动词不定式和动名词的用法教程文件

非谓语动词

不定式(infinitive)

1.不定式的用法

不定式的基本形式为“to do”, 在句中不单独作谓语；本身具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补足语。

(1) 作主语：

例：To see is to believe. 眼见为实。

To grasp English in a short time is not easy.

在短时间内掌握英语不容易。

注意：为保持句子平衡，可用“it”作形式主语，而将真正主语动词不定式放在后边，句型为：It is /was…to do sth.

例：It is not easy to grasp English in a short time.

在短时间内掌握英语是不容易的。

It was important for him to solve the problem then.

当时对于他来说，解决这个问题是重要的。

(2) 作宾语：多在单宾语及物动词后用作宾语，有时也可用在某些复合宾语及物动词及个别双宾语及物动词后。

例：I want to have a walk after supper.

晚饭后我想去散步。

He considered it his duty to support his family.

他认为支撑他的家庭是他的责任。

She doesn’t know how to run the machine.

她不知道如何操作这台机器。

不定式作宾语的结构为：及物动词+ to do. 动词常用：advise, agree, ask, begin, continue, decide, expect, forget, hope, learn, like, manage, mean, pretend, start, try, want, wish等。

(3) 作表语：联系动词一般都是be。

例：Our duty is to clean the office and the windows in it.

我们的责任是打扫办公室以及把办公室里的窗户擦干净。

His dream is to become an expert in computer in the future.

他的梦想是将来成为一名电脑方面的专家。

不定式作表语一般结构是：be to do sth.

(4) 作定语可表示主谓、动宾、地点、时间、方式等多种语义关系。例：Do you still have anything to say?

你还有什么要说的吗？

Mr. Li is the first to get to the library.

李先生是第一个到达图书馆的人。

不定式作定语必须放在所修饰的名词后，与所修饰的名词可以是

逻辑上的主谓关系或逻辑上的动宾关系。

如果不定式是不及物动词，则后面须跟一个介词。

例：We have nothing to worry about.

我们没有什么可担心的。

The Pierres had only a cold room to live in.

皮尔斯一家只有一间寒冷的房间居住。

She has no chair to sit on.

她没有椅子坐。

(5) 作状语：表示多种语义，如目的、原因、程度等。

例：They went out to have a walk. (表示目的)

他们出去散步。

I was really surprised to hear the news. (原因)

听到这个消息我真的很吃惊。

He is too young to join the army. (结果)

他太年轻了以至于不能参军。

To tell you the truth, I don’t like our Chinese teacher. (修饰全句)

告诉你实话，我不喜欢我们的语文老师。

(6) 作补语

例：They want us to keep silent.

他们希望我们保持安静。

He asked me to turn down the radio.

他让我把收音机的声音调低。

不定式作补语结构为：及物动词+ sb./sth. to do…

注意：

①如果及物动词为使役动词(let, have, make) 或感觉动词(see, hear, watch, notice, listen to, look at, feel等)，动词不定式不带“to”。

例：He made us sweep the floor three times a day.

他让我们一天打扫三次地板。

I saw him leave the meeting room early.

我看见他很早离开了会议室。

We always hear her sing popular songs.

我们总是听见她唱流行歌曲。

I noticed the man enter the store.

我注意到这个男人进入了商场。

His mother made him write a two-thousand-word article.

他的妈妈让他写一篇2000字的文章。

但该类句子变为被动句时则要加上“to”。

例：We were made to sweep the floor three times a day.

我们被要求一天打扫三次地板。

He was seen to leave the meeting room early.