外文文献翻译 中英文对照 工程管理 建筑项目招投标--毕业设计论文

建筑项目招投标

摘要

目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成，施工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高市场适应能力和竞争力。本文从降低成本、增加收入两方面阐述对施工成本的有效控制。投标文件的编制是投标工作的一个重要环节，直接影响投标工作的成败，投标的成败对企业的生存和发展有着直接的影响，因此要编制出高质量的投标文件，提高单位的中标率，防止无效标及废标出现。

【关键词】：招投标不正当竞争防范对策

招标投标是一种工程交易形式，工程招投标的过程就是确定中标人和工程价格的过程，而工程价格的确定，是工程招投标工作中非常重要的一个环节，搞好招投标工程的价格确定工作，可以有效地控制工程造价，创造公平、公正的市场环境，营造有序竞争的机制。在建筑工程招标投标活动中，建筑施工企业要想在投标中立于不败之地，中标得到工程，然后又要从承包工程中赢利，就需要综合考虑各种主观条件与客观因素、研究投标策略，确定投标方法。

投标策略包括投标策略和作价技巧。所有的策略和技巧来自承包商的无数次投标的经验积累以及对客观规律的认识和对实际情况的了解，同时也与承包商的决策能力和魄力息息相关。

从招标进程上讲，招标文件是招标活动的总纲和剧本。每项招标工作如何开始，如何发出招标文件，对投标人有什么要求，如何评标，如何决标，招标程序是什么，都在招标文件中做出规定，所以编制招标文件的人员首先要对本次招标工作有一个全局性的认识，把本次招标的要求和安排反映到招标文件当中，在编制当中也会遇到事先没有想到的问题，那就在编制当中逐一解决，编制招标文件的过程也是制定招标方案的过程。

从另一个意义上来讲，招标文件也是法律文件，除了相关的法律法规外，在招标的全过程中招标人，投标人，招标代理机构共同遵循的游戏规则就是招标文件，这是参加招标工作三方人士必须遵循的法律文件，具有法律效力，所以编制招标文件的人员须有法律意识和素质，在招标文件中体现出公平、公正、合法的要求。

我国建筑工程招投标法实施以及工程施工监理制度的实践，对规范我国建筑市场、提高建筑工程施工质量，起到了积极的作用。但是在实施过程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充实和提高。本工程招标文件根据《中华人民共和国招投标

法》规定，对投标人，投标企业进行严格把关，对竞标者提出了专业性的要求，对工程的概况进行了说明。

目前在工程建设项目行业中，以工程招投标为特征的建筑市场已经形成，施工企业为创造良好经济效益，必须严格控制成本，加强成本控制管理，才能提高市场适应能力和竞争力。本文从降低成本、增加收入两方面阐述对施工成本的有效控制。

我国建筑工程招投标法实施以及工程施工监理制度的实践，对规范我国建筑市场、提高建筑工程施工质量，起到了积极的作用。但是在实施过程中存在不少缺陷，需要完善、充实和提高。本工程招标文件根据《中华人民共和国招投标法》规定，对投标人，投标企业进行严格把关，对竞标者提出了专业性的要求，对工程的概况进行了说明。

实行工程招投标的目的是为了市场竞争的公开、公平、公正。但是，由于建筑市场发育尚不规范，管理体制的束缚以及经验不足等原因，建筑工程招标投标在具体操作中还存在不正当竞争行为和一些弊端。这显然违背了招投标的目的，整个招标投标过程也就失去了意义，对其他未中标的投标人来讲也是不公正的，扰乱了招投标（工程承发包市场）经济活动秩序，对于这类行为必须予以禁止，只有这样，才能使建设工程竞争性交易活动依法健康运行。因此本课题将结合本人所学及社会实践，对目前的建设工程招投标制度及现状进行阐述，并针对建设工程招投标存在的弊端与不正当竞争行为现象及产生原因进行分析，最后做出相应的防范对策研究。

造价管理体系的建设，既包括理论上的探讨，又需要实践中的创新。市场经济条件下的工程造价管理，要为建筑市场有序竞争搭建管理服务平台。在这样一个大前提下，原有的定额和计价方法是不适应的，这就需要改革和完善。本着“政府宏观调控、企业自主报价、市场形成价格”的原则，来推行实施工程量清单计价规范。清单计价模式下招投标活动是建立在市场经济运行机制下，依据法律程序，以科学、公正、公开合理的方法确定中标人的一种经济活动。招投标是构成招标投标活动中两个最基本的环节。而招投标活动，无非是想通过招标，选择一家具有工

工程施工能力、造价适中、质量较优、工期较短的施工企业，这也是进行招标的最终目的。本人在实习过程中曾参与过多个项目的招投标工作，并完成过部分工程量清单的计算，结合毕业设计过程中的体会，简要分析一下工程量清单计价模式下的招投标工作。

从风险的内涵和建设工程一般性风险特点出发，了建设工程最低价格密封招标法的几种风险及其产生的诱因，根据其特性探讨了风险控制与防范的可行性。比较了工程担保与工程保险这两种工程风险管理异同与优点；并对建设工程招投标过程中的投标人的行为特征进行了分析，揭示投标人的风险偏好行为特征随着外部环境的改变而变化，当违约惩罚较轻时，投标人偏向于追求风险，而随着违约惩罚标准加大超过某一值后，投标人表现出的风险行为改变为偏向于规避风险，惩罚标准越大投标人行为偏向于更加规避风险，这一结果对控制和防范投标人的行为风险具有重要的与现实意义。

工程造价管理由“量价合一”的计划模式向“量价分离”的市场模式转变，逐步建立市场形成价格为主的价格机制，把价格的决定权交给参与市场的各方，并最终通过市场来配置资源，从而真正实现通过市场机制决定工程造价。这对规范建

筑市场的竞争行为和促进工程招标投标机制的创新发挥重要作用。可以说，实行工程量清单计价是我国工程造价管理制度的一大进步，也是在我国加入WTO后，与全球建筑业同行竞争的有力工具。

随着工程建筑市场的深入发展，传统的定额计价模式已不适应市场化经济发展的需要。为了适应目前工程招投标由市场形成工程造价的需要，必须对现行工程计价方法和计价模式进行改革，实行工程量清单计价。工程量清单计价模式是一种与市场经济相适应的、允许承包单位自主报价、通过市场竞争确定价格、与国际惯例接轨的计价模式。随着工程量清单计价模式的推广，按国际惯例招标投标势在必行。因此“最低合理价中标”是我国今后最主要的评标办法。现阶段因实施工程量清单计价模式而出现的问题主要有，针对我国现阶段《招标投标法》中规定的最低合理价中标的原则，多数承包商尚未建立自己的企业定额，无法确定企业的合理成本。本文就是以科学、快捷的确定“合理成本价”为研究的关键。首先从工程成本的基本概念入手，分析了工程量清单计价模式下的成本构成，为准确预测工程成本提供了基础，综合考虑了社会平均成本和企业个别成本来进行投标阶段的成本估算。其次通过对模糊数学和指数平滑技术的深入分析，通过“贴近度”的概念，合理的将模糊数学与指数平滑技术结合起来，构建了工程成本模糊预测技术的数学模型，并根据统计的有关参考资料和经验建立了“框架结构体系”的对比工程

一个健康的招投标制度应该是按照“公开、公正、公平”和诚实信用的原则，建立起统一、开放、竞争、有序的建筑市场。针对当前招投标过程中存在的问题，采取完善法规、明确职责、健全机构，强化过程监督等措施，才能更好地规范建筑市场秩序，从源头上遏止腐败，净化建筑市场，促进建筑市场秩序逐步走向规范化，法制化的轨道，不断提高工程招投标工作的质量和水平。

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Building engineering bidding

Yang Cao a,*, Shuhua Wang b, Heng Li a

a Department of Building and Real Estate, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

b State Key Laboratory of Novel Software Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

Abstract

Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively. bidding documents should be well formulated ,which is the improtment to a successful bidding and direct influence the success or failure of the bidding

work.Becasue the success or failure of the bidding for the survival and development of enterprise has a direct impact, so we have a high quality, improve the bid documents of the unit, prevent invalid and successful pass mark appear, become a research topic.

[key] : bidding drawbacks of unfair competition countermeasures

Bidding is a form of project transactions, project bidding process is to determine the successful bidder and the cost of the process and the price of the project, project bidding work of a very important link, do a good job bidding to determine the price, we can effectively control construction costs, and create a fair and equitable market environment, create orderly competition mechanism. Bidding in construction activities, construction enterprises in order to tender invincible works to be successful, And from the contracted projects profitable, it needs to integrate various subjective and objective conditions, the tender research strategy determine tender. Tender bidding strategy, including pricing strategies and skills. All of the strategies and skills from the numerous contractors bidding on the accumulated experience and objective understanding of the law and of the actual situation understanding, but also with the contractor's decision-making ability and courage are closely related.

Bidding documents is the general programme and play book of the bidding activity through the process of bidding. The bidding documents will specify that How to conduct each bidding work, how to dispatch bidding documents, the requirements for tenderer,how to rate and decide bidding and the procedures of bidding. Therefore, the personnel who is responsible for prepare bidding documents should first have a general view of the bidding work, include all the requirements and arrangements into

the bidding documents. If meet problems that have not been considered previously, then resolve them one by one during the preparation. The course of bidding documents preparation is also the course of making bidding scheme .

In another respect, bidding documents is also the legal instuments. Besides relevant law and rules, the bidding documents are the common game rules that bidder,bidding agent and tenderer should subject to through the bidding. Bidding documents are the legal instuments that all the three bidding related parties should subject to, have legal force, therefore, the bidding documents -making personnel required to have the awareness and quality of leagal in order to reflect the fair, just and legal requirement in the bidding documents.

In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders professional requirements of project profile was illustrated.

Nowadays in the engineering construction industry, the market which is characteristic for project bidding, has formed. The construction companies,which want to create good benefits, have to control their cost and improve management to enhance the capacity of adapting and competing in this market. This article focuses on how to decrease cost and increase income so as to control the construction cost effectively.

In building engineering bidding law enforcement and the practice of project construction supervision system on standardizing China's construction market, improve the construction quality and played an active role. But in the process of implementing exist some disadvantages, needs to perfect, enrich and improve. This project bidding documents in accordance with the bidding law of the People's Republic of China for bidders, bidding regulation, enterprise strictly, put forward to bidders professional requirements of project profile was illustrated.

The practice of project bidding purpose is to market competition of openness, fairness and justice. However, due to the construction market development is not standard, management system and the experience of inadequate, architectural engineering bidding in concrete operation exist in ACTS of unfair competition, and some drawbacks. This obviously violate the bidding, the bidding process, and will lose its significance for other bidder fails to bid is unjust, disturbed the bidding (project contracting market economic order, for activities), this kind of behavior must be prohibited, only in this way can we make construction engineering competitive trading activity lawfully healthy. This subject will I learned and social practice, present situation and construction project bidding system is expounded, and the disadvantages of bidding for construction project with ACTS of unfair competition

phenomenon and analysis of causes, and finally make corresponding preventive countermeasures.

Construction cost management system, both theoretical discussion, but also need to practice innovation. Under the conditions of market economy, project cost management, competitive and orderly market for construction management services platform structures. In such a premise, the original scale and method of valuation is inappropriate, and this needs to be reformed and improved. The spirit of "the government's macro regulation and control, enterprise autonomy offer, the market will price" principle, to implement the implementation specification bill of quantity. Inventory Valuation bidding activities are based on market economy mechanism, based on legal, scientific, fair, open and reasonable way to determine the winning bidder of an economic activity. Bidding is bidding activities constitute two basic aspects. The bidding activity is merely that by bidding to choose the one with the work

Construction process capability, moderate cost, quality is excellent, short duration of construction enterprises, and this is the ultimate goal tender. I have participated in internships over the course of the project bidding, and completed over part of the calculation of quantities, combined with graduate experience in the design process, a brief analysis of the mode Quantities Call for Tender

The meaning of risk and risk characteristics of the general construction, the lowest price sealed bidding construction method produces several risks and incentives, according to their characteristics discussed the feasibility of risk control and prevention. Comparison of engineering and engineering security risk management, insurance, similarities and differences between the two projects and benefits; construction project bidding and tendering process characteristics of human behavior is analyzed to reveal the bidder's risk appetite and behavioral characteristics with changes in the external environment change, when the default punishment is light, the bidder preference appetite for risk and default penalties, with the increase exceeds a certain value, the risk of bidders to show preference for behavior change to avoid the risk of penalties, the greater the bidder biased in favor of a more risk-averse behavior, the results of the control and prevention of risk behavior of bidders has an important and practical significance

Construction Cost Management from the "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. This will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of project bidding mechanisms play an important role in innovation. It can be said that the implementation of the project bill of quantities is a project cost management system in our country a big step forward, but also in China's accession to the WTO, the global construction industry a powerful tool for peer competition.

With the construction of in-depth development of the market, the traditional fixed pricing model no longer suited to market-oriented economic development needs. In order to adapt to the current project bidding by the market needs of a project cost, we must work on the existing valuation methods and pricing model for reform, the implementation of projects bill pricing. Engineering is a list of pricing model and adapt to the market economy, allowing independent contractor pricing through market competition determine prices, with the international practice of pricing model. With the bill pricing model projects to promote, in accordance with international bidding practices is imperative. Therefore, "the lowest reasonable price of the successful bidder" My future is the most important evaluation methods. At this stage due to the implementation of projects bill pricing model and the problems mainly against China at this stage " in the minimum reasonable price of the principles of the successful bidder, most contractors have not yet set up their own enterprises of scale, companies unable to determine the reasonable Cost. This article is a scientific and fast set "reasonable cost" to study the key. First, from the project cost of the basic concept, of the engineering bill pricing model under the cost structure, to accurately predict costs of the project provided the basis, considering the average cost of the social cost to individual enterprises and the tender stage of the cost estimates. Followed through on fuzzy math and technology for smooth in-depth analysis, through "close-degree," the concept of reasonable fuzzy math and exponential smoothing technologies, construction of the project cost vague prediction model, and in accordance with the relevant information and statistics Information and experience to establish a "framework structure," the comparison works Construction Cost Management from the "quantity-one price" plan model to "price of separation volume" model of the market, and gradually establish a market price-based price formation mechanism, the price of the decision in the hands of the parties involved in the market, and ultimately the allocation of resources through the market in order to realize through the market mechanism to decide on project cost. This will standardize the construction market-competitive behavior and the promotion of project bidding mechanisms play an important role in innovation. It can be said that the implementation of the project bill of quantities is a project cost management system in our country a big step forward, but also in China's accession to the WTO, the global construction industry a powerful tool for peer competition.

A healthy bidding system should be in accordance with the "open, fair and justice" and the principle of good faith, and establish a unified, open, competitive and orderly construction market. In view of the current problems existing in the bidding process, adopt regulations, and formulate and perfect the institution, strengthening process supervision measures, they can better regulate construction market order, prevent corruption from its source, purify construction market, promote the construction market order progressively toward standardization, institutionalized, and constantly improve the quality and level of the bidding work.

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