbon atom is its ability to share its electrons with

other carbon atoms.

碳原子的突出性质之一是它能与其它碳原子共用其电子。(n.→v.)

4.The chlorine from salt is used for bleaching paper and textiles.

用食盐制取的氯被用来漂白纸张和纺织品。(prep.→v.)

5.In their work they pay much attention to the combination of theory with practice.

他们在工作中非常注重理论联系实际。(n.→v.)

翻译练习—句子成分转换的译法

1.In an absorption system, the refrigerant is usually ammonia.

吸收系统中，通常用氨做冷却剂。(表语→宾语)

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b010584496.html,anic compounds will not usually conduct an electric current when in solution.

有机化合物的溶液通常不导电。(状语→主语)

3.The two electrons involved in a covalent bond have their spins oppositely directed.

此共价键中的两个电子的自旋方向相反。(宾语→主语)

4.None of these metals have conductivity higher than copper.

这些金属的导电率都不会超过铜。(宾语→主语)

5.The different hydrocarbons in crude oil boil at different temperatures.

原油中各种烃的沸点不同。(谓语→主语)

翻译练习—词序转变的译法

1.Wetting agents are required to prepare proper dispersion of fine particle powders in

liquids/pastes such as color makeup.

要制备将细小粉粒适当分散在液体或膏体中的产品，如着色化妆品，需要润湿剂。

(状语的变序)

2.Alkanes undergo reactions such as cracking, alkylation, oxidation, halogenation,

nitration and so on.

烷烃能进行诸如裂化、烷基化、氧化、卤化、硝化等反应。(同位语的变序)

翻译练习—被动语态的译法

https://www.360docs.net/doc/b010584496.html,rge-scale evaporation process is being developed and used for recovering potable

water from seawater. Here the condensed water is the desired product. Only a fraction of the total water in the feed is recovered , and the remainder is discarded.

目前，大规模的蒸发工艺过程正在发展并用于从海水中回收有饮用水。这里,冷凝水就是希望

得到的产品。但被回收的的水仅是加入的总水量的一部分,而剩余部分则被扔掉。

（第一、二个被动态：被动意义译成主动意义；第三、四个被动态：加译“被”。)

2.If the product is suspected of being a compound already known, it is then physically

compared with the known material to establish its identity.

如果推测产物是一个已知的化合物,那就可以用物理方法将它与已知物进行比较以确定它们的一致性。

(第一个被动态，先译谓语，再译主语；第二个被动态，在主语前加译“将”。)

3 Careful attention must be paid to the construction of the diagram in using this equation.

用这一公式时必须认真注意其图形结构。

(译成无主语句，先译谓语，再译主语。)

翻译练习—后置定语的译法

1.The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile

solute and a volatile solvent.

蒸发的目的是浓缩由非挥发性溶质和挥发性溶剂所组成的溶液。

(现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰“solution”，译作“……的”。)

2.This led to the proposals that an acid is a chemical species that can give hydrogen ions

or protons in a chemical reaction.

这就导致这样一个提法：酸是一类化学物质，它在化学反应中能给出氢离子或质子。

(定语从句译成并列分句)

3.Potential energy that is not so obvious as kinetic energy exists in many things.

势能虽然不象动能那样明显，但它存在于许多物体之中。(定语从句译成让步状语从句)

4. A gas occupies all of any container in which it is placed.

无论把气体装在什么容器里，都会把它充满。(定语从句译成条件状语从句)

5.The problem whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules has been

solved.

天然橡胶是否是线型链状分子的聚合物，这个问题已经解决了。

(同位语作后置定语，其先行词为“problem”，翻译时要变序)

6.Metal , which possess strength, ductility, malleability, and other remarkable properties,

have suppleanted other classes of engineering materials to a considerable extent.

由于金属所具有的强度、延展性、柔韧性以及其它显著特性，因而在很大程度上已替代了其它种类的工程材料。(定语从句译成原因状语从句)

7.Matter has certain features or properties that enable us to recognize it easily

物质具有一定的特征或特性，所以我们能够容易地识别它。(定语从句译成结果状语从句) 翻译练习—长句的译法

1.Total determination of structure is also possible by means of X-ray diffraction, so that the

classical goal of structure studies-ascertaining the relative spatial positions of all the atoms in any molecule-can be readily and routinely attained.

全面的结构测定也可以借助X射线衍射来完成，因此结构研究的经典目标—确定任何分子中所有原子的相对空间位置—就能很快地用常规的方法来完成。(顺译法)

2.Valuable solvent vapors carried by a gas stream may be recovered for reuse by washing

the gas with an appropriate solvent for the vapors.

被气流携带的有价值的溶剂蒸汽可用下法回收再用，即用适合于该蒸汽的溶剂洗涤该气流。(分译法。添加总括性词语“下法”先行译出，后面再叙述。被动语态加译“得到”。)

3.The idea that the four valence bonds of the carbon atom are directed toward the corners

of a regular tetrahedron was advanced in 1874 by Van’t Hoff and independently by Le Bel to explain the existence of right-handed and left-handed forms of some organic compounds, which shows in the face development of crystals(enantiomorphism) and in the power of solutions to rotate the plane of polarization of a transmitted beam of polarized light either to the right to the left (optical activity).

碳原子的四个价键都指向正四面体的四角这一概念，是1874年由范托夫和赖贝尔各自分别提出的，以解释某些有机化合物的右旋体或左旋体的存在，它们的存在表现在晶面的发展(对映形态)和溶液把透入的偏振光束的偏振面向右或向左旋转的能力(旋光性)上。(同位语从句采用倒译法，详见6.3 ；定语从句译成并列分句〈详见8.4 二〉。)

4.This procedure eliminates errors caused by the presence of several drops of the

substance which may adhere to the sides and tip of the pipette. After this manipulation ,more alcohol is added until a clear solution is obtained.

这样能消除由附着在管壁或管尖的样品所带来的误差。然后再加入乙醇，直至澄清

5. A second method which is the least accurate is very often used in the industry because

of its great ease and convenience.

第二种配制方法准确性最初差，但是，由于操作简单在工业上经常采用。

6.Since the alcohol ordinarily available is the commercial 95 per cent by volume alcohol,

this product is used in preparing alcohol of various strengths.

既然通常所用的商业乙醇的浓度为95%（体积比），因此我们可用该浓度的乙醇来制备各种浓度的乙醇液。

1.When the cause for the fragrance breakdown is found to lie not in a principal component

of the product, but in an impurity or gradually developing breakdown product(e.g., rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids and hydrogen chloride from propellant(Ⅱ),it is best to change the product formulation rather than the fragrance—the impurities or breakdown

products usually have other undesirable effects in addition to that on the fragrance.

如果发现香料的分解不是出于产品的一个主要成分，而是一种杂质或是一种逐渐产生的分解产物（如不饱和脂肪酸的变质和推进剂2产生的氯化氢），则最好改变产品的配方而不是改变香料的配制，因为这种杂质或分解产物除了对香料产生作用外，通常还会有其他不良的影响。

2.In contrast, cross-linked polymers usually lack the ability to be completely dissolved by

solvents, and usually do not undergoing melting or fusion.

相反，交联聚合物通常缺乏被溶剂完全溶解的能力，而且经常不能熔化或熔融。

3.Similarly, the ord er with respect to B can be determined by plotting logνA,0 against log[B]0

with [A]0 held constant.

类似地，B的级数可由在[A]0恒定时用logνA,0对log[B]0作曲线而得到。

4.Whereas this is approximately so, over limited ranges of temperature difference for

which U is nearly constant ,in practice U may well be influenced both by the temperature difference and by the absolute value of the temperatures.

其实在一个有限的温差范围内当U几乎恒定时，是近似如此；但实际上U却可能受温差和绝对温度二者的影响很大。

5.If it is required to know the area needed for the transfer of heat at a specified rate, the

temperature difference ΔT, and the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient in any

design problem in which heating or cooling is involved.

若需知道在一指定速率下进行传热所需的面积时，就须知道包括加热或冷却在内的设计问题中的温差ΔT及总传热系数值。

6.Additionally, the respective isomer distribution in the individual surfactant classes has

great significance, because from it, varying application properties do result.

此外，有关的异构体在各类表面活性剂中的分布也可具有重要作用，因为不同的分布确实可以产生不相同的应用性能。

7. A mixture of 1750 g. of crystalline sodium sulfite(Na2SO3·7H2O),625 g.of sodium

bicarbonate and 5 liters of water was agitated at room temperature for about two hours, or until the solid carbonate had disappeared .The solution was then cooled by means of an ice-bath to 5 ?- 10 ?and 500 g.of commercial citral added with vigorous agitation, which was continued for three to four hours ,intimate contact being effected between oil and solution, and air excluded as much as possible. Under these conditions ,only the citral went into solution, namely, as the labile dihydrodisulfonic acid derivative. The solution was agitated thoroughly with about 500 cc. of ether, the ether removed and the process repeated in order to remove all undissolved impurities.

在室温下将1750克晶状亚硫酸钠，625克碳酸氢钠及5L水混合并搅拌两小时，或搅拌至固体碳酸盐消失。然后用冰水浴将温度降至5?- 10?，加入500克市售柠檬醛剧烈搅拌，并持续三、四小时以使油与溶液充分接触，同时尽可能的排除空气。在这些条件下，只有柠檬醛进入溶液，即柠檬醛形成不稳定的二氢-二磺酸衍生物。将溶液与500c.c.乙醚

充分搅拌，除去乙醚，如此重复数次以除去所有不能溶解的杂质。