9 如何避免翻译中的中国式英语
第21卷第2期潍坊教育学院学报V ol.21N o.2 2008年6月JOURNA L OF WEIFANG E DUCATIONA L CO LLEGE Jun.2008
如何避免翻译中的中国式英语
何 昆
(潍坊市第一中学,山东潍坊 261041)
摘要:中国英语在经历了近两百年的发展之后,以其惊人的规模和速度对英语产生了巨大影响。中国英语是“具有无法避免或有益于传播中华文化的中国特点的英语变体。”中国式英语并不等同于中国英语,它是一种不规范的语言。本文就在翻译中如何避免中国式英语提出了几点建议。
关键词:中国式英语;中国英语;翻译
中图分类号:H31519 文章标识码:A 文章编号:1009-2080(2008)02-0091-02
一、中国式英语的界定
1980年葛传规先生提出了“中国英语”的概念。汪榕培先生在20世纪90年代初,首先将中国英语界定为“中国人在中国本土上使用的,以标准英语为核心的,具有中国特色的英语”。李文忠教授在就“中国人在本土上使用的”和“标准英语”进行讨论后,对中国英语下了新的界定:“中国英语是指以规范英语为核心,表达中国社会文化诸领域特有事物,不受母语干扰和影响,通过音译、借译及语义再生诸手段进入英语交际,具有中国特点的词汇、句式和语篇。”学者们普遍认为:中国英语一是“以规范英语为核心”,二是“具有中国特色的表达方式”。而且认为中国英语是一种行之有效的交流工具,有益于让世界了解中华文化,从而丰富和发展英语与世界文化。
但是很多人会产生“中国英语”和“中国式英语”的混淆。美国专家爱得乐在题为A T alk on the T ranslation of V olume V of Chairman Mao’s Selected w orks的报告中特别有一部分提到了翻译中的“chinglish”现象。庄绎传在《中国翻译》2000年第六期上有一篇题为《也谈中式英语》的文章,其中指出:“中国的译者不但要做英译汉的工作,而且要承担汉译英的任务。在汉译英方面,如果说有什么问题,最大的就是我们往往使用中式英语。”李文忠教授对“中国式英语”是这样定义的:“中国式英语,是指中国的英语学习者和使用者由于受母语的干扰和影响,硬套汉语规则和习惯,在英语交际中,出现的不合规范英语或不合英语文化习惯的畸形英语。”中国式英语其实是学习者在学习另一种语言的过程中总是要使用的一种过渡语,它是一种介于母语与第二语言之间的语言。中国式英语是负向迁移的结果,我们不论是在日常交流中或是正式外交中,都应尽量避免中国式英语。
二、如何避免在翻译中出现中国式英语
王宗炎曾指出,中国式英语作为学习者在学习另一种语言的过程中总是要使用的一种过渡语,其形成的主要原因是: a.套用母语的模式;b.滥用所学的语言模式;c.用已学过的词汇及语法绕弯子的说话。中国式英语最大的特点就是套用母语模式。然而需要说明的是,身处汉语文化的大环境中,很难脱离母语的干扰。但不可否认的是随着学习者对英语的使用,在表达上逐渐向标准的英语模式靠近。在我们实际翻译工作中,我们可以从以下几点入手来避免出现中国式英语。
(一)注意主语与谓语搭配
英语和汉语在主语和谓语搭配上基本是一致的,但有时也有区别。我们看以下的例子:
11合营企业的形式为有限责任公司。
An equity joint venture shall take the form of a limited liability com pany.
21合营者的注册资本如果转让必须经合营各方同意。
I f any of the joint ventures wish to assign its registered capital,it must obtain the consent of the other parties to the venture.
以上两句中的“合营企业”和“合营者”在汉语中都是定语,但是译文把An equity joint venture和the joint ventures作为主语。这就是为了照顾后面的谓语而做的适当变化。
(二)倒装句
英语有时候要使用倒装句,即主语和谓语的语序要颠倒。如果译文要保留同样的结构,那么看起来就很别扭。这种情况下我们要考虑句子的结构。比如:
11With the flood came the life-giving mud that made Egypt the granary of the ancient w orld.
河水泛滥带来了泥沙,万物得以生长,埃及就这样成了古代世界的粮仓。
21The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy,a sm ooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed,but at its end lies disaster.
我们一直在走的这条路表面上很好走,是一条平坦的超级公路,我们可以高速前进,但是走到尽头却要遇到灾难。
(三)形容词与副词的互换
收稿日期:2008-05-16
作者简介:何昆(1979-),女(汉族),山东潍坊人,潍坊市第一中学教师,中教二级。
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2008年第2期何 昆:如何避免翻译中的中国式英语
形容词和副词作为两个相对活跃的词类,我们在翻译的时候也可以根据一些特点进行两类词的互换。例如: Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man……
我们在翻译这个句子的时候就可以将形容词quiet和thoughtful翻译成副词。那么译文为“周恩来举止优雅,待人体贴……”
(四)主从复合句的使用
汉语中很多并列结构,在汉译英的过程中我们经常要将其变成复合句。比如:
11将来中国富强起来了,也永远不称霸。
China will never seek hegem ony even if it grows rich and strong in the future.
21大错误没有犯,小错误没有断,因为我们没有经验。
H owever,although we haven’t made any major mistakes,we have made many minor ones,because we have no experience.
(五)代词的替代
汉语中也有代词的使用,但是比起英语中的使用就少得多了。英语不喜欢重复,避免这种情况最常用的方法就是使用代词来替代汉语中重复出现的词。比如:
把一场工业革命同两次政治革命归作一类似乎有点奇怪,但事实上这三次革命都是社会革命。
I t may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial rev olution and tw o political rev olutions.But the fact is that they were all s ocial rev olution.
以上提出了五点汉语与英语的结构差异,要做到避免汉语化的英语出现,我们还要了解西方国家的文化和风土人情。了解了中西文化差异及其不同表达方式,才能使交际有效。例如:
杰克做这种工作没有经验。
Jack is a green hand at doing this w ork.
“green hand”的意思是“生手”、“没有经验”,而不是“绿色的手”之意。England是个岛国,船是重要交通工具,为保养船只,常用与海水一样的绿色油漆来漆船。一个不熟练的油漆工,工作时常会双手粘满油漆。这是西方一个非常地道的表达方式。
参考文献:
[1]庄绎传.英汉翻译简明教程[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,20041
[2]李文中.中国英语与中国式英语[J].外语教学与研究,1993,(4).
[3]谢之君.中国英语———跨文化交际中的干扰性变体[J].现代英语,1995,(3,4).
[4]贾冠杰,向明友.为中国英语一辩[J].外语与外语教学[J].1997,(5).
H ow to Avoid Chinese E nglish in T ranslation
He K un
(Weifang N o.1M iddle School,Weifang Shandong 261041)
Abstract:China English experienced m ore than tw o hundred years of development.Its development and influence on the language of English is tremendous.But it doesn’t mean the same with Chinese English.Chinese English is not a proper language.The author proposed several suggestions on how to av oid Chinese English1
K ey w ords:Chinese English;China English;translation
(上接第75页)
The Cultivation of Cross-cultural Communication Aw areness in E nglish T eaching
Lv Fengxin
(F oreign Languages Department of Shandong Institute of P olitical Science and Law,Ji’nan Shandong 250014)
Abstract:English teaching must als o allow students to acquire a cultural com petence besides the cultivation of five skills including listening,speaking,writing,reading and translating.Therefore,we should put m ore em phasis on strengthening the culture teaching and cultivating the students’cross-cultural awareness instead of focusing only on teaching language structure knowledge.The text mainly explores the m odes of culture teaching and the ways on how to cultivate culture awareness,and suggests what should be contained in culture teaching.
K ey w ords:communicative com petence;culture teaching;cross-cultural communication
29
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中国传统文化英语翻译.
1.香囊(scented sachet)，古代也称“香袋”，通常是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织的袋子，里面塞满香草(aromatic herbs)。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫和避邪。香囊不仅有用，而且可作装饰品。它们的形状和大小各异，有圆形、椭圆形和其他形状。它们通常配有精致的图案，每个图案都象征着特别的含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(peony flower)等图案象征女性;松树和仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮的香囊不仅是装饰品，而且含有丰富的文化和历史内涵。 翻译：Scented sachets, also called “fragrant bags” in ancient times, are bags usually sewed with cloth or weaved with multicolor silk threads and stuffed with aromatic herbs. The fragrant bags were originally used for absorbing sweat, repelling insects and warding off evils. Scented sachets are not only useful, but also ornamental. They come in different shapes and sizes, such as round, oval and many others. And they are normally decorated with elaborate patterns, with each pattern symbolizing a special meaning.For instance,a double-fish or double-butterfly pattern smybolizes the love between a man and a woman;patterns like lotus or peony flowers symbolize women;pine and crane patterns symbolize longevity and a guava pattern is the symbol of lots of children.A nice scented sachet is not just an ornament,but more of something that contains cultural and historical richness. 2.中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳(yin-yang)生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，是对人类的人生感悟的哲学注解。中国人祖先的哲学论断是“近看自己，远观他人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术的原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类的本能欲望是生存并通过繁衍(propagation)继续存在。人生来的首要本能是求生，然后是长寿。从原始社会到今天，阴阳和永生的观念始终贯穿中国的社会生活和民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会的所有基本哲学理念。 翻译：Chinese folk art and Chinese philosophy are unified in the belief that yin-yang produces all living things in the world. Originated in Chinese primitive society, this was the philosophical explanation of human's perception of life. Chinese ancestors philosophical conclusion was to “look at oneself up close and other creatures from afar”，which is essential to the understanding of the primitive art to the folk art of the nation. To live and to continue life through propagation are the two instinctive desires of human. From birth, a person's first instinct is to survive, and then to live a long life. From primitive society to the present day, the view of yin-yang and perpetual life has permeated in all aspects of social life and the national culture of Chinese society.Chinese folk art reflects all of the basic philosophical concepts. 3.象棋(Chinese chess)两人玩的棋盘游戏，源于春秋战国时期的军事战略。早期的象棋由三部分组成:棋子、骰(dice)和棋盘。现代象棋没有骰子,它在棋子和棋盘方面与古代不同。棋盘有9行宽、10行长，共90个交叉点，构成方形网格(grid)。棋子在交叉点上落子或移动。对弈者在棋盘进行象征性的军很战争，部署马匹、战车，根据自己对棋局和游戏规则的理解组织军队。目前，中国象棋已传至全世界，进一步传承、发扬中国传统文化。
(精品)英语中常见的个中国成语(仅供参考)
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中国传统文化英语翻译
１、香囊(sｃentedｓachet）,古代也称“香袋”，通常就是用布缝制或彩色丝线编织得袋子，里面塞满香草（aｒomatic herｂs）。香囊最初用来吸汗、驱虫与避邪。香囊不仅有用,而且可作装饰品。它们得形状与大小各异,有圆形、椭圆形与其她形状。它们通常配有精致得图案，每个图案都象征着特别得含义。例如，双鱼或成对蝴蝶图案象征男女之爱;莲花或牡丹花(pｅｏny flower)等图案象征女性；松树与仙鹤图案象征长寿;石榴(guava)图案象征很多孩子。漂亮得香囊不仅就是装饰品，而且含有丰富得文化与历史内涵。 翻译：Scenteｄsaｃhets, alｓo called “fragrant bagｓ"in ancient tiｍes，are b ａgs usｕally sｅwｅｄwitｈcloth ｏr weａvｅd with mulｔiｃoｌor sｉlk threａd ｓand ｓtuffeｄwith aromaｔicｈerbｓ、The fragrant ｂａｇs ｗere orｉｇinally used ｆor abｓorbing sweat,reｐeｌling insｅcts ａnｄwardingｏfｆeｖiｌs、Sceｎtｅd sacheｔs are ｎotｏnly uｓｅful, bｕt also ｏrｎaｍentａｌ、Thｅy e in diｆfｅrent ｓhapeｓand siｚes, such as rouｎｄ,ｏvaｌａnd ｍanｙothｅr ｓ、Ａnd thｅy arｅｎoｒｍally decｏrａted with elａborate pａtteｒns, with ｅａch patteｒn symbolizing a sｐecｉal meaｎiｎg、Fｏr ｉnｓｔaｎce，ａｄouble－fｉｓh oｒｄoｕbｌe-butterflyｐaｔtern sｍyboliｚes thｅlove ｂetweｅｎa man an ｄａｗoｍaｎ；paｔterｎs ｌｉke lotus or peony floweｒs symbｏlｉzｅwomen;piｎe aｎd crane pａtternｓsymｂoｌｉze longｅvity and a guａｖa paｔternｉs tｈe symbol of loｔs oｆchiｌdren、A nｉｃe scｅnｔed sacheｔｉs not ｊust an ornament,bｕt morｅｏf sometｈinｇｔｈat cｏnｔainｓcuｌtural and his ｔoriｃal rｉchneｓs、 2、中国民间艺术与中国哲学统一于“阴阳（yin－yaｎg）生万物”这一理念。这一理念源于中国原始社会，就是对人类得人生感悟得哲学注解.中国人祖先得哲学论断就是“近瞧自己,远观她人”。要理解中华民族民间艺术得原始艺术，这一结论必不可少。人类得本能欲望就是生存并通过繁衍（pｒopagatiｏｎ)继续存在。人生来得首要本能就是求生，然后就是长寿。从原始社会到今天,阴阳与永生得观念始终贯穿中国得社会生活与民族文化。中国民间艺术反映了社会得所有基本哲学理念. 翻译:Cｈinese ｆolｋarｔaｎdＣhinesｅphilosoｐhy aｒe ｕniｆｉed inｔhe ｂｅlief thatｙｉn—yaｎg produces aｌl lｉving things ｉn tｈe ｗorlｄ、OrｉginateｄiｎＣhinesｅprimitiveｓｏｃiety, tｈiｓwas thｅｐhilosophｉcal expｌaｎａtiｏn of humaｎ＇s pｅｒception of life、Cｈinｅse ancｅstorｓpｈilosｏphｉcaｌｃoｎcluｓiｏn ｗasｔｏ“ｌｏok atｏnｅself up cｌose aｎｄｏther creａtｕres from afａｒ"，whiｃh ｉs essentｉal to the uｎdeｒsｔａｎdingｏf the priｍｉｔi ｖe ａｒtｔｏthe folk art ｏｆｔｈe naｔiｏn、To lｉｖe and tｏｃonｔinｕe life through propagation ａｒe ｔｈeｔwo ｉｎstinctｉve ｄｅsires of huｍan、From birth,ａpｅrson'sｆirｓt iｎsｔinct is to sｕrvive, and tｈen to livｅａlｏng li ｆｅ、Ｆrom primｉtｉvｅｓociｅtyｔｏthe present day，ｔｈe ｖｉew of yiｎ-yanｇand perpetuａl lｉfe hａs peｒmeated ｉn all aspectｓoｆsociaｌlife and ｔhe natｉonａｌcｕlｔｕｒe of Chiｎesｅｓocｉeｔy、Ｃｈineｓe folk aｒt ｒe ｆｌects alｌof the basicｐhｉlosｏphicａｌｃoncｅpts、
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中国菜的英语翻译方法
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