供配电系统英文文献

Power Supply and Distribution System ABSTRACT:

The basic function of the electric power system is to transport the el ectric power towards customers.The l0kV electric distribution net is a key point that connects the power supply with the electricity usin g on the industry,business and daily-life.For the electric power,allc ostumers expect to pay the lowest price for the highest reliability,b ut don't consider that it's self-contradictory in the co-existence of ec onomy and reliable.To improve the reliability of the power supply n etwork,we must increase the investment cost of the network constr uction But,if the cost that improve the reliability of the network con struction,but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the inc reasing investment on improving the reliability.Thus we find out a b alance point to make the most economic,between the investment a nd the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the loss brought from power-off.

KEYWORDS:

power supply and distribution,power distribution reliability，reactive compensation,load distribution

The revolution of electric power system has brought a new big roun

d construction,which is pushing th

e greater revolution o

f electric po wer technique alon

g wit

h the application of new technique and adv anced equipment.Especially,the combination of the information te chnique and electric power technique,to great ex-tent,has improv ed reliability on electric quality and electric supply.The technical de velopment decreases the cost on electric construction and drives in novation of electric network.On the basis of national and internatio -nal advanced electric knowledge,the dissertation introduces the r esearch hotspot for present electric power sy-etem as following.

Firstly,This dissertation introduces the building condition of distribu tion automation(DA),and brings forward two typical construction m odes on DA construction,integrative mode and fission mode.It emp hasize the DA structure under the condition of the fission mode and presents the system configuration,the main station scheme,the fe eder scheme,the optimized communication scheme etc.,which is f or DA research reference.

Secondly,as for the(DA)trouble measurement,position,isolation a nd resume,This dissertation analyzes the changes of pressure and c urrent for line problem,gets math equation by educing phase short circuit and problem position under the condition of single-phase an

d works out equation and several parameter s U&,s I&and

e I&tab le on problem.It brings out optimized isolation and resume plan,re alizes auto isolation and network reconstruction,reduces the power of

f range and time and improves the reliability of electric power su pply through problem self-diagnoses and self-analysis.It also introd uces software flow and use for problem judgement and sets a mode l on network reconstruction and computer flow.

Thirdly,electricity system state is estimated to be one of the key tec hniques in DA realization.The dissertation recommends the resolve nt of bad measurement data and structure mistake on the ground of describing state estimate way.It also advances a practical test and j udging way on topology mistake in state estimate about bad data te st and abnormity in state estimate as well as the problem and effect on bad data from state measure to state estimate.As for real time monitor and control problem,the dissertation introduces a new wa y to solve them by electricity break and exceptional analysis,and th e way has been tested in Weifang DA.

Fourthly,about the difficulty for building the model of load forecasti ng,big parameter scatter limit and something concerned,the disser tation introduces some parameters,eg.weather factor,date type an

d social environment effect based on analysis of routin

e load foreca sting and means.It presents the way for electricity load forecasting

f ounded on neural network(ANN),which has been tested it’s validity by example and made to be good practical effect.

Fifthly,concerning the lack of concordant wave on preve nting conc ordant wave and non-power compensation and non-continuity on c ompensation,there is a topology structure of PWM main circuit and nonpower theory on active filter the waves technique and builds fla t proof on the ground of Saber Designer and proves to be practical. Meanwhile,it analyzes and designs the way of non-power need of e lectric network tre-nds and decreasing line loss combined with DA, which have been tested its objective economic benefit throu-gh co unting example.

Sixthly,not only do the dissertation design a way founded on the m agrginal electric price fitted to our present national electric power market with regards to future trends of electric power market in Chi na and fair trade under the government surveillance,that is group c ompetitio n in short-term trade under the way of grouped price and quantity harmony,but also puts forward combination arithmetic,m ath model of trading plan and safty economical restriction.It can sol

ve the original contradiction between medium and long term contra ct price and short term competitive price with improvement on com petitive percentage and cut down the unfair income difference of el ectric factory,at the same time,it can optimize the electric limit for all electric factories and reduce the total purchase charge of electric power from burthen curve of whole electric market network.

The distribution network is an important link among the power syst em.Its neutral grounding mode and operation connects security an d stability of the power system directly.At the same time,the probl em about neutral grounding is associated with national conditions, natural environment,device fabrication and operation.For example, the activity situation of the thunder and lightning,insulating struct ure and the peripheral interference will influence the choice of neut ral grounding mode Conversely,neutral grounding mode affects desi gn,operation,debugs and developing.Generally in the system high er in grade in the voltage,the insulating expenses account for more sizable proportion at the total price of the equipment.It is very rem arkable to bring the economic benefits by reducing the insulating le https://www.360docs.net/doc/b912624028.html,ually such system adopt the neutral directly grounding and ad opt the autoreclosing to guarantee power supply reliability.On the c ontrary,the system which is lower in the voltage adopts neutral non e grounding to raise power supply reliability.So it is an important su

bject to make use of new-type earth device to apply to the distribut ion network under considering the situation in such factors of vario us fields as power supply reliability,safety factor,over-voltage factor, the choice of relay protection,investment cost,etc.

The main work of this paper is to research and choice the neutral gr ounding mode of the l0kV distribution network.The neutral groundi ng mode of the l0kV network mainly adopts none grounding,groun ding by arc suppressing coil,grounding by reactance grounding and directly grounding.The best grounding mode is confirmed through t he technology comparison.It can help the network run in safety and limit the earth electric arc by using auto-tracking compensate devic e and using the line protection with the detection of the sensitive s mall ground current.The paper introduces and analyzes the charact eristic of all kind of grounding modes about l0kV network at first.Wi th the comparison with technological and economy,the conclusion i s drawn that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode sho ws a very big development potential.

Then,this paper researches and introduces some operation charact eristics of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode of the l0kV distri bution network.And then the paper put emphasis on how to exting uish the earth electric arc effectively by utilizing the resonance princ

iple.This paper combines the development of domestic and interna tional technology and innovative achievement,and introduces the c omputer earth protection and autotracking compensate device.It p roves that the improved arc suppressing coil grounding mode have better operation characteristics in power supply reliability,personal security,security of equipment and interference of communication. The application of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode is also re searched in this paper.

Finally,the paper summarizes this topic research.As a result of the domination of the arc suppressing coil grounding mode,it should be more popularized and applied in the distribution network in the fut ure.The way of thinking,project and conclusions in this thesis have e ffect on the research to choose the neutral grounding mode not onl y in I0kV distribution network but also in other power system..

etwork,we must increase the investment cost of the network con-s truction But,if the cost that improve the reliability of the network c onstruction,but the investment on this kind of construction would be worthless if the reducing loss is on the power-off is less than the increasing investment on improving the reliability.Thus we find out a balance point to make the most economic,between the investme nt and the loss by calculating the investment on power net and the l oss brought from power-off.The thesis analyses on the economic an d the reliable of the various line modes,according to the characteris tics various line modes existed in the electric distribution net in fosh an..

First,the thesis introduces as the different line modes in the l0kV el ectric distribution net and in some foreign countries.Making it clear tow to conduct analyzing on the line mode of the electric distributi on net,and telling us how important and necessary that analyses ar e.

Second,it turns to the necessity of calculating the number of optimi zation subsection,elaborating how it influences on the economy an d reliability.Then by building up the calculation mode of the numbe r of optimization subsection it introduces different power supply pr ojects on the different line modes in brief.Third,it carries on the cal culation and analyses towards the reliability and economy of the diff

erent line modes of electric distribution net,describing drafts accor ding by the calculation.Then it makes analysis and discussion on the number of optimization subsection.

At last,the article make conclusion on the economy and reliability o f different line modes,as well as,its application situation.Accordion to the actual circumstance,the thesis puts forward the beneficial s uggestion on the programming and construction of the l0kV electric distribution net in all areas in foshan.Providing the basic theories a nd beneficial guideline for the programming design of the10kV elec tric distribution net and building up a solid net,reasonable layout,q ualified safe and efficiently-worked electric distribution net.

数据库外文参考文献及翻译.

数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库外文参考文献及翻译数据库管理系统——实施数据完整性一个数据库，只有用户对它特别有信心的时候。这就是为什么服务器必须实施数据完整性规则和商业政策的原因。执行SQL Server的数据完整性的数据库本身，保证了复杂的业务政策得以遵循，以及强制性数据元素之间的关系得到遵守。因为SQL Server的客户机/服务器体系结构允许你使用各种不同的前端应用程序去操纵和从服务器上呈现同样的数据，这把一切必要的完整性约束，安全权限，业务规则编码成每个应用，是非常繁琐的。如果企业的所有政策都在前端应用程序中被编码，那么各种应用程序都将随着每一次业务的政策的改变而改变。即使您试图把业务规则编码为每个客户端应用程序，其应用程序失常的危险性也将依然存在。大多数应用程序都是不能完全信任的，只有当服务器可以作为最后仲裁者，并且服务器不能为一个很差的书面或恶意程序去破坏其完整性而提供一个后门。SQL Server使用了先进的数据完整性功能，如存储过程，声明引用完整性（DRI），数据类型，限制，规则，默认和触发器来执行数据的完整性。所有这些功能在数据库里都有各自的用途;通过这些完整性功能的结合，可以实现您的数据库的灵活性和易于管理，而且还安全。声明数据完整性声明数据完整原文请找腾讯3249114六,维-论'文.网 https://www.360docs.net/doc/b912624028.html, 定义一个表时指定构成的主键的列。这就是所谓的主键约束。SQL Server使用主键约束以保证所有值的唯一性在指定的列从未侵犯。通过确保这个表有一个主键来实现这个表的实体完整性。有时，在一个表中一个以上的列（或列的组合）可以唯一标志一行，例如，雇员表可能有员工编号（ emp_id ）列和社会安全号码（ soc_sec_num ）列，两者的值都被认为是唯一的。这种列经常被称为替代键或候选键。这些项也必须是唯一的。虽然一个表只能有一个主键，但是它可以有多个候选键。 SQL Server的支持多个候选键概念进入唯一性约束。当一列或列的组合被声明是唯一的， SQL Server 会阻止任何行因为违反这个唯一性而进行的添加或更新操作。在没有故指的或者合适的键存在时，指定一个任意的唯一的数字作为主键，往往是最有效的。例如，企业普遍使用的客户号码或账户号码作为唯一识别码或主键。通过允许一个表中的一个列拥有身份属性，SQL Server可以更容易有效地产生唯一数字。您使用的身份属性可以确保每个列中的值是唯一的，并且值将从你指定的起点开始，以你指定的数量进行递增（或递减）。（拥有特定属性的列通常也有一个主键或唯一约束，但这不是必需的。）第二种类型的数据完整性是参照完整性。 SQL Server实现了表和外键约束之间的逻辑关系。外键是一个表中的列或列的组合，连接着另一个表的主键（或着也可能是替代键）。这两个表之间的逻辑关系是关系模型的基础;参照完整性意味着这种关系是从来没有被违反的。例如，一个包括出版商表和标题表的简单的select例子。在标题表中，列title_id （标题编号）是主键。在出版商表，列pub_id （出版者ID ）是主键。 titles表还包括一个pub_id列，这不是主键，因为出版商可以发布多个标题。相反， pub_id是一个外键，它对应着出版商表的主键。如果你在定义表的时候声明了这个关系， SQL Server由双方执行它。首先，它确保标题不能进入titles表，或在titles表中现有的pub_id无法被修改，除非有效的出版商ID作为新pub_id出现在出版商表中。其次，它确保在不考虑titles表中对应值的情况下，出版商表中的pub_id的值不做任何改变。以下两种方法可

供配电系统的毕业设计资料

供配电系统的毕业设计编写学生：林树凯指导老师：刘峰海尔学院电气自动化技术专业2009级2班

前言经济要发展，电力需先行。进入21世纪，随着我国各种规划的进行和“西部大开发”战略的实施。我国的电力建设事业将出现一个大发展的新局面，供配电技术的应用将更加广泛。作为一名即将毕业的电气自动化专业学生，做一个关于电力系统方面的毕业设计是十分必要的，这不仅使电气自动化专业学生将电力系统方面的理论知识得以实践、应用，而且为电气自动化专业学生今后从事有关电力系统方面的工作打下一个良好的基础。本次电力系统的毕业设计只是正对通用机器厂供配电系统的电气设计。主要分为以下一个内容：负荷的分析计算，配电方案，变压器的台数、容量及变电所主接线方案，短路计算对电气设备进行校验，电气设备的布置方案，继电保护、二次回路及防雷与接地，若时间允许，甚至可以加上变电所电气照明设计内容。由于时间仓促，再加上本人水平有限，难免有些错误，请阅读者指出利于改正，谢谢！林树凯

目录项目一：通用机器厂的基本情况。项目二：负荷计算和无功功率补偿。项目三：变电所的位置与型式的选择及主变压器的台数与容量、类型的选择。项目四：金工车间配电系统的确定。项目五：变电所主结线方案的设计。项目六：短路电流的计算。项目七：变电所一次设备及进出线的选择与校验。项目八：变电所二次回路的选择及继电保护的整定。项目九：防雷与接地、变电所设计图展示参考文献

参考文献 1、《现代电力系统分析》王锡凡主编，科学出版社。 2、《电力系统分析基础》任建文主编，华北电力大学出版社。 3、《电力系统继电保护原理》（增订版）贺家李、宋从矩主编，中国电力出版社。 4、《工厂供配电》王玉华、赵志英主编，中国林业大学出版社，北京大学出版社。 5、《使用供配电技术手册》刘介才主编，中国水利水电出版社。 6、《静止无功功率补偿技术》粟时平、刘桂英主编，中国电力出版社。 7、《工厂供电设计指导》刘介才主编，机械工业出版社。 8、《供配电工程》马志溪主编，清华大学出版社。

10kV小区供配电英文文献及中文翻译

在广州甚至广东的住宅小区电气设计中,一般都会涉及到小区的高低压供配电系统的设计.如10kV高压配电系统图,低压配电系统图等等图纸一大堆.然而在真正实施过程中,供电部门(尤其是供电公司指定的所谓电力设计小公司)根本将这些图纸作为一回事,按其电脑里原有的电子档图纸将数据稍作改动以及断路器按其所好换个厂家名称便美其名曰设计(可笑不?),拿出来的图纸根本无法满足电气设计的设计意图,致使严重存在以下问题:(也不知道是职业道德问题还是根本一窍不通) 1.跟原设计的电气系统货不对板,存在与低压开关柜后出线回路严重冲突,对实际施工造成严重阻碍,经常要求设计单位改动原有电气系统图才能满足它的要求(垄断的没话说). 2.对消防负荷和非消防负荷的供电(主要在高层建筑里)应严格分回路(从母线段)都不清楚,将消防负荷和非消防负荷按一个回路出线(尤其是将电梯和消防电梯,地下室的动力合在一起等等,有的甚至将楼顶消防风机和梯间照明合在一个回路,以一个表计量). 3.系统接地保护接地型式由原设计的TN-S系统竟曲解成"TN-S-C-S"系统(室内的还需要做TN-C,好玩吧?),严格的按照所谓的"三相四线制"再做重复接地来实施,导致后续施工中存在重复浪费资源以及安全隐患等等问题.. ............................(违反建筑电气设计规范等等问题实在不好意思一一例举,给那帮人留点混饭吃的面子算了) 总之吧,在通过图纸审查后的电气设计图纸在这帮人的眼里根本不知何物,经常是完工后的高低压供配电系统已是面目全非了,能有百分之五十的保留已经是谢天谢地了. 所以.我觉得:住宅建筑电气设计,让供电部门走!大不了留点位置,让他供几个必需回路的电,爱怎么折腾让他自个怎么折腾去.. Guangzhou, Guangdong, even in the electrical design of residential quarters, generally involving high-low cell power supply system design. 10kV power distribution systems, such as maps, drawings, etc. low-voltage distribution system map a lot. But in the real implementation of the process, the power sector (especially the so-called power supply design company appointed a small company) did these drawings for one thing, according to computer drawings of the original electronic file data to make a little change, and circuit breakers by their the name of another manufacturer will be sounding good design (ridiculously?), drawing out the design simply can not meet the electrical design intent, resulting in a serious following problems: (do not know or not know nothing about ethical issues) 1. With the original design of the electrical system not meeting board, the existence and low voltage switchgear circuit after qualifying serious conflicts seriously hinder the actual construction, often require changes to the original design unit plans to meet its electrical system requirements (monopoly impress ). 2. On the fire load and fire load of non-supply (mainly in high-rise building in) should be strictly sub-loop (from the bus segment) are not clear, the fire load and fire load of non-qualifying press of a circuit (especially the elevator and fire elevator, basement, etc.

英文参考文献翻译完结

基于反馈神经网络肘关节力矩的动态预测 R.Song K.Y.Tong 健康技术与信息学系，香港理工大学 KowIoon，香港

摘要肌肉模型是身体部分运动分析的一个重要组成部分。尽管许多研究已经集中在静态条件下,但是肌电信号（EMG）和关节转矩在自愿动态情况下之间的关系并没有被很好的研究。本研究的目的是调查的一个反馈人工神经网络的性能（RANN）自愿动态情况下的复杂肘扭矩估计。肌电信号和运动数据，其中包括角度和角速度，被用来作为估计在运动过程中预期的扭矩输入。此外，角度和角速度的预测精度的作用进行了研究，并比较两个模型。一个模型的肌电图和关节运动的投入和其他的模型只使用肌电图无运动数据输入。六例健康体检者，和两个平均角速度（60°S 7和90°S 7）三种不同负荷（0公斤，1公斤，2公斤）在手的位置被选择来训练和测试90°屈肘、全伸肘之间的递归神经网络（0 ~）。训练结束后，根平均平方误差（RMSE）预期的扭矩和扭矩之间的模型预测，在训练数据集的肌电图和关节运动的投入和测试数据集，分别为0.17±0.03 nm和0.35 + 0.06 nm。预期的扭矩和预测模型的RMSE值之间的扭矩，在训练数据集只有肌电输入和测试集，分别为0.57 t - 0.07 nm和0.73 T 0.11 nm。结果表明，肌电信号一起运动的数据提供了更好的性能预测的关节力矩；关节角度和角速度提供了重要信息的关节力矩的估计在自愿的运动。关键词:肌肉骨骼模型，自愿的运动，反馈人工神经网络，逆动力学模型

第一章绪论由于希尔提出了1938肌肉的经典论文，神经生理学和神经肌肉骨骼系统的生物力学已被广泛研究，使人体运动生成的原理可以发现（希尔，1938）。探讨中枢神经系统（CNS）激发肌肉和其后的发展力和产生不同的人体运动，许多模型来描述和定性的肌肉骨骼系统的不同层次的性能（温特斯，1990；扎杰克和温特斯，1990）。一个被普遍接受的山为基础的神经肌肉骨骼系统由以下子模型，一步一步：肌肉兴奋-收缩模型；肌腱骨骼模型；动态模型（扎耶克，1989）。图1 肌肉骨骼模型框图图1显示了基于hillbased模型的运动生成。图1，肌肉兴奋收缩模型是用来估计中枢神经系统指挥肌肉活动的状态。肌腱模型产生的肌肉力量不仅基于肌肉激活状态，而且基于肌腱式长度和肌腱式收缩速度，这与关节角速度和角速度（温特斯和斯塔克，1988）。前项状态的肌肉力量，它决定了肌腱的依从性，还负责肌肉力在后一阶段（扎耶克，1989）。一旦所有负责的关节运动的肌肉力量已经发现，肌肉的力量与各自的肌肉力臂和的结果求和乘法可以产生关节力矩。所有子模型的数学积分可以用来描述关节运动是中枢神经系统的命令产生哪些参数斧负责关节力矩。肌电信号反映肌肉的活动，和许多类似的肌电力矩的关系已经在静态和动态情况的研究（张等人，1997；麦森纳和莫润，1995）。肌肉的肌电信号也常被认

供配电系统

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文献综述电气工程及自动化工厂供电工程设计摘要：工厂供电设计的基本内容主要包括工厂变配电所设计、工厂高压配电线路设计、车间低压配电线路设计和工厂电气照明设计。工厂供电设计通常分为初步设计、技术设计和施工图设计三个阶段，对于工程规模较小或技术不太复杂的工程也可分为初步设计和施工图设计两个阶段。关键词：变配电所；工程设计；问题 1．引言供电系统在企业电力系统中占有重要地位, 它能否安全、稳定、可靠地运行, 不但直接关系到企业用电的畅通, 而且涉及到电力系统运行正常。变配电该所设计是工程建设中非常普通又非常重要的一项工作, 其规范性和技术性都很强, 许多方面涉及到国家强制性条文的贯彻落实, 且要满足当地供电部门的具体要求, 否则会出现种种问题, 影响设计质量和工程进度 [1]。在供配电系统中，变配电所的设计是很重要的一环。它涉及到负荷计算，负荷等级的确定，短路电流的计算及相关的动热稳定校验。变压器的选定、电费的计量和功率因数的补偿等，有时还要满足对谐波的抑制要求和对低压出线回路的漏电电流进行监测。变电所设计的安全性还可能影响到整个城市电网，所以当地的供电部门往往要对施工图进行审查，以符合安全和计量的需要。下面就高压供配电系统主接线的确定、短路电流的计算、设计中常见问题等进行探讨[2]。 2.工厂供电设计内容 2.1设计的任务与原则工厂供电设计的任务是保障电能从电源安全、可靠、经济、优质地送到工厂的各个用电部门。工厂供电设计必须严格遵守国家的有关法令、法规、标准和规范，执行国家有关方针、政策，如节约有色金属，以铝代铜，采用低能耗设备以节约能源等。必须从全局出发，按照负荷的等级、用电的容量、工程特点和地区供电规划统筹规划，合理确定整体设计方案。工

电力中英文词汇对

abrasion-Proof component of burner 燃烧器耐磨件arm-brace 撑脚 ash conditoner 调灰器 basket removal panel 元件盒检修护板 BDV blow down valve 疏水阀，排污阀 blind 堵板 blind flange 法兰堵板/盲板法兰（盖calling 催交 campell diagram 叶片埃贝尔曲线 dado 墙裙 daily service fuel tank level switch 日用油缸液位掣 damage 损毁 damper 挡板 damper linkage 风闸联动装置 damper motor 风闸马达 damping mat 阻尼垫 dangerous earth potential 危险性对地电势dashpot 减震器 data transmission 数据传输 DC/AC converter 直流电／交流电转换器dead 不带电 dead weight 自重 decanter 沉淀分取器 declaration of conformity 符合规范声明decommissioning 解除运作；停止运作decompression chamber 减压室 decorative lighting 装饰照明；灯饰 deep bore well pump 深钻井泵 defect liability period 故障修理责任期；保用期defectograph 钢缆探伤仪；故障检查仪defence in depth 纵深防御 definite sequence 固定次序 deflection 偏转；挠度 deflector sheave 折向轮；导向轮 defrost timer 防霜时间掣 defrost unit 溶雪组合dehumidifier 抽湿机 deleterious substance 有害物质 delivery and return air temperature 送风及回风温度 delivery connection 出油接头 delivery pressure 输出压力 demand side management 用电需求经管demand side management agreement 用电需求经管协议 demand side management programme 用电需求经管计划 dent 凹痕 dental instrument 牙科仪器 dental scaler 洗牙具 Departmental Administration Division [Electrical and Mechanical Services Department] 行政部〔机电工程署〕 Departmental Safety Unit [Electrical and Mechanical Services Department] 部门安全组〔机电工程署〕 deposition 沉积物 depth measuring facility 深度测量装置derating factor 额定值降低因子 derust 除锈 descale 清除氧化皮 design current 设计电流 design parameter 设计参数 designated employee 指定雇员 detachable grip 可拆除的夹扣 Details of Branch Offices of Registered Electrical Contractors 注册电业承办商分行详情申报 deterioration 变质；变坏 Deutsche Industrie Normen [DIN] 德国工业规范 device 器件；装置 dewatering 脱水；排水 diaphragm 膜片；隔板 dielectric strength test 电介质强度测试 diesel fuel tank 柴油燃料缸 diesel oil 柴油 differential gasket 差速器衬垫 differential lock 差速器锁 differential oil 差速器机油