中国海洋大学 跨文化交际 期末重点整理
Culture is a large and inclusive(包罗万象的) concept. When defined narrowly, it could refer to arts(music, painting, and exhibition), and could also refer to the custom, civilization, and achievements of a particular time of people. When defined broadly, it can be an all-encompassing(广义的) concept, referring to what a society does and thinks, or referring to the collec-tive programming of the mind.
Culture is a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values and norms, which affects the behavior of a relatively large group of people. Enculturation(文化适应) is the socialization process you go through to adapt to the socie-ty./Acculturation(文化互渗) refers to an individual’s learning and adopting the norms and values of the new host culture.Integration takes place when indi-viduals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity(完整).Marginalization(排斥) refer to maintaining one’s original culture and not participating in the new cul-ture.
Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called assimilation./Wang Bing, a Chinese student, just be-gan his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S, he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Wang Bing is in honeymoon stage of culture shock. Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather it takes place in a physical and a social context; both establish the rules that govern the interaction. It reflects communication is transac-tional.
Definitions of communication from many Asian coun-tries stress harmony, which is most notable in cul-tures with a Confucian tradition.
The process of communication has ten components: source, encoding（编码）(is the process of putting an idea into a symbol), message, channel, noise(refers to anything that distorts the message the source en-codes), receiver, decoding（解码）(refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning), receiver response, feedback, and context.
Communication takes place within a setting or situa-tion called context./Intracultural communication is the communication between people within the same culture while intercultural communication has another meaning which is the synonym of crosscul-tural communication.
Cross(Inter)cultural communication refers to com-munication between people whose cultural percep-tions and symbol systems(符号系统) are distinct enough to alter the communication event.
It includes:
Interpersonal communication is a form of communi-cation that involves a small number of individuals who are interacting exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability both to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretations from them.人际
Intra(Inter)cultural com is theleast cross(inter)cultural”end of the continuum. In-tra(Inter)cultural communication is defined as com-munication between and among members of the same culture.文内
International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized.国际
Interethnic communication refers to communication between people of the same race but different ethnic backgrounds. Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture.
Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from dif-ferent races which pertain to（属于）different physical characteristics.
The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed international communication. (Racism is any policy, practice, belief or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individuals based on their race.)
Interregional Communication refers to the exchange of messages between members of the dominant cul-ture within a country.
2+The Sense of Family strong-
er/Weakerkinshipcollective/individualRelationamon gFamily Members tight, dependentcherish intima-
cy/loose, independentappreciate privacy
American parents VS Chinese parents
1) American parents allow their daughters or sons to go out with their boy or girlfriends as long as they come home at the certain curfew(宵禁). Chinese parents usually don’t approve of having relationship in middle or high school.
2) American parents support and encourage their children at all times while Chinese parents think that criticism is the best love in the world.
3) American parents only look at their children's good side. Chinese parents seem to only see their child-
ren's bad side.
+equality and competition therefore/hierarchy
and/anindividualist culture where/hierarchical
one/personal property that/be punished or/ beaten when/make almost all decisions for their children that
3 +on social communication which/named Social In-teraction Customs.Broadly/regarding greetings and farewells, invitations and responses, appointments and visiting,and compliments and responses.
refers to social communication which/ named Social Interaction Customs. Broadly,
+main about Etiquette(includes hospitality and
gift-giving,and/associated with tact, whereas with modesty.) Interpersonal relationships
salutation:formalritual (last name+title头衔) com-plex/casual (name) simple
+Business Etiquette Norms:Appointment seeking Greeting behavior Gift giving strategies
+Appointment seeking:telephone and then followed up one/act as an intermediary, make
Chinese business partners will reach an agreement on the table by drinking and chatting.
Sometimes Chinese social contact is related to liquor, which is also an important point in Chinese tradi-tional culture, especially in the northern part of China.While in the west, liquor is also an essential part in daily life. Most westerners go to the bar to drink with friend and chat with each other. But in the west liquor is used to maintain friendship be-tween friends. It is more like the tea in China , it is just a lifestyle and habit.
4Christian Islam Buddhism
American education offers a rich field of choices for the international student. From abroad, and even from within the U.S.A., there is such an array of institutions, programs and locations that the choices may overwhelm the student. To simplify the choices, a student must carefully study how each program and location can fulfill the student's goals. In order to make informed decisions, a student will need to know how the U.S. education system is organized. 5+ but is the system of criterion/value is the essen-tial element of ethnic culture, known as/historical background and philosophical foundation.
+two main reasons development of history;
way of thinking.
Values involve what a culture regards as good or bad, right or wrong, fair or unfair, just or unjust, beautiful or ugly, clean or dirty, valuable or worthless, appropriate or inappropriate, and kind or cruel. Similarities 谚语
Chinese Cultural Values/beliefs：benevolence-仁righteousness-义courtesy-礼wisdom-智trustworthy-信
Western 1Capitalist-资本家democracy and liberty 政治上主张资本主义的民主和自由02 free market economy-经济上主张自由市场经济03The domin-ance of western culture and its increased penetra-tion(渗透）other culture-文化上强调西方文化的主导地位
+Your time is limited, so/important, have the cou-rage to follow your heart and intuition.
They/Customer uppermost, law supreme, and effi-ciency first./No permanent friends, only permanent interests.
Summery: C Unity, modesty, intra-group harmony/A Privacy, freedom and equality
The core American value is materialism
+A First conviction（坚信/Second, is the conviction /Third is the belief that,/fourth is freedom of con-science and freedom of religion - the twin freedoms /most striking is that everyone can participate.
+C traditional values is very rich and com-
plex:1Confucianism-benevolence-儒
2Taoism-harmony between nature and humanity-道3Buddhism-born equal and have the right to live-佛+Significance of Chinese Values1 many domestic he-roes who 2its long-term national unity and stability, partly 3the social interactions by
+Chinese and Americans possess different values about success--nepotism/connection plays/their own efforts and ability and
Determinant(决定因素)--The different world view, historical perspective, politics, religious belief, manners in life, national system, education of the family and the school, influence of traditional ideas, condition of the economical development make the differences.
+In China , social relationships is hierarchy
+Tendency inter-mingled, mixed and
+Belief is the state of mind
+Political beliefs:China--one-party autocra-
cy/Britain-France-Germany--multi-party system/ America-Canada--two-party system
6Most Popular Working Sphere in China1 civil ser-vice 2 public institution3 electronic commerce 4 fi-nancial investment 5 real estate development6 com-puter sofeware engineering7 educational training8 mechanical manufacture9 construction industry10 import and export trade
American Work Values ：1"You Are What You Do."/efficiency/ their achievements. A/ awe of the self-made person who /there is equality of opportu-nity that /Success is probably the highest value/ plenty of competition/the diversity of American culture./Hopping is so
+reciprocal(相互的) loyalties exist/constant mobili-ty/.many workaholics---people
Factors Influencing Career Values: 1Family influence 2Unistu:C watching tv , going to cinema,playing computer games, going to a concert, going shop-ping A golf and tennisfootball and basketball. Shopping is a form of considering options.
More and more Chinese now go abroad for travelling and shopping.
Americans desire for more choices, which is one of the main reasons more and more of them live in urban and suburban areas rather than small towns or rural areas. "You have more choices living in a city".
The Origin of Different Consumption Views
While in China, it has always been a form of self-sufficiency. Therefore, Chinese people from the very young has been instilled such a concept – to save up. To sum it up in one word that is "depo-sit."America is an emerging industrial country, without traditional agricultural period (while China is a large agricultural country), which is definitely not on the minds of nature, and therefore they do not have the concept of depositing money. Naturally, they do not have deposits. The problem is that they dare to actively advance. They have the kind of cou-rage.China, as a feudal society with closed natural economy, has developed for thousands of years. Its self-sufficient producing style forces most Chinese to spend all their life on farming. Once someone lost his ability of self-development, even lost his land, his family cannot survive.
Recreation : Americans desire for more choices, which is one of the main reasons more and more of them live in urban and suburban areas rather than small towns or rural areas. "You have more choices living in a city".
7The Olympic Games 1the world's foremost sports competition 2to promote peace and un-
ity within the international community
3breaking down cultural barriers and bringing
people together4learning about other cultures Western sports focuse on muscles while Chinese sports focus on figure(身材).
英horse racing, golf, lawn tennis and rowing. 美American football and baseball 中table-tennis diving gymnastics weightlifting
Heathcare：the preservation of mental and physical health by preventing or treating illness through ser-vices offered by the health professionals(保健医生). The way and goals of healthcare：C taijiBreathing technique/AGoing to the gym running
+include visceral meridians（五经）
The main difference between Chinese and western sports:Cregimen and the doctrine of the mean
/Acompetition and power
China: Confucianism advocates the doctrine of the mean(中庸), harmony(和谐), unity （团结）and comity（礼让）which restricts the development of Chinese sports . As a result of the influence of agri-cultural society, people are used to a relatively sta-ble way of life and not in favor of competition and adventure.West: competition is encouraged. They like thrilling sports more, such as wrestling(摔跤), fencing （击剑）, cycle racing（赛车）, rugby（橄榄球）and bungee jumping（极蹦）. All these reflect the people to the pursuit of stimulation and limit. But even in modern China, the number that select extreme sports people is not much.
Porridge;tea;soup/sweet corn;fish
Spring Festival 春节Watching Spring Festival Gala Waiting for the First Bell Ringing of Chinese New Year, setting firecrackersOfferring Red Envelops/Lucky Money
Lantern Festival-Lantern Riddles Fireworks Dumplings Tomb-sweeping Day-preparing for the spring plough-ing Praying to ancestors
Dragon Boat Festival-Eating zongzi.realgar wine. Dra-gon boat racing.
Christmas Day 圣诞节gift from Santa Claus playing games with each other dinner together
Easter Day 复活节Easter egg hunts candy Halloween 万圣节playing 'trick-or-treat' carve lan-terns with‘scary' faces out of pumpkins Thanksgiving Day 感恩节for family gatherings and big meals with a turkey
April Fools‘Day or All Fools’Day
9.Sichuan cuisine spicy and pungent flavor Wild veg-etables and animals/Canton the most widely available Chinese regional cuisine outside China./Shandong magnificent and antique seafood/Huaiyang its
not-too-spicy, not-too-bland taste
Chinese people prefer round tables in the ban-quets./People have their own plates and eat their own food.Western people value individualism. Cheongsam/Chinese tunic suits/tuxedo/evening gown/Lipstick
Summery: Due to the globalization nowadays the dressing styles between Chinese and foreigners are becoming more and more similar, especially in business occasions./But there are still differences in formal attire (礼服) between Chinese and other countries. The 56 ethnic groups in China all have their own traditional costumes.
In modern society, making-up is very normal. And people make up to be more self-confident and feel better.
Chinese Light making up in order to look more energetic and to be more polite.
Westerners Heavier making up in order to be unique and more attractive.
11i nclude physical infrastructure(基础建设), such /utilities, and social infrastructure shuch Endowment MedicalUnemploymentWork-related injuryMaternityinsurance Housing fund
12consists of verbal communication and nonverbal communication.
Nonverbal behavior accounts for much of the meaning we get from conversations.tspontaneously reflects the sub-consciousness.
Besides, nonverbal behavior can be open to many interpretations.
Body language is part of Nonverbal communica-tion which include more (proxemics:.
Eye Contact Gestures手
美Set up team->choose your running mate->deliver speech->debate->raise money/glib ton-
gue,extroadinary stamina, unending flow of green-backs
英国go through trial and tribulations->for a majority in the House of Commons
中excellent at what you do->start at primary lev-
el->one step at a time,through all kinds of rapids and shoals, through decades of selections and tests->the top of the governing party
新编跨文化交际期末复习资料
1.Iceberg:{Edward. 7. Hall.--
跨文化交际答案1
大学英语跨文化交际双语课程水平测试题（一） I. Multiple Choice(20 points, 2 points each) Directions: There are some statements in this section. For each statement there are four choices marked A, B, C, D, choose the ONE that best complete the statement. 1.In the United States continues to welcome a large number of immigrants移民each year and has referred to as a melting-pot大熔炉society. This trend can reflect the theory of ___A__. A. macroculture B. microculture C. globalization D. modernization 2. A teenager dresses like and talks like a gang member but not a member of any gang. This case reflects the ___A____ characteristic of subgroup. A. deviant label B. temporality C. wanna-be behavior D. unexamined 3.When you talk with your friends about Picasso, Beethoven, you are talking about culture from ___B___ perspective. A. anthropological人类学 B. intellectual有才智的 C. social D. psychological心理 4.The dialogues at the United Nations, for example, would be termed __B_______. A. interracial communication B. interethnic communication C. international communication D. interpersonal communication 5.There is a Chinese belief that “One is good in nature with different characteristics but similar habits. However, if he is not well educated, his nature changes”. This belief can reflect that____C___. A. Human nature is evil but perfectible B. Human nature is a mixture of good and evil C. Human nature is good but corruptible容易 堕落的 D. None of the above 6.Mr. Wang, a Chinese immigrate in U.S, has adapted himself so well to American culture that he gradually lost his Chinese cultural identity. This process is called__C___. A. separation and segregation隔离 B. integration整合一体化 C. assimilation吸收同化 D. marginalization边缘化 7.Liming, a Chinese student, just began his study in a university in the United States. In his first week in U.S., he thought everything was new and exciting, and he enjoyed himself a lot. Liming is in__A___ stage of culture shock. A. honeymoon蜜月 B. crisis危机 C. reintegration再整合 D. gradual adjustment逐渐适应 8. ___C__ is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. A. Decoding B. Channel C. Encoding D. Source 9.___A__ refers to anything that distorts歪曲曲解the message the source encodes. A. Noise B. Message C. Source D. Context 10.___D__ refers to that portion of the receiver response of which the source has knowledge and to which the source attends and assigns meaning.
跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理
第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世
跨文化交际练习
跨文化交际练习 班别：学号姓名 Directions: For each problem in this part, you are presented with one situation with four utterances underneath. Read the description on each situation with the utterances and decide which is/are the appropriate utterance(s) in that situation where communication is done in English. 1. On the way home, a student addresses his cousin Li Ming in English: a. “Hello, cousin!” b. “Hello, Li Ming!” 2. In the office of the English Department An English student studying in China is telephoning the secretary of the department. Jack: “Hello, I’d like to speak to Li Ming, please.” Song: a. “I’m Li Ming.” b. “This is me.” c. “Li Ming is speaking.” 3. In the students’ dormitory Andrew: “ Would you like to watch a football match?” Xiao Zhang: a. “I’d love to, but I’m busy at the moment.” b. “I haven’t finished my homework yet.” c. “ Excuse me, but I’m not free.” 4. At a friend’s home in England. A Chinese student gives a birthday present to her English friend. Mary: “Thank you. It’s beautiful.” Xiao Zhao: a. “Really? Do you like it?” b. “Don’t mention it. It’s only a small thing.” c. “I’m glad you like it.” 5. At a bus stop Man: Excuse me, do you know which bus goes to London Road, please? Woman: Sorry, I’ve no ideas. Man: a. It doesn’t matter. b. Oh. c. Thank you anyway. 6. Joyce is talking to her friend, Brenda. Joyce: “Do you mind posting this letter for me on your way home, Brenda?” Brenda:a. You’re welcome. b. I don’t care. c. I don’t min d. d.No, not at all. 7. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finished visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says: a. This way, please. b. Come here! c. Follow me! d. Move on! 8. Li had something to tell the manager, Mr Smith. He went to his place, entered the room and said: a. You’re not busy, I hope. b. Got a minute? c. Can I have a word with, Mr Smith. d. I’m terribly sorry to trouble you, Mr.Smith. 9. You’re v isiting a new British friend. His house is very beautiful. Do you _______ a. tell him how beautiful it is ? b. ask how much it costs? c. ask if he’ll take you round every room? 10. You’ve arranged to meet a friend at 2pm. But you missed the train and you know you’ll be at least two hours late. Do you ________ a. decide not to meet your friend, and phone him the next day? b. phone him, apologize and tell him you’ll be late? c. decide not to phone, and just arrive late? 11. A British friend is having dinner at your house. His plate is empty. You offer him more food and he says no. Do you ___ a. keep offering until he says yes? b. just put the food on his plate without asking again?
跨文化交际作业
《跨文化交际学》选修课试卷2011-2012学年第二学期 题目：中西方非言语交际的差异姓名：********* 学号：******** 院系：****** 专业：应用心理学
中西方非言语交际的差异 【摘要】：世界全球化、一体化进程日益加快,中西文化的交流与合作越来越多,非言语交际的重要性也越来越明显。但是,中西文化赋予非言语行为的不同内涵,也带来了交际上的障碍。本文通过理解非言语交际的定义，着重论述了非言语交际中中国和西方国家上差异，以发现非言语行为在中西文化的交流与合作活动中不同的文化含义及作用,从而避免文化冲突,增强跨文化交际能力，帮助人们踏平社交的道路，成功实现跨文化交际。 【关键词】：非言语交际；中西方；差异；跨文化交际 一、非言语交际定义 人类交流有两种形式：言语交际和非言语交际，这两种形式在人类沟通的过程中都发挥了重要的作用。非言语交际是指所有超越语言的交际行为（1），它充和完善了言语交际的不足，是整个沟通过程中必不可少的重要组成部分。 非言语有目光接触、面部表情、姿势表达、空间语言手语等多种表现形式。人类在进行交流、表达思想、传递信息时，除了使用语言进行传达外，大量的信息还依靠非语言符号。非言语在传递信息和表达情感中具有语言所不能替代的功能。萨莫瓦曾说：“在面对面的交际中，信息的社交内容只有35％左右是语言行为，其它都是通过非语言行为传递的。”（2）(Samovar，1985：155)人们通过服神、面部表情、手势、身姿等诸多无声的体态语，将有声语言形象化、情感化、生动化，以达到先声夺人、耐人寻味的效果，且能充分弥补有声语言表达的乏力和不足，特别是人类在“词不达意”“只可意会不可言传”的情况下，非言语就能发挥其独特的作用，圆满表达情意，达到“此时无声胜有声”的效果。 礼仪，是物质文明和精神文明共同作用产生的成果，是特殊的文化组成形式，其实质还是文化。不同国家之间的诸多差异造就了各自独特的礼仪文化。中国和西方国家在很多方面都有所不同，如地理环境、历史发展、生产方式和社会制度、宗教和传统习俗、民族心理和思维方式、语言和文字以及价值观念（3）等。然而正是这些普遍存在的差异性导致了各国礼仪的不同。因此，在研究跨文化交际之前，我们最重要的任务就是尽量多地了解不同的国家或地区的不同礼仪。 二、中西方差异在非言语交际中的体现 1、正式的就餐礼仪 筷子是中国人就餐时使用最多的餐具，所有的食物都置于餐桌中央，搭配米饭的菜肴也不止一种。菜肴由人们各自从盘中夹食。然而在西方，通常一套正式的餐具会包括许多个不同用途的叉子、汤匙和餐刀。每个人都会有自己的一份食物，他们不会从同一个盘子里共同夹食。
跨文化交际知识点
跨文化交际知识点： 1.L.S.Hams认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生、文字的使用、印刷术的发明、近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展、跨文化交际。近20年来的交际是以跨文化交际为特征的。 2.跨文化交际学首先在美国兴起，与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切。 3.Edwar Hall《无声的语言》是跨文化交际的奠基之作。 4.1970年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。 5.1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议在日本东京召开。 6.70年代影响最大的书籍是《跨文化交际学选读》。 7.Jenny Thomas《跨文化语用失误》：语用—语言失误；社交—语用失误。 8.前苏联的跨文化交际学主要表现在国情语言学方面。 9.传播种类：(1)人类传播①社会传播A交集传播B组织传播C大众传播②非社会传播(2)非人类传播 10.早期影响最大的传播模式是Harold Lasswell提出的5w模式。即who、say what、in what channel、to whom、with what rffects。 11.1949年Claude Shannon和Warren Weaver共同提出了线性模式，增加了“噪音”（干扰因素），把媒介分解。 12.50年代，Charles Osgood和Wilbur Schramm提出循环式的模式，加入“反馈”。 13.社会学家Jack Lyle与M.Lyle把传播过程看作是社会过程之一，特点是把传播放在社会环境中考察。 14.我国最早的辞书《尔雅》。 15.萨丕尔—沃尔夫假说基于对印第安语的研究。 16.red caipet treatment用红毯接待red-light district红灯区red flags提高警惕预防出事的状况in the red赤字 17.politics—“中性”含贬义，为争权夺利不惜采取各种手段的意思；政治—“中性”，实际用时有褒义。 18.intellectual—致力于研究的人，衍生出纸上谈兵的贬义；知识分子—受过大学教育的脑力劳动者。 19.peasant—没有受过教育，举止粗鲁、思想狭隘的人；农民—直接从事农业生产劳动的人。 20.dragon—表示罪恶、邪恶，令人感到恐怖，战争的旗帜，形容人指飞扬跋扈令人讨厌；龙—用于好的意思。 21.phoenix—“再生”、“复活”；凤凰—天下太平，有圣德的人。 22.owl—智慧的鸟，比喻人聪明；猫头鹰—不详之鸟。 23.peacock—通常是贬义，含有骄傲、炫耀、洋洋得意的意思；孔雀—吉祥的象征，大吉大利。 24.dog—中性褒义的情况多；狗—一般用于贬义。 25.Cinderella（灰姑娘）泛指不受重视的人或部门或指有才干但一时未被赏识的人。 26.Shylock（夏洛克）指心肠狠毒唯利是图的小人。 27.to meet one’s Waterloo遭到决定性失败 28.Catch-22进退维谷，左右为难 29.韩国人写文章—归纳法；美国人写文章—演绎法。 30.美国人的思维模式是“桥式”，直接明白地传达给对方。 31.日本人的思维方式是“垫脚石式”，采取迂回、隐含的手法。 32.非语言交际的特点：（1）没有正式的规则和模式，没有固定的结构（2）没有一套具有明确意义的符号（3）有连续性的（4）一部分是本能，一部分是后天习得（5）信息右脑处理 33.阿拉伯人在讲话时总是盯着对方的眼睛。 34.将手掌平放在脖子下面，中国指杀头，英国指吃饱了。 35.食指和中指轻叩桌面，广东指感谢，北方表示不耐烦。 36.美国人站在公路旁边伸出拇指（thunb a ride）表示希望搭车。 37.英美人把中指放在食指上面（let’s keep our fingers crossed.）表示希望某事成功。 38.手兜起来，放在耳后，表示听不见或听不清楚。
跨文化交际 期末复习资料
Part 1 Comprehensive Check （15*2）每课的练习A Part 2 Multiple Choice （25*1）每课的练习E复习题的变体；另外请中看第五章 Part 3 E-C Translation（10*1）每课的练习C Part 4 Term-matching（10*1） Part 5 Multiple function（5*5）其中三道是简答题，两道是案例分析。 Terms/questions: 1. Economic globalization: the integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology. 2. Barber system –Farming communities traded their surplus produce in exchange for products and services without the medium of money. –Human society has always traded goods across great distances. 3. Global village：real time events 、the time and space compression –All the different parts of the world form one community linked together by electronic communications, especially the Internet. 4. Melting-pot大熔炉: a socio-cultural assimilation of people of different backgrounds and nationalities. 5. Diversity: refers to the mix of people from various backgrounds in the labor force with a full mix of cultures and sub-cultures to which members belong. 6. Intercultural communication: refer to communication between people whose cultural backgrounds are distinct enough to alter their communication event. Perception 7. Culture: can been seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. Culture: a learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, values, and norms, which affect the behavior of a relatively large group of people 8. Enculturation(文化习得): all the activities of learning one’s culture are called enculturation 9. Acculturation(文化适应): the process which adopts the changes brought about by another culture and develops an increased similarity between the two cultures. 10. Ethnocentric(文化中心主义):the belief that your own cultural background is superior. 11. Communication: mean to share with or to make common, as in giving to another a part or share of your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 12. Components of Communication： Source交际邀请 The source is the person with an idea he or she desires to communicate. Encoding编码 Unfortunately (or perhaps fortunately), humans are not able to share thoughts directly. Your communication is in the form of a symbol representing the idea you desire to communicate. Encoding is the process of putting an idea into a symbol. Message编码信息 The term message identifies the encoded thought. Encoding is the process, the verb; the message is the resulting object. Channel交际渠道 The term channel is used technically to refer to the means by which the encoded message is transmitted. The channel or medium, then, may be print, electronic, or the light and sound waves of the face-to-face communication.
跨文化交际
杭州电子科技大学 2015-2016学年第1学期期末课程论文《跨文化交际》文化档案 指导教师：胡婷婷 学生姓名：方祥 班级：14148316 学号：14141604 专业：会计专业
目录 1)作业一《我的文化故事》------------------------------------- Page 1 2）作业二《采访预期》----------------------------------------- Page 3 3）作业三《采访报告》----------------------------------------- Page 5 4）作业四相关材料 -------------------------------------------- Page 7
作业（一）我的文化故事（My Cultural Story）
作业（二）文化预期（Intercultural Interview Proposal） 1.采访者情况: (姓名/ 学号/ 家乡) 姓名：方祥学号：14141604 家乡：浙江杭州 2.被采访对象情况 他叫项泽祺，是我的表弟，他从小身处于佛教文化的家庭之中，在宗教文化方面与我有所不同，他很小时就已经是一个佛教信仰者。 3.找到采访对象的途径 他是我的表弟，从小与我关系很好，小时候经常来我家玩，我也经常教他一些知识。当我确定宗教这个主题时，就想到他了。 4.选择采访对象的原因 i 我的表弟是一个佛教信仰者，不同的是，我没有所信仰的宗教， ii我的表弟还没有上小学父母就离异了，之后一直由我的小舅舅培养，相当于是在单亲家庭里成长起来的，而我是在双亲家庭里成长的。 iii 我的表弟从小都是在佛教文化渲染之下，而我因为母亲信仰佛教，父亲信仰基督教，所以我对这两个宗教都一些了解，但是自己任然信仰科学主义。 5.拟采访方式(面谈, 网络或其他) 通过QQ和微信进行了解，因为我的表弟现在已经上高中了，现在住校，我只能在周末进行采访。 6.拟采访主题 I有关于佛教日常活动的研究 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你们佛教平时有什么特别的活动吗，尤其在过年时或者别的节日有什么活动，你平时是否参与进去? ⑵问项泽祺：请问你们平时有什么特别的节日吗? II有关于佛教对婚姻方面的看法 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你对你未来的对象在宗教方面上有没有什么要求？例如一定要是信仰佛教的，或者是什么宗教都没有关系？ ⑵问项泽祺：请问你觉得其他的佛教信仰者对婚姻对象有什么看法，例如一定要是信仰佛教的，或者是什么宗教都没有关系？ III有关于佛教对于家族信仰继承方面的讨论 ⑴问项泽祺：请问你的亲人有强行要求你信仰佛教吗？ ⑵问项泽祺：请问你觉得家族气氛对儿童对宗教选择有影响吗？
第二语言教学跨文化交际案例分析
第二语言教学跨文化交际案例分析 案例分析与写作（共40分） 七、请根据以下材料，按照“发现问题——分析问题——解决问题”的思路，写一篇1500字以上的案例分析，要求观点明确、材料 充实、结构严谨、条理清楚、语言规范、卷面清洁。 材料： 李晓雨是云南大学的一名毕业生，毕业后通过汉办的志愿者选拔，被派往泰国，成为一名汉语教师志愿者。她性格一直比较开朗，所以当她只身一人前往泰国北部的一个中学任教时，也是满怀憧憬；但是她却发现来机场接她的学校人员对她很冷漠，从机场到学校8个小时的路途上几乎没与她说一句话。她知道绝不是因为语言不通。李晓雨是个爱说爱笑的人，她几次想打破沉默，但一直不明白自己到底在什么地方得罪了来接她的人，还是别人根本不想和自己说话。她只好一个人看着车窗外本来很美但不再觉得美的景色。到了目的地，司机和接待的人把她放到一间小房子里，就走了。房间里只有一张平板床，没有任何铺盖。一个初来乍到的女孩，好几个小时没吃饭，没喝水，又不知道商店在那里，身上也没有当地的钱币。晓雨真的有些受不了了，趴在床板上泪水忍不住簌簌而下。她问自己到底做错了什么，为什么别人对自己如此冷漠，为什么和她想象中热情好客的泰国人差距这么大。第一天到学校上班，她的感觉仍然不好，似乎每个学生和老师都对她很冷，没有真诚的微笑，没有主动的招呼。这下可把晓雨急坏了，她开始注意自己每一个细小的举止言行，生怕别人不喜欢。她一直觉得是因为自己做得还不够好，所以别人不接受自己，甚至不接收中文老师的课程。 晓雨是个倔强、好强的女孩。她不服输，认真地向泰国老师学习他们对待学生和同事的方式，积极参加他们的各种活动。有一次她在办公室里看到一个30岁左右的女教师批改了一个学生的作业之后在那个初中学生的脸颊上亲吻了一下。晓雨觉得自己长这么大从来没接受甚至看到过老师亲吻学生的，然而在这里她发现效果真的很好，那个老师和学生的关系非常融洽和谐。在那个教师的鼓励下，她也开始尝试亲吻学生的脸颊，她发现效果出人意料的好！越来越多的人认识了晓雨并成为了她的朋友。她慢慢体会了到冰在融化的感觉。有一次一个老教师来问她是否要去参加学校的升国旗活动，她爽快地回答说：“好啊！”那位老教师有些惊讶地说：“你们中国来的老师不是不愿意参加我们的升国旗仪式吗？你是真的愿意还是假的？”她坚定地说：“我愿意！”从那之后，她每周都很早来到升泰国国旗的地方集合。老师们和同学们对她的态度都发生了很大的变化，这次升旗成了一个分水岭。 答案：案例中的李晓雨同学只身一人被派往泰国，成为一名汉语教师志愿者。在她刚刚到达目的地时，却发现前来接他的当地学校人员态度并不像她想象的那样热情，反而十分冷淡，对于初来乍到的她也没有给予相应的帮助和照顾。在接下来的工作中，李晓雨发现，学校里其他泰国老师对她的态度也并不热情。不仅没有帮助她适应教学工作，甚至连主动的招呼也没有。学生也没有和她建立起和睦融洽的师生关系，这样的问题还影响到了汉语的教学。 从案例中我们可以了解到，李晓雨与当地人之间交际的问题并不是由语言障碍所引起的，文化障碍则是最主要的原因。 跨文化交际过程大体上可分为蜜月期，挫折，调整和适应四个阶段。李晓雨在一开始对泰国人抱有一种思维定式，即原有的“文化成见”。在她的想象中，泰国人是“热情好客”的。而当她受到接待人员的冷漠对待时，想象与实际情况之间的巨大差距使她很难及时调整好自己的心态来适应这一状况，甚至不断地质疑自己的行为。这使得李晓雨在同泰国人的跨文化交际中迅速从蜜月期进入到了挫折阶段。 在接下来一段时间的工作中，李晓雨开始注意自己的行为举止，直到她看到一位泰国教师在批改了学生的作业后亲吻了学生的脸颊。这件事给李晓雨带来的触动很大，因为她以前从未有过教师亲吻学生的经历。这部分是由于中国的传统文化一直强调“尊师重道”，教师常常是高高在上不容冒犯的对象，泰国教师与学生间亲吻脸颊这样的动作在中国是绝少会发生的。部分也与中国人含蓄、内敛的性格传统有关。因此我们不难看出，母语文化与异文化的差异也是造成跨文化交际障碍的一个重要原因。由于对异文化的不了解，很容易将母语文化的思维方式带入跨文化交际中，以致于加深双方的隔阂。在李晓雨意识到这一问题之后，她也开始尝试按照当地人的方式来进行交际，并尝试亲吻了学生的脸颊，效果出乎她意料的好，她与当地人的交际也开始融洽起来。这时的李晓雨已能够逐步克服母语文化与异文化之间差异带来的交际障碍，并逐步进入到调整阶段。 案例中提及的另一个重要事件是升旗事件。李晓雨热情爽快地同意参加泰国学校的升旗仪式，使当地教师十分惊讶，从此其他泰国老师和学生对她的态度也发生了很大变化。这次事件是一个分水岭，李晓雨开始进入适应阶段，这与她坚持不懈地融入异文化的努力是分不开的。另一方面我们可以从泰国老师表现出的惊讶看出，之前学校里的中国教师在与当地人的跨文化交际中并没有采取正确的文化策略，也没有积极尝试与异文化的沟通，因此给对方造成了中国人不尊重泰国文化的负面印象，这也是最初的接待人员对李晓宇态度冷漠的原因。由此可以看出正确的文化策略在跨文化交际中具有重要作用，它不仅会影响到自身交际的正常进行，还会对本群体中其他成员的跨文化交际带来一定影响。 对于一名李晓雨这样的汉语教师来说，在进行正常的汉语教学之前，先要实现同当地人，特别是同学生的和谐交际。通过上文对案例中提及到的问题的分析我们能够认识到，在进行跨文化交际之前首先要尊重当地文化，应当多了解，多吸收异文化的文化知
跨文化交际重点梳理.docx
重点 1 Definition of culture Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, institutions and communication patterns that are shared, learned and passed through the generations in an identifiable group of people. 重点 2 Characteristics of culture(10) 1、Culture is shared Culture is a system of shared values beliefs or patterns of behaviors held in a group ,organization or society. It is not property of any individual. 2、culture is cumulative Human beliefs, arts etc. are results of many generations. Every generations can discover the new things. The new knowledge are added to what was learned in previous generations. 3、culture is learned Culture is not inherent with any people. Culture can not be genetically and automatically passed down from