2020届 二轮复习语法专项虚拟语气教案 (1)

虚拟语气

一、【知识精讲】

（一）虚拟语气的三种基本形式

1.与现在事实相反一般过去时/were（从句）would/should/could/might＋动词原形（主句）

2.与过去事实相反had＋过去分词（从句）would/should/could/might＋have＋过去分词（主句）

3.与将来事实相反一般过去时/were to＋动词原形/should＋动词原形（从句）

would/should/could/ might＋动词原形（主句）

If he were/was here now, I could ask him the question. 如果他现在在这儿，我就可以问他这个问题。If it rained/were to rain/should rain tomorrow, I would not go to Beijing. 如果明天下雨，我就不去北京了。

If he had told me his telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned him. 如果他昨天把电话号码告诉我，我一定会给他打电话。

（二）错综时间虚拟语气

前面介绍的三种基本形式的虚拟语气，其if从句中谓语动词的动作与主句谓语动词的动作发生的时间是一致的，即同为现在、过去或将来。但是当二者动作发生的时间不一致时，主句和从句各自的谓语形式要根据它们动作发生的时间按照上述原则作适当调整。常见的错综时间是：从句表示过去，主句表示现在，即If...had＋过去分词..., ...should/would/could/might＋动词原形。

If she had followed the doctor's advice, she would be quite all right now. 如果(当初)她听从了医生的劝告，她现在就没事了。

If the young tree had been watered, it wouldn't die now. 如果给那棵小树浇了水，它现在就不会死了。

（三）虚拟句的倒装

如果在表示虚拟语气的条件句中含有were, had或should，可将if省略，然后将were, had或should 移至主语之前。

Were I in school again, I would study harder. 如果我(现在)再上学的话，我会更加努力学习。

Had it not been for your help, I couldn't have finished it ahead of time. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不能提前把它做完。

Should it snow tomorrow, we would be very happy. 如果明天下雪，我们将会很高兴。

（四）含蓄虚拟条件句

含蓄虚拟条件句是指假设的情况不用条件从句表示，而是以其他方式隐含在上下文中。其表现形式有：1.介词或介词短语：without(若没有), but for(要不是)

Without electricity, human life would be quite different today. 如果没有电，今天人类的生活就完全不同了。

Without his advice, I couldn't have done it all by myself.＝If it hadn't been for his advice, I couldn't have done it all by myself. 如果没有他的建议，我就不可能独自做好这一切。

But for your help, we wouldn't have succeeded in doing this experiment. 要不是你的帮助，我们不可能成功地做好这个实验。

But for the meeting, I would have gone to your party last Saturday.＝If it hadn't been for the meeting, I would have gone to your party last Saturday. 要不是那个会议，我就参加你们上周六举行的晚会了。

2.分词短语暗示的虚拟语气

在简单句中，有时假设的条件隐含在现在分词短语或过去分词短语之中，在这种情况下，句子的谓语动词的形式必须根据分词短语所假设的情况或句中的时间状语来判断和选用。

Having known it earlier, we would have stopped such a thing from happening again. 如果我们早点知道这件事的话，我们就会阻止它再次发生了。

Having been given more money, we would have been to Hong Kong instead of Dalian.＝If we had been given more money, we would have been to Hong Kong instead of Dalian. 如果我们有更多的钱，我们就去香港而不是去大连了。

Being your age, I would study harder.＝If I were your age, I would study harder. 如果我是你这个年龄，我会更加努力学习。

（五）虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用

1.动词wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气

（1）与现在事实相反一般过去时/were

（2）与过去事实相反had+过去分词

（3）与将来事实相反would/could/might+动词原形

I wish they were at home this time. 我希望他们现在在家。

I wish I had seen her last night. 我希望昨天晚上见过她。

I wish he would have a bright future. 我希望他有美好的未来。

2.as if/though引导从句中的虚拟语气

（1）与现在事实相反一般过去时/were

（2）与过去事实相反had+过去分词

（3）与将来事实相反would+动词原形

She always talks to me as if she were my sister. 她跟我说起话来像我的姐姐似的。

He walked slowly as if he had hurt his leg. 他走得很慢，好像腿受伤了。

She talks about it again and again as though she would not end. 她反反复复地说这件事，好像没完没了了。

3.if only...的虚拟结构

（1）与现在事实相反一般过去时/were

（2）与过去事实相反had+过去分词

（3）与将来事实相反would+动词原形

If only he were here! 要是他在这儿就好了。

If only I had informed him of the news earlier. 要是我早点告诉他这条消息就好了。

If only he would lend me his car! 要是他能把车借给我就好了。

4.would rather后面接从句用虚拟语气

（1）表示与现在和将来事实相反，从句中谓语动词用一般过去时/were。

（2）表示与过去事实相反，从句中谓语动词用had+过去分词。

I would rather we didn't see a film this evening. 我宁愿我们今天晚上不看电影。

I'd rather you had returned the book yesterday. 我宁愿你昨天就已经把书还了。

5.表示坚持、决定、要求、命令等词后的宾语从句用虚拟语气

insist；suggest, advise, recommend, propose；decide；ask, demand, require, request, urge；order, command等在以上这些动词后的宾语从句中谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”形式，should可以省略。She suggested we (should) leave early. 她建议我们早点离开。

He insists that she (should) come. 他执意要她来。

She decided that she (should) not submit to her fate. 她决定不屈服于命运。

The officer commanded that all the soldiers (should) stop marching and camp at the foot of the mountain. 军官命令所有的士兵停止行军并在山脚下扎营。

【特别提醒】

以上动词所对应的名词后面如果接名词性从句时，谓语动词也用“(should＋)动词原形”形式，should可以省略。

We are all in favour of the suggestion that the sports meet (should) be put off until next week. 我们都支持运动会推迟到下周的建议。

6.It is (high/about) time that...

该句型有两种形式的虚拟结构，从句谓语动词用一般过去时或“should＋动词原形”形式，should通常不可以省略。

It is time that we took/should take some measures to protect the heritage sites. 该到了我们采取措施保护文化遗址的时候了。

7.在It is necessary/important/natural/strange/amazing/surprising that...句型中，从句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”形式，其中should可以省略。

It is necessary that he (should) attend our meeting tomorrow. 他明天有必要参加我们的会议。

（六）“情态动词+完成时”用于虚拟语气中多表示过去未能实现的愿望

1. should have done 本应该做但实际上未做

2. shouldn’t have done 本不应该做但实际上做了

3. could have done 本来能够做但实际上未做

4. might have done 本来可以做但实际上未做

5. needn’t have done 本来不必做但实际上做了

You could/might have given him some help, however busy you were. 不管你有多忙，本来你是可以给他一些帮助的。

There was plenty of time. You needn't have been in such a hurry. 还有很多时间。你本来没有必要这么着急的。

The boy spends too much money buying some useless things. His parents shouldn't have given him so much money. 这个男孩花太多的钱买一些没用的东西。他父母本来不该给他这么多钱。

【特别提醒】

“情态动词＋完成时”还可以用来表示对过去的推测：

1.must have done 一定/肯定做了

2.could have done 可能已经做了

3.may/might have done 也许已经做了

4.can’t/couldn’t have done 不可能做过

二、【典例精练】

1.They might have found a better hotel if they ________(drive) a few more kilometres.

【答案】had driven

【解析】句意：如果他们再多开几千米的话，他们可能会找到一个更好的旅馆。根据主句的谓语might have found以及上下文语境(事情已经发生)可知，if条件句用过去完成时，表示对过去情况的假设。

2.If the new safety system ________(put) to use, the accident would never have happened.

【答案】had been put

【解析】句意：如果新的安全系统已经投入使用的话，这起事故就不会发生了。根据句意以及句中的would never have happened可知，句中if引导的是虚拟条件从句，表示对过去的情况进行假设，故谓语动词用过去完成时。

3.We_________(be) back in the hotel now if you didn’t lose the map.

【答案】would be

【解析】句意：如果你没把地图弄丢，我们现在已经回到旅馆了。由关键词now可知此处表示与现在的事实相反，故谓语动词用“would＋动词原形”。

4.If we ________(catch) the flight yesterday, we would be enjoying our holiday on the beach now. 【答案】had caught

【解析】句意：如果我们昨天赶上了航班的话，我们现在就在海滩上享受我们的假期了。根据句中的时间状语yesterday以及主句中的would be enjoying可知，这是一个错综时间虚拟条件句。从句表示与过去事实相反，故用过去完成时。

5.If it ________(be) for his invitation the other day, I should not be here now.

【答案】had not been

【解析】句意：如果前几天他没邀请我的话，我现在就不会在这儿了。根据主句的时间状语now与从句的时间状语the other day可知本题是错综虚拟语气。从句是对过去的虚拟，故用过去完成时。

6.—I am still on the way. Don't wait for me to have dinner.—Had you bicycled there, we ________(have) dinner together now.

【答案】would be having

【解析】句意：——我还在路上。不要等我吃晚饭了。——如果你骑车去那儿的话，现在我们就会在一起吃晚饭了。根据语境及句子结构可知，此处是错综虚拟语气，从句表示与过去事实相反的假设，主句则表示与现在事实相反的假设，且表示正在进行的动作，故用would be doing形式。

7.________(have) I not witnessed the original painting, I would have been fooled by the inauthentic one.

【答案】had

【解析】句意：如果没有见过原作，我可能已经被那个赝品愚弄了。根据主句中的would have been fooled 可知，此处是对与过去事实相反的假设，故从句谓语动词用过去完成时；该从句省略了if，故将had提前构成倒装结构。

8.Our team ________(make it through) last season, but for a serious injury which made one of our top players leave the playing field at the critical moment.

【答案】would have made it through

【解析】句意：我们的球队本来能够在上个赛季顺利晋级的，但是严重的伤病使我们的一名顶级球员在关键时刻离开了赛场。根据语境可知，我们的球队本来在上个赛季能顺利晋级的，而实际上没有，表示与过去事实相反，用would have done形式，表示“(过去)本可以做但没有做成”。

9.—Do you have Betty's phone number?—Yes. Otherwise, I ________(not be) able to reach her yesterday.

【答案】wouldn’t have been

【解析】句意：——你有贝蒂的电话号码吗？——有。不然我昨天就不可能联系上她了。根据句中的时间状语yesterday和副词Otherwise可知，这里表示与过去事实相反的情况，此时谓语动词用“could/might/would/should＋have done”形式。

10.There is a good social life in the village, and I wish ________(have) a second chance to become more involved.

【答案】had

【解析】句意：村子里的社会生活很好，我希望再有一次机会可以更好地参与其中。根据前一句中的There is可知，此处是与现在的事实相反，因此wish从句中谓语动词用过去式。

11.Have you ever been gazed at, from top to bottom, as if you ________(be) an ancient, foreign relic on display?

【答案】were

【解析】句意：你有没有过这种感觉：你被人盯着看，从头到脚，就像是一个被展览的古老的外国遗物。此处表示与现在的事实相反的假设，故用一般过去时。

12.As for those who are living in poverty, they would rather that they ________(receive) some skills rather than some money.

【答案】received

【解析】句意：对于那些正生活于贫困之中的人来说，他们宁愿得到一些技术而不是一些金钱。在would rather (that)．..句型中，that引导的从句要用虚拟语气，此处用一般过去时表示现在或者将来的愿望。

13.If only I ________(look ahead) a few days ago！Then I wouldn't have been feeling so worried now.

【答案】had looked ahead

【解析】句意：要是几天前我往前看一点就好了。那样的话现在我就不会这么焦急了。根据时间状语a few days ago可知，此处是表示与过去事实相反的愿望，所以从句中谓语动词用“had＋过去分词”形式。14.It is high time that the child ________(send) to the hospital.

【答案】were sent/should be sent

【解析】句意：该是把孩子送到医院的时候了。It's time that... 后面的从句中谓语动词用过去式或“should ＋动词原形”。

15.The man in prison insisted that he ________(do) nothing wrong and ________(be) set free. 【答案】had done；should be

【解析】句意：监狱里的那个人坚持认为自己没有做错什么事情，应该被释放。第一空“做错事情”发生在“坚持认为”之前，所以用过去完成时；第二空insist表示“坚持要求”时，从句谓语动词用“(should ＋)动词原形”形式，should可以省略。

16.Jane's pale face suggested that she ________(be) ill, and her parents suggested that she ________(have) a medical examination.

【答案】was；have

【解析】句意：简苍白的脸表明她生病了，她的父母建议她做一个身体检查。第一空suggest表示“表明”，从句谓语动词不需要用虚拟语气，根据前面的时态可知，用一般过去时；第二空suggest表示“建议”，从

句谓语动词用“(should＋)动词原形”形式，should可以省略。

17.—I still have this pain in my back. This medicine the doctor gave me doesn't work.—Maybe you ________(had taken/should have taken/would take/were to take) it three times a day as you were told.

【答案】should have taken

【解析】句意：——我仍然背疼。医生给我的药不起作用。——或许你应该遵医嘱一天吃三次药。should have done表示“本来应该做但实际上未做”。

18.I did better, but I still wasn't as focused as I ________(should do/should have been/ should be/should have done).

【答案】should have been

【解析】句意：我做得更好了，但我仍然没有像我本应该那样集中精力。根据句意及句中的时态为一般过去时可知，此处用should have done表示“本应该做而实际上未做”，再根据句中的wasn't as focused 可知，此处用should have been。

19.I'm sorry to say I failed to meet the deadline. With better equipment, I ________(accomplish) the task on schedule.

【答案】might have accomplished

【解析】句意：很抱歉，我没有在规定时间内完成任务。如果有更好的设备，我可能已经按时完成任务了。此处用might have done表示对过去情况的一种推测。

20.You ________(need not carry) all these parcels yourself. The shop would have delivered them if you had asked a shop assistant.

【答案】needn’t have carried

【解析】句意：你本来没有必要自己拿这些包裹的。如果你已经要求店员送，商店会派人给你送过去的。needn't have done表示“本来没有必要做但实际上做了”。

21.Do you know where David is? I couldn't find him anywhere.—Well. He _____(shouldn't/mustn't/can't/wouldn't) have gone far—his coat's still here.

【答案】can’t

【解析】句意：——你知道戴维去哪儿了吗？我到处都找不到他。——他不可能走得很远。他的外套还在这儿。can't have done表示“不可能已经做了”。

22.He ________(should/must/wouldn't/can't) have completed his work; otherwise, he wouldn't

be enjoying himself by seaside.

【答案】must

【解析】句意：他一定已经完成他的工作了。要不然，他不可能在海边玩。must have done表示“一定做了”。