法律英语精读课后答案第一课
Exercise I
略
Exercise II
1. D
2. A
3. C
4. B
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. B 10. A
Exercise III
1. exception
2. supersede
3. torts
4. precedent
5. statutory
6. reasoning
7. equity 8. codification 9. opinions 10. pluralistic
Exercise IV
1. The main sources of law in the United Kingdom are common law, statute law, law emanating from the European Union and international law, etc.
2. Common law refers to the legal rules which have evolved
over many centuries from judges’ decisions in court cases.
3. A judgment consists of two parts: the ratio decidendi and obiter dicta. The ratio decidendi means the reason for the decision. This is the principle of law on which the decision is made and can become a binding precedent.
4. The common law includes both civil and criminal law. The former refers to the law of contract and tort. The latter refers to the law of crime。The common law is so called because it was commonly applied throughout the kingdom of England.
5. Equity also came to differ from common law in substance as well as procedure, as may be seen from one of its most important creations, the trust.
Exercise V
在英国适用的法律，大多是由议会制定的，因为被称为“制定法”。议会是英国最高的立法机构，可根据自己的意愿制定和废除法律，但不得与欧共体的法律发生冲突。这就是议会至上主义或主权主义。
议会还可以授权某些机构制定委托立法或二级立法，这些机构可以是政府部门、地方议会或其他法定机构。这些立法通常需要解决一些技术性的细节，比如，1991《儿童抚养法》关于如何结算儿童抚养费的规定。
法律首先是以议案的形式提交给议会进行辩论。如果某项议案获得了下议院、上议院和女王的同意，该议案就成为法律。议案有不同的种类。有些是公共议案，其目的是修正一般性的法律并且普遍地适用于各个方面。这种议案通常由政府作为其立法计划的一部分向议会提交。此外，议会议员也可以提交私人议案。私人议案的影响比较有限，比如，关于修建一条铁路的议案。
补充读物
参考译文
英国律师界的最大特点，当然在于其有巴律师与沙律师之分。巴律师出庭于法栏之前，故名。它们是源于14世纪的4所巴律师公会（林肯公会、内殿公会、中殿公会和格雷公会）之一的成员。虽然沙律师的全国性组织沙律师公会在1831年才获得皇家特许，但沙律师这一行业的历史可以追溯到16世纪。
任何人不得同时以巴律师和沙律师两种身份开业。巴律师是在高等法院出庭的律师，他们是某个专业的专家，直白一些，他们是“律师的律师”。因为通常只有沙律师才能聘请巴律师。一方面，沙律师可以被当事人直接聘为一般的法律顾问。虽然个别的沙律师有专业之分，但沙律师事务所的工作则保留一般法律顾问的工作的性质。另一方面，那些巴律师虽然可以几个人共同合用一间办公室，却不能一起成立合伙组织或设立律师事务所。
巴律师不同于沙律师：他们同当事人之间没有契约关系从而也不能对当事人提起诉讼，请求给付律师费。在理论上说，巴律师所收取的律师费只是沙律师在道义上负有给付义务（甚至沙律师不向当事人收费时亦负有这一义务）的一种谢仪。
一般说来，沙律师进行与当事人联系的日常工作：向巴律师反映当事人的要求并在诉讼事件中调查证据、与当事人面谈并准备证人（巴律师只能在庭审前与当事人和鉴定人见面）和向巴律师交代案情。巴律师提供专门的顾问意见或在诉讼事项中拟定各种诉状，计划诉讼策略并出庭辩护。这种分工负责制保证巴律师能抽出时间，获得特定法律领域中的专门知识并集中精力完成辩护律师的各项任务。
巴律师与沙律师所受训练虽然不相同，但他们在取得律师资格之前都必须先当见习生。沙律师通常必须拥有大学学位，通过取得资格的考试并替开业的沙律师当两年见习生。作为常规，巴律师必须具有大学学位；如果所拥有不是法学学位，他必须取得学习法律一年的证书。此外，除通过巴律师考试外，这位未来的巴律师还必须参加一所巴律师学院，按规定次数在该院用餐并参与其他传统的活动。他们在完成各项考试之后，还必须投在一名开业的巴律师门下当“门生”一年。
评价英国的律师的教学计划，必须考虑其侧重实际训练的优缺点。比如说其中一个问题就是：想当巴律师的人在接受实际训练期间难以维持自己的生活。4所巴律师学院设有名额
不多的奖学金，学员们在训练期间最后6个月中可以挣一些钱，但巴律师并不支付薪金给他们的门生……而这些门生毕竟是已经完成了他们所必修学业的。这一情况使巴律师蒙受了种种指责……说他们偏爱那些有社会地位和独立生活来源的申请报名的门生。比较之下，沙律师一般的确支付给沙律师实习生维持生活的薪金，而沙律师公会也鼓励会员向沙律师实习生给付“适当的工资”，以免“有人碍于取得资格所需的费用，而被摒弃在沙律师的门外”。
英国律师界的巴律师与沙律师之分，引起了某些紧张，这是可以理解的。虽然巴律师公会和沙律师公会在1975年11月作出声明：这两类律师是平等的，彼此应该在这一基础上行事。但是某些沙律师仍然有看法，说某些巴律师表现得好像在律师界他们是“高人一等”似的。此外，沙律师提出了请求，要在刑事法庭享有更大的出庭权（目前，他们只有在很少的场合才能出庭）和在高等法院享有更大的出庭权（如就无异议的申请出庭、向法庭介绍当事人双方已经取得协议的和解条款等）。巴律师则反对这一请求。沙律师还认为截然划分取得两种律师资格的培养计划不能令人满意，实属过分死板。因为这样做就是迫使未来的英国律师在接受律师训练之前就要在两者之间做出抉择。更有甚者，沙律师还对大多数法官都是在巴律师中选拔这一事实提出了批评意见。
尽管如此，大多数巴律师和沙律师还是不希望把两类律师合二为一。因为他们认为，律师职业的二元化，其优点大于缺点。大多数英国律师认为，律师职业的二元化势必导致有效的分工并能更好地发挥巴律师的辩护特长。所以不把巴律师同沙律师合并的另一个理由，就是合二为一也许会使第一流的巴律师加入较大的沙律师事务所，从而使较小的沙律师事务所或独立开业的沙律师无法去请教最好的辩护律师。
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大学英语精读第三版第一册Book1 Unit1 1)e 2)g 3)j 4)a 5)b 6)i 7)c 8)d 9)h 10)f 1) handling 2) summarized 3) process 4) absorb 5) are bound to 6) feel free 7) for instance 8) strategies 9) complained 10) has committed to memory 11) Nevertheless 12) rely on 13) Apart from 14) command 1) over and over again 2) at a time 3) put it into practice 4) watching out for 5) by no means 6) concentrate on 7) In addition t 8) in detail 1)action 2)employ 3)announce 4)examination 5)communicati on 6)express 7)compose 8)improvemen t 9)concentratio n 10)manageme nt 11)consider 12)motivate 13)developme nt 14)movement 15)discuss 16)operate 17)division 18)production 19)educate 20)repeat 1) additional 2) add 3) addition 4) addition 1) effectively 2) effect 3) effective 4) effect 1) helpful 2) help 3) helpless 4) help 5) helplessly 6) helpfully 7) helpful 1) reliant 2) reliable 3) reliance 4) relies 5) reliably 6) reliable 1) repetition 2) repeating 3) repeatedly 4) repeated 5) repetition 1) In my opinion 2) According to Mary 3) In our opinion 4) According to today's papers 5) In most doctors' opinion According to most doctors 1) Shakespeare was not only a dramatist but also an actor. 2) Miss Crain not only took me home in her car, but also came the next day to see if I had recovered. 3) Hainan Island attracts tourists not only in winter but also in summer. 4) There is always a black market not only in Britain, but also in other European countries. 5) At the Athens Olympics in 2004, Liu Xiang not only won a gold medal in the 110-meter hurdles, but also broke the Olympic record. 1) It is true that your sentences are all grammatically correct, but they don’t make any sense. 2) It is true that they lost that battle, but they still went on fighting. 3) It is true that Tom’s very clever and hardworking, but I still don’t think he is the right person for the job. 4) It is true that learning English is by no means easy, but we can make the task easier by using some learning strategies. 1) strategies 2) frequently 3) over and over again 4) commit to memory 5) acquaintance 6) watch out for 7) communicate 8) process 9) opportunities 10) rely on 11) put into practice 12) absorbed 1) if 2) about 3) it 4) know 5) up 6) as 7) addition 8) even 9) into 10) other 11) for 12) while 1) memorize 2) a matter of
法律英语翻译练习与答案-0609
练习1：外国合营者如果有意以落后的技术和设备进行欺骗，造成损失的，应赔偿损失。If the foreign joint venturer causes any losses by deception through the intentional use of backward technology and equipment, it shall pay compensation for the losses. 修改提示：单复数考虑不周；用语不够简洁。 答案（修改要点）：causes any losses →causes any loss(es) 造成一项或多项损失时都应当赔偿，不能仅用复数形式。 pay compensation for the losses →pay compensation therefor (therefor=for that/them) 练习2：人民法院、人民检察院和公安机关办理刑事案件，应当分工负责，互相配合，互相制约，以保证准确有效地执行法律。 原译文：The people’s courts, people’s procuratorates and public s ecurity organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law. 修改提示：“分工负责”，应理解为：侧重点在“负责”，而非“分工”，即分工过程中各负其责；respective 比own 更为妥当、准确；原来的译文中，and they shall …比较啰嗦，更严重的问题是，使to ensure …割断了与divide their functions 的联系。 答案（修改要点）：in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law.→… in handling criminal cases, take responsibility for their respective work while dividing functions, co-ordinate, and check each other, to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law. 练习3：商标注册人享有商标专用权，受法律保护。 原译文：Trademark registrants shall enjoy the right to exclusive use of their trademarks and shall be protected by law. 修改提示：商标专用权的译文“貌合神离”，立法原意是“商标专有权”；受法律保护的主语有些歧义，可加括号处理；原文shall滥用，因为并未刻意强调“必须，一定要”。 答案（修改为）：Trademark registrants have the exclusive trademark right, (and are) protected by law. 练习4：被告人的犯罪情节极其严重、社会影响极其恶劣、社会危害极其严重。 原译文：The extremely serious circumstances of the offense committed by the accused have brought abominable influence and severe hazard to the whole society. 修改提示：bring的用法有些生硬，动宾搭配不太适当。 答案（修改为）：have brought abominable influence and severe hazard to the whole society. → have exerted an abominable influence and posed a severe hazard to society. (exert, vt. 施加，产生，如exert pressure on, exert an influence on; abominable, adj. 可恶的，极坏的；pose v. 提出，形成，成为；使摆好姿势pose a problem; pose an obstacle/a threat to …) 练习5：买卖双方同意按下列条款由卖方出售，买方购进下列货物：货号; 品名及规格；数量；单价；总值(数量及总值均有_____%的增减, 由卖方决定)；生产国和制造厂家；包装；唛头；装运期限；装运口岸；目的口岸；保险；
现代大学英语精读3课后翻译答案
Unit1 1. 他对他的研究如此专心致志，从来没有过很快就要退休的念头。He is so devoted to his research that it never occurs to him that he will soon have to retire. 2. 很多人都曾说过，如果没有有效的制约，我们都有滥用权力的倾向。Many people have observed that, without effective checks, we all have a tendency to abuse our power. 3. 有些国家拒绝卷入这一争端，而且他们对外国的干涉非常反感。Some countries refuse to get involved in this dispute and they resent any foreign interference. 4. 控制沙城暴需要大量的工作和资金。The control of sandstorm will involve a lot of work and money. 5. 你们用这些技术的时候，必须考虑到当地的条件。You must take the local conditions into consideration when you apply these technologies. 6. 所有的申请者都必须填好这些表格，然后邮寄50 美元的报名费。All applicants will have to fill out these forms and mail in an application fee of 50 dollars 7. 他根据对孩子们行为的观察得出结论：学习是一种自然的乐趣。Based on his (careful) observation of children 's behavior, he came to the conclusion that learning is a natural pleasure. 8. 在一个多民族的国家里，各民族之间的和谐需要小心处理。In a country of many nationalities, ethnic harmony requires very careful handling. 9. 政府决定严惩所有涉案的腐败官员。The government is determined to punish all the corrupt officials involved. 10. 考试作弊并不经常发生，但一旦发生，学校会采取严厉的态度。Cheating at exams does not occur very often. But when it does, the school takes a very tough position. Unit2 1. 我怀疑这本书也许已经不再印了。我去问书店的工作人员，他们说我说的对，这书已经绝版很多年了。
法律英语试题答案
1调卷令certiorari 2遵循先例：stare decisis 3法系legal family 4大陆法civil law 管辖权jurisdiction 地区法院District court 巡回法院circuit court 治安法庭Justice court 社会主义法socialist law 众议院House of representative 行使exercise 1司法审查judicial review 起诉资格standing 事实上的损害injury in fact 行政协定executive decision共同决议common decision 分权separation of powers 制衡checks and balances 成熟原则ripeness 招标bids 宪法constitution 1刑法criminal law 轻微违法misdemeanor 报税单bill of entry 主观上的过错mental fault 非预谋杀人manslaughter 抢劫robbery 加重的aggravate 绑架kidnapping 盗劫larceny 伪证罪perjury 1the county is the subdivision 2the doctrine ---the maxim 3the federal entity4the enforcement of a claim5statutes or codes 6tradition custom,and precedent 7commom people ,versus legislation 8stare decisis , Latin9legal relationships /legal concept 10judicial branch /judicial dictatorships 1in the precess of a court ascertaining2than to statutory interpretation 3dose not have the ''prolixity"/dose not provide a ready solution 4congress though its "power of the purse" /power as commander -in- chief 5c hecks and balances provided for in the constitution 6and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures 7has no standing to challenge 8the policy of elimination of racial discrimination In places of accommodation/and ending the badges of servitude 1it is punishable by sanctions 2Most crimes or identified in statutes 3punished through imposition penalities 4violation of a misdemeanor 5which were committed before that /enactment of the law 6grand a criminal prosecution7as well as its substantive law 8crimes classified as felonies include murder9 authorized federal jurisdiction 10one can be held criminally liable 1 it is to tell the defendant that 2In US jurisprudence, however 3the right to trial by grand jury/protection against government tyranny 4 The prosecution at trial has the duty 5against arbitrary imposition of the capital punishment 6in an entirely different punishment/prosecution and conviction 7 privilege against self-incrimination8a common assumption abou t the nature of criminality 9"unreasonable" government searches and seizures is stated 10criminal procedure is "adversarial" 1 single issue of law 2dismissed or a defense was lost 3state a claim generally 4adequately represent the interests 5"fairness hearing" 6(the "plaintiff")to file suit in 7violatio n criminal law 8applying substantive law to real disputes 9 on part is entitled to judgment 10common law remedy/ equitable remedies