激励理论的应用

激励理论的应用

激励理论的应用

摘要:在当前深化企业的改革中，如何激励员工努力工作是当务之急。如何恰当的应用激励理论、如何构建科学有效的企业激励机制，是吸引人才、留住人才、用好人才、管理人才的关键。激励是组织行为学的重要内容、关键问题。企业应当按照科学发展观的要求，建立和实施适合本企业的、先进的激励机制，不断提高企业劳动生产率，充分发挥激励机制在人力资源管理中乃至企业发展中的积极作用。

关键词:激励背景误区方式

激励是组织行为学的重要内容、关键问题。如何恰当的应用激励理论、构建科学有效的企业激励机制，是吸引人才、留住人才、用好人才、管理人才的关键。在传统的人事管理向新型的人力资源管理转变的过程中，激励机制的建立和应用，为人力资源管理注入了“以人为本”的基调，从人文的视角为企业人力资源管理水平的提升另辟了一处蹊径。

一、激励理论的三个主要因素

1.内容型激励理论

是研究需要这个激励的基础的理论，是说明激励人们行为的特殊因素以及它们如何激起或引发人的行为，它着重对激励的原因及起激励作用的因素的具体内容进行研究。由于需要和动机是推动人们行为的原因，也是激励的起点和基础，所以，研究需要的内容和以及如何推动人们的行为是内容型激励理论的主要任务。包括马斯罗需要层次理论、赫兹伯格双因素理论、阿德佛ERG理论等。

2.过程型激励理论

内容型激励理论是研究如何促使管理人员更好地认识激励员工行为的特殊因素。但是，这些理论不能使人理解人们为什么选择这种特殊的行为方式去完成工作

目标。这个选择问题，是由过程型激励理论来说明的。他着重探讨激励的心理过程以及行为的指向和选择，说明行为怎样产生、怎样向一定方向发展，怎样保持下去以及如何解释的过程。它主要包括目标设置论、期望理论和公平理论。

3.改造型激励理论

内容型和过程型激励理论都是研究如何激发人的动机，调动人的积极性的问

题。改造型激励理论是说明怎么样引导人们改正错误的行为，强化正确的行为。in plaque; four people into housing estates such as temperature in the shed beside a pile of dead leaves. At this point, running footsteps village people, "down with Japan devil, dare it! to avenge dead!" Red shasheng, slogan, roar of the bullet, grenade explosions were heard. After about half an hour after the gunfire stopped, came the sound of boots

trampling the enemy, flogged, inmates issued a cry of pain. At this time, 5, 6 the devil entered the Department a few people hiding the mansion, kicked open the shed door, suddenly a beam of light came in, I saw the Devil with a bayoneted gun, that pile of dry leaves dump to the corner stamp. The scene, hiding behind that plaque, Xie Chengji was seen clearly, see the danger he issued "blimey" shrieks, which fell from behind the plaque. Sheds and tossing the Devils heard the cry, they rushed onto the Hall, Xie was stabbing with bayonets, Xie Chengji was blood like a fountain, and herring. When the second batch of Devils come in, a look at the Windows and doors wide open, lay corpses in the House, only a perfunctory look at, left in a hurry. Xie's tragic death, but Wen Yongzhi, 4 people had been saved. That day, the farmers in the village virtually gone, leaving behind several people could not bear to share in

the family business. In that bloody battle, the village more than more than 40 villagers were innocent of killing, Qiu surname, Wang Jia village north a peasant

包括挫折理论和强化理论。

二、激励理论如何产生作用的企业背景

自20世纪90年代中期以来，我国的管理学者一直在讨论管理的本土化与国际化以及与国际接轨的问题，人们通常就把学习世界各国成功的管理经验，称之为国际化或与国际接轨。但往往却忽略了本土化，忽略了与本土接轨。

从企业环境的中国特征看，我国实行的是社会主义市场经济体制的改革，这一概念的性质就决定了中国企业环境的基本特点。同时，我国又是一个具有五千年文化传承的国家，其政治经济制度、社会文化等系统结构，客观上存在着与西方国家不同的特征。如几千年来，一些重人际关系的伦理规范和集权的组织结构，尽管经历了一系列改革而发生了某些重大变化，但在目前及以后较长时期，仍会对我国社会的各个层面产生着重大影响。因此，探索具有中国特色的管理理论，不能完全照搬西方，或一味强调与西方“接轨”，而更要注重研究中国的特定环境，以此为前提，研究中国特色的管理理论。当我们研究市场化、制度化、规范化、现代化管理的同时，要考虑具有五千年文化传承的中国人的典型思维方式与行为方式，要考虑中国式管理的“灵活性”。当我们强调“以人为本”的管理理念时，要注重研究充分发挥人在企业管理中的主观能动性。

中国加入WTO后，随着计算机技术的广泛应用和电子商务的出现和发展，国有控股企业集团的组织形式日趋复杂，经营方式走向多元化，组织结构倾向于扁平化和网络化，跨行业、跨地区、跨所有制的情况大量出现，促使企业集团迅速发展并壮大，推动了生产要素的合理流动。但已有研究显示:国有企业员工对工作的充实度、挑战性和兴趣度远低于民营企业员工，这是由于民营公司用人机制比较健全，

主要根据工作成绩和能力任用，晋升比较合理;而国有企业受论资排辈等思想观念的影响，对所培养人才不敢大胆提拔，提供给人才的途径只是单一的“官本位”和专业职称晋升之路，所以，国有企业对工作的认同远没有民营企业的高。目前我国的各种企业、特别是国有大中型企业中，由于科学技术的发展，社会的进步，职工文化水平的提高以及人们社会交往的广泛等等，使得影响职工积极性的因素不断地发生变化和增多，原有监督和激励方法的效用正逐步下降甚至丧失，挫伤了职工的积极性，形成了负效应。在当前深化企业的改革中，如何激励职工的积极性成为促进企业发展中的当务之急。

in plaque; four people into housing estates such as temperature in the shed beside a pile of dead leaves. At this point, running footsteps village people, "down with Japan devil, dare it! to avenge dead!" Red shasheng, slogan, roar of the bullet, grenade explosions were heard. After about half an hour after the gunfire stopped, came the sound of boots trampling the enemy, flogged, inmates issued a cry of pain. At

this time, 5, 6 the devil entered the Department a few people hiding the mansion, kicked open the shed door, suddenly a beam of light came in, I saw the Devil with a bayoneted gun, that pile of dry leaves dump to the corner stamp. The scene, hiding behind that plaque, Xie Chengji was seen clearly, see the danger he issued "blimey" shrieks, which fell from behind the plaque. Sheds and tossing the Devils heard the cry, they rushed onto the Hall, Xie was stabbing with bayonets, Xie Chengji was blood like a fountain, and herring. When the second batch of Devils come in, a look at the Windows and doors wide open, lay corpses in the House, only a perfunctory look at, left in a hurry. Xie's tragic death, but Wen

Yongzhi, 4 people had been saved. That day, the farmers in the village virtually gone, leaving behind several people could not bear to share in the family business. In that bloody battle, the village more than more than 40 villagers were innocent of killing, Qiu surname, Wang Jia

village north a peasant

三、现代管理中的激励误区

目前我国企业的激励机制通常存在如下误区:

1. 激励措施盲目化

现代管理中某些组织在激励问题上缺乏基础性的激励制度和措施，不重视常用但有效的激励方法的挖掘使用，反而对时下流行的激励理论和激励概念津津乐遭，并不顾环境因素和企业的实际生搬硬套，如时下流行的年薪制、期权等。结果不但起不到激励作用，反而漏洞百出，弄不好会有反作用。其主要表现为赶潮流、盲目攀比。

2.激励制度空洞化

现代管理中某些组织在员工激励问题上，虽有激励制度，但常常是“写在纸上，挂在墙上，风一吹掉在地上”，激励制度执行乏力，激励措施难以实施，或者激励环节走过场，只求大面上过得去，不问细节、没有监督、没有策略、缺乏强有力的机构建设。

3.激励政策统一化

现代管理中某些组织在实施激励措施时，并未对不同员工的需求进行具体地分析，而是一刀切”地对所有人采用同样的激励手段，结果适得其反。从外部看，同一激励政策在不同的企业环境下，会得到不同的激励结果;从企业内部看，激励至少存在两个层次，一是所有者对经营管理人员的激励，另一层次是管理人员对员工的激励。不分对象和层次的激励尤如滥施药方，不能充分发挥其应有的作用。

4. 激励缺乏整体性和系统性

现代管理中某些组织缺乏系统性的激励制度，在激励这一重要问题上，往往是

头疼医头、脚疼医脚。实际操作中，常常是东一榔头西一棒，没有整体性激励策略和措施，致使零散的激励制度和措施产生不了应有的作用。表现为激励缺乏(即缺

乏制度设计)、激励随意(即缺乏制度化)和激励约束分离(即奖励与约束只讲一面)。

四、有效激励机制的实现方式

将各种激励理论运用于实践，是一个创造性的过程。理论所描述的只是带一般

性的原则、原理和规律，而实践中所遇到的问题是千变万化的，这就需要灵活in plaque; four people into housing estates such as temperature in the shed beside a pile of dead leaves. At this point, running footsteps village people, "down with Japan devil, dare it! to avenge dead!" Red shasheng, slogan, roar of the bullet, grenade explosions were heard. After about half an hour after the gunfire stopped, came the sound of boots

trampling the enemy, flogged, inmates issued a cry of pain. At this time, 5, 6 the devil entered the Department a few people hiding the mansion, kicked open the shed door, suddenly a beam of light came in, I saw the Devil with a bayoneted gun, that pile of dry leaves dump to the corner stamp. The scene, hiding behind that plaque, Xie Chengji was seen clearly, see the danger he issued "blimey" shrieks, which fell from behind the plaque. Sheds and tossing the Devils heard the cry, they rushed onto the Hall, Xie was stabbing with bayonets, Xie Chengji was blood like a fountain, and herring. When the second batch of Devils come in, a look at the Windows and doors wide open, lay corpses in the House,

only a perfunctory look at, left in a hurry. Xie's tragic death, but Wen Yongzhi, 4 people had been saved. That day, the farmers in the village virtually gone, leaving behind several people could not bear to share in the family business. In that bloody battle, the village more than more than 40 villagers were innocent of killing, Qiu surname, Wang Jia

village north a peasant

运用各种激励理论，在实践中结合组织特点进行大胆探索，摸索出行之有效的激励方式来改正当前激励机制的误区。目前比较适合我国国情、行而有效的激励方式有:

1.物质激励与持股激励

员工的物质因素体现为工资、津贴、奖金等劳动报酬。物质激励的关键是优化薪酬设计，薪酬设计要注重“对内具有公正性，对外具有竞争力”。目前非工资性收入比例不断提升，其合理分配也是调动员工积极性、增强员工对企业忠诚度的重要激励方式。

让企业管理者、员工持有本企业的股票，是一种长期性质的物质激励方式，其具体方式有:购股、赠股、转股、干股、期股。持股激励能够把企业员工的长期利益同企业的长期利益、长远发展结合起来，把个人利益同企业利益联系在一起，使员工关心企业的生产经营状况，把企业的事当做自己的事，为企业排忧解难，献计献策，形成利益共同体。目前上市公司普遍采取的股票期权激励是持股激励的重要方式之一，包括股票期权合约和股票期权计划。

这两种激励方式是整体与局部，局部带动整体的关系。

2.行政激励与民主激励的对立统一关系

行政激励是指组织为了激励组织成员的工作积极性、创造性，增强其责任心和荣誉感，提高工作效率和质量，依据有关规章制度，运用行政手段，对表现突出或

有突出贡献者给予的物质或精神奖励。施行政激励的方式主要有:行政奖励，包括记功、记大功、授予奖品或奖金、升级、升职、通令嘉奖等;行政惩罚，包括警告、记过、记大过、降级、降职、撤职、开除留用察看、开除等。

但行政手段必须与民主管理结合起来。管理心理学指出，如果企业的领导能够充分发扬民主，给予企业员工参与决策的机会，让员工感受信任，切身体会主人翁意识，那么企业的凝聚力将不断增强。员工作为企业的一分子，员工利益与企业发展息息相关，有参与民主管理和民主决策的权利，应充分享有建议权和批评权，体现责、权、利的统一。因此，企业行政管理实践中必须树立民主管理意识，引导员工参与民主管理，发挥好本职作用，尽岗位职责。

这两种激励方式是矛盾与统一，在对立中求相互协调、相互促进的关系

3. 工作目标激励与工作激励的长短期关系

in plaque; four people into housing estates such as temperature in the shed beside a pile of dead leaves. At this point, running footsteps village people, "down with Japan devil, dare it! to avenge dead!" Red shasheng, slogan, roar of the bullet, grenade explosions were heard. After about half an hour after the gunfire stopped, came the sound of boots trampling the enemy, flogged, inmates issued a cry of pain. At

this time, 5, 6 the devil entered the Department a few people hiding the mansion, kicked open the shed door, suddenly a beam of light came in, I saw the Devil with a bayoneted gun, that pile of dry leaves dump to the corner stamp. The scene, hiding behind that plaque, Xie Chengji was seen clearly, see the danger he issued "blimey" shrieks, which fell from behind the plaque. Sheds and tossing the Devils heard the cry, they rushed onto the Hall, Xie was stabbing with bayonets, Xie Chengji was

blood like a fountain, and herring. When the second batch of Devils come in, a look at the Windows and doors wide open, lay corpses in the House, only a perfunctory look at, left in a hurry. Xie's tragic death, but Wen Yongzhi, 4 people had been saved. That day, the farmers in the village virtually gone, leaving behind several people could not bear to share in the family business. In that bloody battle, the village more than more than 40 villagers were innocent of killing, Qiu surname, Wang Jia

village north a peasant

制定目标是正规的组织及其内部协作的出发点，这也是一个组织存在的目的。共同的目标有利于促进组织内部的协作，形成共同的理想和信念。用于激励的目标必须包含三大要素:目标清楚明了，可以传达;实施目标的组织成员要参与目标制定工作;根据结果对履行职责的情况进行评估。

工作激励是一种内在激励，日本著名企业家稻山嘉宽在回答“工作的报酬是什么”时指出:“工作的报酬就是工作本身。”薛恩也提出自我实现的人是那些力求将自己的潜能最大限度地发挥出来的人。只有在工作中表现出自己的才能，才会感到最大的满足。工作激励的关键就是使工作丰富化。工作丰富化是指改进工作设计，提高工作动机，变革工作内容，使人们体验到工作的意义和赋予的责任，并了解到自己工作的好坏，满足人们成长和发展的需要。具体包括技能多样化、任务整体性、任务重要性、工作反馈等。工作内容丰富化能够使人关心工作质量，改善工作效果，提高工作满意程度。

目标激励是工作激励的最终结果，工作激励是目标激励实现的过程。

4.危机激励与组织文化激励

危机激励是指将组织面临的危难、不利条件和困难告诉组织成员，使之产生一种危机感，形成一种不进则退、置之死地而后生的竞技状况，使组织成员奋发进

取，拼搏向上，勇往直前。组织员工进行“SWOT”(企业面临的优势、劣势、机会与挑战)分析，找准自己的业务和真正的竞争对手，唤起职工的危机意识、忧患意识，并把这种意识化为行动的动力。

组织文化是组织成员统一意志的体现，这种意志可以形成自身的发展机制，并产生效应，使组织成员从内心产生一种情绪高昂、发奋进取的动力。企业文化所起的激励作用不是被动消极地满足人们对自身价值实现的心理需求，而是通过企业文化的塑造，使企业成员从内心深处自觉产生为企业拼搏的献身精神，使职工个体对外部异质体增强敏感性和竞争性，促使个体凝聚在群体之中，形成“命运共同体”，从而大大增强了企业群体内部的统一和团结。

危机意识归根到底是组织文化的一个组成部分，也是组织文化形成的根源之一，在组织文化激励中占有越来越重要的地位。

5.多层次、多手段相结合的激励方式

通过以上论述，我们会发现各种激励方式是相互联系、相互影响、相互促进、in plaque; four people into housing estates such as temperature in the shed beside a pile of dead leaves. At this point, running footsteps village people, "down with Japan devil, dare it! to avenge dead!" Red shasheng, slogan, roar of the bullet, grenade explosions were heard. After about half an hour after the gunfire stopped, came the sound of boots trampling the enemy, flogged, inmates issued a cry of pain. At

this time, 5, 6 the devil entered the Department a few people hiding the mansion, kicked open the shed door, suddenly a beam of light came in, I saw the Devil with a bayoneted gun, that pile of dry leaves dump to the corner stamp. The scene, hiding behind that plaque, Xie Chengji was seen clearly, see the danger he issued "blimey" shrieks, which fell from

behind the plaque. Sheds and tossing the Devils heard the cry, they rushed onto the Hall, Xie was stabbing with bayonets, Xie Chengji was blood like a fountain, and herring. When the second batch of Devils come in, a look at the Windows and doors wide open, lay corpses in the House, only a perfunctory look at, left in a hurry. Xie's tragic death, but Wen Yongzhi, 4 people had been saved. That day, the farmers in the village virtually gone, leaving behind several people could not bear to share in the family business. In that bloody battle, the village more than more than 40 villagers were innocent of killing, Qiu surname, Wang Jia

village north a peasant

密不可分的统一体。现代激励机制应该是一个开放化，多元化的系统，能够随着时代、环境、市场形式、管理对象的变化而不断变化。管理者应根据企业发展的特点，根据员工的不同工作性质、身份类别、绩效考核等等因素创设多种层次、多种形式的激励机制，激励员工在多条跑道上发展;多层次、多手段措施相结合，影响员工行为和需求的改变，将员工的个人需求和发展目标同企业的需要与目标紧紧联系在一起，让他们心甘情愿地为实现企业目标而努力工作。

综上，现代企业人力资源管理中，渗透和有效应用各种激励因素，造就一支思想纯洁、工作高效、学习型的优秀员工队伍，是企业持续稳定发展的重要保证。因此，企业应当按照科学发展观的要求，建立和实施适合本企业的、先进的激励机制，优化企业员工品质、提高企业员工能力、改善企业员工行为，不断提高企业劳动生产率，充分发挥激励机制在人力资源管理中乃至企业发展中的积极作用。

in plaque; four people into housing estates such as temperature in the shed beside a pile of dead leaves. At this point, running footsteps village people, "down with Japan devil, dare it! to avenge dead!" Red

shasheng, slogan, roar of the bullet, grenade explosions were heard. After about half an hour after the gunfire stopped, came the sound of boots trampling the enemy, flogged, inmates issued a cry of pain. At

this time, 5, 6 the devil entered the Department a few people hiding the mansion, kicked open the shed door, suddenly a beam of light came in, I saw the Devil with a bayoneted gun, that pile of dry leaves dump to the corner stamp. The scene, hiding behind that plaque, Xie Chengji was seen clearly, see the danger he issued "blimey" shrieks, which fell from behind the plaque. Sheds and tossing the Devils heard the cry, they rushed onto the Hall, Xie was stabbing with bayonets, Xie Chengji was blood like a fountain, and herring. When the second batch of Devils come in, a look at the Windows and doors wide open, lay corpses in the House, only a perfunctory look at, left in a hurry. Xie's tragic death, but Wen Yongzhi, 4 people had been saved. That day, the farmers in the village virtually gone, leaving behind several people could not bear to share in the family business. In that bloody battle, the village more than more than 40 villagers were innocent of killing, Qiu surname, Wang Jia

village north a peasant