2015全国卷1 完形填空 优秀详细解释 强烈推荐

2015全国卷1 完形填空  优秀详细解释   强烈推荐
2015全国卷1 完形填空  优秀详细解释   强烈推荐

2015全国卷1 完形填空优秀详细解释强烈推荐!!

一份好的试卷应该是一份活的教材,有文化、有思想、有灵魂。而这主要体现在一份试卷的三个方面:听力、阅读和写作。如果这三个方面不能体现出文化、思想和灵魂的话,那么,这份“教材”就不是“活的”,因而也就失去了存在的价值,也就不足以承载高考指挥棒的功能(姑将此指挥棒归于正能量)。完形填空题也是阅读的一个部分。完形填空题命制的好不好,即可管窥全卷。

本文是对2015年高考英语课标卷I和课标卷II的完形填空两篇的评注。评注的路径与方法一如对湖北卷的考察:揭示命题规律、解析命题思路。品题论点也一仍其旧,亦庄亦谐,或详或略,轻松而不随意,嬉笑但不怒骂。

有着三十多年命题训练的教育部考试中心高考英语命题组,对命制完形填空题确有其独到之处,主要表现在选文视角、选点视角与设疑视角等几个方面。当然,由于时间的作用,也可能会形成某种命题偏好与相对静止的命题定势。今天咱就来挖掘、分析、破局。这一次,咱做的不是雷锋,而是山东蓝翔的挖掘机手。好的东东要挖掘出来公诸同好,不好的东东也会公示于众。好的发扬之,不好的则希望在今后的高考英语命题中尽量避免之。毕竟自2016年始,25个省,700多万考生。儿戏不得,马虎不得,也粗糙不得。精致一点做,讲究一点做,是上选。

完形填空的命题过程首先得从选文说起。从选文到定文,一般会有选文、裁剪、简化、压缩、调整、定文等一系列环节。然后是命题布局与设点谋划。这个过程包括选点、设空、关联、呼应、回指、以及点与点的比例配置等。接下来是选项配置与选项设疑。依据文章,确定与调整主考点与辅考点的关系(20个主考点,60个辅考点。不同的辅考点会影响文脉走向),确定与调整启发与干扰的布局与设置。最后是调整文章难度与试题难度所形成的综合难度,这个综合难度将会影响到全卷的难度配置。

2015年教育部考试中心命制的高考英语课标卷I与II两套,因此,今天批注的完形填空试题,也是两套。咱花开两朵,各表一枝。且先说这课标卷I的完形填空题。

1. 2015年高考英语课标卷I

第三部分英语知识运用(共两节,满分55分)

第一节完形填空(共20 小题;每小题2 分,满分40 分)

阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C 和D)中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。250

【Denglish】课标卷I的完形填空20小题,每小题2分,满分40分。这比课标卷II的完形填空赋分要高出10分。全文250词左右。不论是从前的大纲卷,还是如今的课标卷,完形填空的文章单篇净阅读量都不大。

本文选材较为平易,纯叙事,依然走情感路线。故事大意是作者与自家几个孩子去超市偶遇站立寒风中举牌乞讨者,孩子们心生怜悯,在大人的支持下,“抠出”自己的生活日用而周济乞讨者一家。尔后,乐善好施便成为这家孩子们的价值取向并能长期践行之。中国传统文化也讲求行善积德。看来,这是人类天性中善的自然流露。文化意识的滋润与默化,不仅可以来自家庭的言传与身教,也可以来自异域文学作品的阅读与浸淫。

本卷完形填空题中偏、难、怪题几无,但考生若想答题周到,亦须认真阅读全文,并有效化解语言障碍、理解故事脉络、梳理情感线索。整个考点设计及备选项基本与文意相关,各备选项大致能暗示某种发展脉络或方向。但也有选项失真(配选问题)及个别直接回指问题。总的说来,本题从选文到设计不失为高水平制作。若与某些省份的完形填空设计相比,命题者的匠心大有可赞处。

全文共5段。

第一段My kids and I were heading into the supermarket over the weekend. On the way, we

spotted a man holding a piece of paper that said, “41 my job. Family to Feed.”

41. A. Quit B. Changed C. Lost

D. Finished

【Denglish】此题中Family to Feed说明此人无力支撑家庭开支,给的是事实,原因则与my job有关。到底有关什么?如果quit或changed的话则不必一定导致此刻一家人嗷嗷待哺(family to feed)的困窘。Finished则比较受汉译的影响,似乎想让考生得出因为“完工”(完成工作)而“失去工作”的逻辑。事实上,finish英文的含义主要是指完成任务或工作,而不能得出失业(失去工作)的逻辑转义(工作与职业在汉语中可以转义)。因此,只有Lost 切合文意,也更值得人们同情。小牌上的“情感牌”以吸引路人的“窗户”(眼球),进而影响路人的“心灵”。看来,“情感牌”是打对了。

此题属于小语境命题或单点命题,即依据单句内容进行命题设计,测试点不依赖全篇文意,甚至不依赖全段。当然,后文的故事支撑与情感脉络则需要贯穿全文。这也是一般单项填空题(单点或单句命题)所不具备的优势。

第二段At this store, a 42 like this is not normal. My 10-year-old noticed him andmade a 43 on how bad it must be to have to stand 44 in the cold wind.

42. A. condition B. place C. sight

D. show

43. A. suggestion B. comment C. decision D. call

44. A. by B. proudly C. outside

D. angrily

【Denglish】42小题有3个备选项值得一提(因place实在是离题太远,因而也就失去了备选的资格。condition因意为条件或情况,正因为这个“情况”,其汉语词义比较丰富,也容易让考生觉得“此类情况不太正常”的表达似乎符合一般中文的语义逻辑,至少听上去或看起来很“正常”。这就形成了一个语义干扰,也就是该备选项似乎有了入选的资格。语义或词义的逻辑正确(感觉上)往往是导致干扰发生的一个重要来源,也是命题者命题选点、配项的一个理论依据。show从词义上来看,也能引发考生的联想,从做秀的“秀”,到表演的“演”,以及中国社会现实中的种种乞讨行为的“秀”都是“show”的一种。因此,这个词义转换也是考生的“正常的”符合“逻辑的”联想。这也恰恰是命题者所希望看到的!尽管听上去或看上去,命题者多少有点“阴”。事实上,命题是设局也好,摆迷宫也好,挖陷阱也好,总之,从选文、选点到备选项的配置等命题路径来看,命题者的“复杂而矛盾”的心思往往会走两条路线,而且可能会同时走两条路线。一条是启发与干扰,一条是主考与辅考。启发与干扰是从选项设计的功能上着眼的,主考与辅考则是从整个命题的目的出发的。启发与干扰是矛盾的,主考与辅考也是矛盾的,甚至功能与目的也往往会被混淆而弄得矛盾。所以,命题者的“活”又是“矛盾而复杂”的。再说,不阴你,阴谁?

“幸好”有个sight,此处的sight是一个countable noun,表thing you see或something that is seen。汉语中比较恰切的对应词可能莫过于“景象”一词。所以,综合而论,“你看到的”可能不是一个condition(情况),也不可能是一场show(秀),至少从后文“看”来。“看来”,汉译的转义对中国考生的负面影响是很大的,而这个负面影响又恰恰惯为命题者所巧为利用。从这个意义上来讲,我常常想,中国学生学英文,了解词义的根本大法不是从汉译,而是,且必须是从英文原义中来。只有英-英,才能防“阴”!惟其如此,高考英语命题者的局就不难破了。有时候,命题者的雕虫小技也能玩大,关键是对象的空子是否够大。【Denglish】43小题所给四个备选项皆能与make连用,但有两点值得关注。第一,make a comment可以与介词on连用,on后面的宾语应为“就某事发表评论或想法”的具体内容。

make a call若与on连用,则可能是on the phone之类的“形式”或“工具”。make a decision 也可与on连用。指“就某事”或“就做某事”做出决定。第二,就本题而言,on后的内容how bad it must be属于评论、感叹,并非suggestion,更不会是decision或者call。特别应该指出的是,此题中的call应该列入非真实选项,是命题者的废笔。

【Denglish】44小题属于单点命题。本小题4个备选项采用了两个方位副词、两个情感副词对称设计。从句意看,Stand outside 与in the cold wind自然贯通,无需全文会意。但吊诡的是,命题者所配选的proudly和angrily两个情感类副词不知所本何处?而且,这两个情感副词的发展方向也不同。不难看出,这两个具有精确情感状态的副词在描述stand时与前文的“想必很糟”(how bad it must be)无法形成正常的逻辑。同时也与后文“汪然出涕”(burst into tears)的情绪无法关联。不知命题者究竟想将考生往哪个文意方向带?看来,这是要将考生带到沟里的节奏。俺只能纳深深的闷-ing。

命题者在一个测试点中设计四个选项,从结构上看,是22模式,即两个方位副词,两个情感副词。从文意上看,则是1111四向模式,但各不会意。

第三段In the store, I asked each of my kids to 45 something they thought our “friend”there would 46 . They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice. Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a 47 . I thought about it. We were 48 on cash ourselves, bu t…well, sometimes 49 from our need instead of our abundance is 50 what we need to do! All the kids 51 something they could do away with for the week.

45. A. draw B. say C. arrange

D. pick

46. A. appreciate B. supply C. order

D. discover

47. A. dollar B. job C. hot meal

D. gift card

48. A. easy B. low C. soft

D. loose

49. A. giving B. saving C. spending

D. begging

50. A. yet B. even C. still

D. just

51. A. declared B. shared C. ignored

D. expected

【Denglish】45小题此题妙在“选”“pick”,支撑此“选”的文意有三处:1. something they thought our “friend”there would 46 . 2. They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice.

3. All the kids 51 something they could do away with for the week. 1,3 所指的something不确指为某物。2则为确指的事物(食物),皆为孩子们日常生活所需。四个备选项,draw意为抽出。say不知所“云”,arrange安排,有点干扰,但不大,这是更为汉译的转义。pick something 正是2的抽象或概括性说明。

【Denglish】They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice是对下一段52小题的远指,但需要建立相对抽象的指代关系,即food。同时,这句也是45小题的具体的内容性呼应,而45小题的pick又是此句的抽象回应。一语而得两用,妙。

【Denglish】Then my 17-year-old suggested giving him a 47 .系后文前指。与第四段第二句(When I handed him the gift card, saying he could…)直接回指。原来教育部命题高手偶尔也玩一把直接回指的“游戏”。是送分呢?还是送分呢?

【Denglish】48小题句。当大儿建议给个什么东西“那位朋友”时,主人公踌躇了一下(thought about it)。为什么?因为自家也不宽裕,不宽裕当然是指cash,而cash可能与dollar有关,但按常理,不可能只给1 dollar(且文意也不符)。B(job)、C(hot meal)二选皆与cash无关,省去。紧接着来一个but,文意随即明朗。第四段的When I handed him the gift card明示已毫无必要。完全送分。当然,必要的,个别的送分或者是可以接受的?考生高兴就行。不过,命题技术也得讲究。要送也得不要那么“直接”,免得不好想哦。

【Denglish】49小题。Giving已出现过多次,前文的giving意为给予、赠与,49小题则抽象为“施与舍”的大概念。此句意为“从牙缝里挤出来的周济而非富足中慷慨的施舍也许正是我辈应当为之者”。

【Denglish】51小题句。本句回应了low cash,也回应了giving from our need,原来孩子是将日常所需(“本周的”for the week)省下来给了“朋友”。51小题句可以理解为几个孩子纷纷表示(declared)省下“本周”的一些零食(our need),自己不吃。想起中文“周济”一词,真是别有会心焉!中文之妙,妙在涉语成趣的无限会心与慧心观照!

第四段When we handed him the bag of 52 , he lit up and thanked us with 53 eyes. When I handed him the gift card, saying he could use it for 54 his family might need, he burst into tears.

52. A. food B. medicine C. toys

D. clothes

53. A. sleepy B. watery C. curious

D. sharp

54. A. whoever B. whatever C. whichever D. whenever

【Denglish】the bag of __52__(food)与前文They got apples, a sandwich and a bottle of juice 形成抽象呼应或概括性呼应。

【Denglish】53小题句。Light up表脸色因激动(或喜悦)而放光,thank与watery eyes形成一个生动且丰富的表情链,嘴角翕动表thank,“眼角有泪光闪动”,与46小题的appreciate 具体回应,所施之物正是其所需之物,所以感动。也就是说在完形填空的命题实践中,可以设计抽象呼应,也可以设计具体呼应。所谓抽象呼应是指前文为具体描述,测试点处做概括性回指,52小题即是。所谓具体回应是指前文为抽象或概括性描述,测试点处则为具体或内容性回指。

【Denglish】I handed him the gift card与前文my 17-year-old suggested giving him a 47 直接呼应。属于远题直接回指。

【Denglish】54小题句。此题从词用和词性的角度看,只有三个备选项可用,whenever(副词)实为配选之举,应该是考试中心命题者的失误。作为介词的for需要一个介词宾语,作为动词的need需要一个宾语。在基础英语中能具备这双重功能(既做引导词,又做先行词)的词汇共有5个,whoever,whomever,whichever,what,whatever等。从句意看,只能接受whatever。作为人的whoever固然不合适,作为已知中的不确定选择的whichever也不通。对于中国学习英语者而言,what和which作为代词时的核心差别往往不能有效区别。简而言之,what是从无中选出,所以是“什么”;which是从有中选出,所以是“哪一个”。揣摩下例,区别顿显。(设计对白,不问出处)

——What do you want?

——I want a shirt

——Which do you want?

——I want this shirt.(估计是喜欢那个九磅十五便士的衬衫吧)

第五段This has been a wonderful 55 for our family. For days the kids have been looking for others we can 56 ! Things would have played out so 57 if I had simply said, “No, we really don’t have 58 to give more.”Stepping out not only helped a brother in 59 , it also gave my kids the 60 taste of helping others. It’ll go a long way with them.

55. A. message B. example C. experience D. adventure

56. A. rely on B. respect C. learn from

D. help

57. A. suddenly B. vividly C. differently D. perfectly

58. A. time B. power C. patience

D. money

59. A. need B. love C. fear

D. memory

60. A. strong B. sweet C. strange

D. simple

【Denglish】57小题。此题的四个选项中,以A(suddenly),B(vividly)比较“奇特”。因为从句意来看,情况发展得可能很好(perfectly),也可能不同(differently),但不可能suddenly 或vividly。由于if条件句句意明显,所以,things只可能往differently方向发展。【Denglish】58小题算是一种“遥远的”呼应。We were low on cash on ourselves.这个cash 正是此题money的暗示远指。不过,即使没有这个远指,三个备选项也没有资格参选。time,power,patience就词义而言,可谓离题万里。

【Denglish】59小题。从命题的角度看,此题备选项设置(配选)问题较大。help sb. in need 是惯用的,也是好理解的。help sb. in fear 也能有正常的思维发展方向。但in love 与in memory就比较奇怪了,尤其是in memory,典型的无词找词的配选。为了短语结构形态的一致,不顾选项的不真实,姑妄设之,姑妄考之。

【Denglish】60小题。甜蜜的回味。助人为乐,乐,正是一种回甘。Strong是比较浓厚的味道,比如strong coffee,不宜。其余两个备选项更是(strange,simple)不知所云,与文意不合。不知命题者在设计这个小题时何以如此“食不甘味”?俺怎么也看不出这几个配选与文意的逻辑。难怪有人说,“Too simple,strange!”你懂的!

答案:

41-50 CCBCD ADBAD

51-60 AABBC DCDAB

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