六大英语构词法详解

英语构词通常包含六种方法：转化法、派生法、合成法、混合法、截短法和首尾字母结合法.之杨若古兰创作

一、【派生法】英语构词法中在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀，从而构成一个与原单词意义附近或截然相反的新词的方法叫作派生法.1.前缀除少数英语前缀外，前缀普通改变单词的意义，不改变词性；英语后缀普通改变词类，而不惹起词义的变更.(1)暗示否定意义的前缀经常使用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等，在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词.例如：agree同意

→disagree分歧意fair公平的→unfair不公平的possible可能的→impossible不成能的understand理解→misunderstand曲解(2)暗示其他意义的前缀经常使用的有a-(多构成表语描述词), anti- (反对；抵抗), auto- (主动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再；又), sub- (上面的；次；小), tele- (强调距离)等.例如：co-worker 同事，辅佐enlarge 使变大cooperate 合作rewrite 重写subway 地铁2.后缀给单词加后缀也是英语构词的一种次要方法.后缀通常会改变单词的词性，构成意义附近的其他词性；少数后缀还会改变词义，变成与本来词义相反的新词.上面仅作简单介绍.(1)构成名词的后缀经常使用的有-ence，-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人)，-ess (雌性)，-ian (精通……的人)，-ist (专业人员)，-ment (性质；形

态)，-ness (性质；形态)，-tion(动作；过程)等.例如：differ 分歧于→diff erence区别write写→writer作家China中国

→Chinese中国人act扮演→actress女演员music音乐

→musician音乐家(2)构成动词的后缀经常使用的有-(e)n (多用于描述词以后)，-fy (使……化)，-ize (使……成为).例如：wide→widen加宽beauty→beautify美化pure→purify提纯real→realize认识到organ→organize组织sharp→sharpen使变锋利(3)构成描述词的后缀经常使用的有-al，-able (有能力的)，-(a)n(某国人的)，-en (多用于暗示材料的名词后)，-ern (方向的)，-ese(某国人的)，-ful，-(ic)al，-ish，-ive，-less (暗示否定)，-like (像……的)，-ly，-ous，-some，-y (暗示天气)等.例如：nature天然→natural天然的reason道理

→reasonable有道理的America美国→American美国的China 中国→Chinese中国人的gold金子→golden金的east东

→eastern东方的child孩子→c hildish孩子气的snow雪

→snowy雪的(4)构成副词的经常使用后缀有-ly (次要用于描述词以后暗示方式或程度)，-ward(s) (次要用于暗示方位的词以后暗示方向).例如：angry生气的→angrily生气地to到→towards朝……，向……east东方→eastward向东(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几)，-ty (几十)，-th (构成序数词).例如：six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六four四→forty四十

→fortieth第四十

二、【合成法】英语构词法中把两个单词连在一路合成一个新词，前一个词润色或限制后一个词，如许的方法就是合成法.1.合成名词名词＋名词weekend周末名词＋动词daybreak黎明名词＋动名词handwriting书法名词＋及物动词＋er／or pain-killer止痛药名词＋介词＋名词sister-in-law嫂子代词＋名词she-wolf母狼

动词＋名词typewriter打字机动名词＋名词reading-room阅览室此刻分词＋名词flying-fish飞鱼描述词＋名词freshman大一重生副词＋动词outlook景色，风光介词＋名词afterbrain后脑2.合成描述词名词＋描述词bloodred血红的名词＋此刻分词French-speaking讲法语的名词＋to＋名词one-to-one一对一的名词＋过去分词man-made人造的数词＋名词one-way单行道的数词＋名词＋描述词three-year-old三岁的数词＋名词＋ed ten-storeyed十层的动词＋副词one-off 一次性的描述词＋名词high-quality高质量的描述词＋名词＋ed noble-minded高尚的描述词＋描述词light-green浅绿色的描述词＋此刻分词ordinary-looking边幅普通的副词＋描述词ever-green常青的副词＋此刻分词hard-working辛苦的副词＋过去分词well-known闻名的副词＋名词fast-food专门提供快餐服务的介词＋名词indoor室内的3.合成动词名词＋动词sleep-walk梦游描述词＋动词white-wash粉刷副词＋动词overwhelm压服，礼服4.合成副

词描述词＋名词hotfoot匆忙地描述词＋副词everywhere到处副词＋副词however尽管如此介词＋名词beforehand事先介词＋副词forever永久5.合成代词代词宾格＋self herself 她本人物主代词＋self myself 我本人描述词＋名词anything 一切6.合成介词副词＋名词outside在……里面介词＋副词within在……以内副词＋介词into进入

三、【转化法】英语构词法中把一种词性用作另一种词性而词形不变的方法叫作转化法，有的名词可以作动词，有的描述词可以作副词或动词.1.动词转化为名词1）意思没有变更，例如：I think we'd better finish the talk now.我想我们的谈话最好此刻结束.2）意思有必定变更，例如：He is a man of strong build.他是一个体格健壮的汉子.3）构成短语，例如：Let's have a look first. 我们先看一下吧.2.名词转化为动词1）暗示物体的，如：Have you booked the ticket?你订好票了吗?2）暗示身体部位的，如：Hand in your papers please.请把你们的试卷交上来.3）暗示一类人的，如：She nursed her husband back to health.她看护丈夫，使他恢复了健康.4）抽象名词，如：We breakfasted together.我们在一路吃了早饭.3.描述词转化为动词少数描述词可以转化为动词.例如：We will try our best to better our living conditions.我们要尽力改善我们的生活情况.4.副词转化为动词有少数副词可以转化为动词.例如：Murder will out.恶事终势必败露.5.描述词转化为名词

1）暗示色彩的描述词常可转化为名词，如：The girl in black appears very beautiful.那个穿黑衣服的女孩子看上去非常漂亮.2）一些描述词如old, young, poor, rich, wounded, injured等与the连用，暗示一类人，作主语时，谓语用复数，如：We don't belong to the rich, but we dong't belong to the poor either. 我们不是有钱人，但我们也不是穷人.

四、【截短法(缩略法)】将单词缩写，词义和词性坚持不变的英语构词法称为截短法，次要有截头、去尾、截头去尾等方式.1.截头telephone→phoneairplane→plane2.去尾mathematics→mathsexamination→examkilogram→kilolaboratory →labtaxicab→taxi3.截头去尾

influenza→flurefrigerator→fridgeprescription→script

五、【混合法(混成法)】英语构词还可以将两个词混合或各取一部分紧缩而成一个新词，前半部分表属性，后半部分表主体.如许的英语构词法就是混合法.news

broadcast→newscast旧事广播television broadcast→telecast电视广播smoke and fog→smog烟雾photo and

graphy→photography摄影，摄影术helicopter airport→heliport 直升飞机场

六、【首尾字母缩略法】用单词首尾字母构成一个新词的英语构词法叫做首尾字母缩略法.这类方式的英语构词生成

的新词，读音次要有两种方式，即各字母分别读音；作为一个单词读音.Testing of English as a Foreign

Language→TOEFL托福Teach English as a Foreign Language→TEFLTeach English as a Second

Language→TESLGraduate Record Examination→GRE美国研讨生入学考试

1、名词: 可数

(1)把握名词复数方式的构成

①直接在词尾 + s(boys, pencils)

②以ch, sh, s, x结尾的 + es(watches, buses)

③以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的, 变y为i + es(families, cities)

④以f, fe结尾的, 变f, fe为v + es(knives, leaves)

⑤不规则变更(children, women, fish, tomatoes)

留意①单复数同形的名词: sheep, Chinese, Japanese.

②只要复数方式的词: people, trousers, clothes, thanks.

(2)把握名词的所有格的两种暗示法

①有生命的人或动物的所有格常在单词后边加's

②无生命的事物的所有格用of.

my mother's bag the dog's house the door of our classroom

留意, 加's构成所有格时, 如果名词本人是以s结尾的则只加', 不加s.

(3)不成数名词

①不成数名词没有复数方式, 且前边不克不及用不定冠词, 也不克不及用数词作定语.

②作主语时, 谓语动词用单数方式.

③使用量词短语暗示数量.

a piece of news a cup of tea

2、冠词

(1)把握不定冠词a和an的用法

用在第一次提到的可数名词单数前或泛指一类人或物及固

定词组中.

(2)把握定冠词the的用法

①用来特指某人或某物.

②用活着界上独一无二的事物的名称前.

③用在序数词和描述词第一流前.

④用在姓氏的复数方式前, 暗示夫妇或一家人.

⑤某些词组中的固定搭配.

3、代词

(1)分清人称代词的主格和宾格的用法

①主格在句子中作主语.

②宾格在句子中作宾语.

(2)分清描述性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法

①描述词性物主代词后边必须跟着它所润色的名词.

②名词性物主代词后边不克不及再跟名词.

(3)反身代词的构成和用法

反身代词在句中次要起强调感化, 词组有teach oneself, learn by oneself

(4)把握以下不定代词的基本用法

①some——一些.经常使用于肯定句, 可润色可数名词和不成数名词.

any——一些, 任何.经常使用于任何否定句, 疑问句条件句中, 可润色可数名词和不成数名词.

留意与some或any组合生成的词(something, somebody, someone, anything, anybody, anyone), 其用法与some和any基底细同.

②each——可单独使用, 强调个体, 用于两者或两者以上的每

个人或物, 可作名词和描述词使用.

every——不成单独使用, 强调全体, 用于三者或以上的情况, 只能作描述词用.

③both, all, neither, none, either, any, the other的区别.

含义对象都都不任何(一个) 每(一个) 另(一个)

two both neither either each the other

three all none any every another

(5)初步把握it用来暗示天然景象、时间、距离及作方式主语或方式宾语的用法.

It's 3 o'clock in the afternoon.

It's about 5 kilometres away.

It's raining now.

It's important to learn English well.

You'll find it easy to make a kite.

4、数词

(1)把握基数词和序数词的构成及基本用法.留意以下几个序数词的写法:

first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, thirty-first one hundredth

(2)把握千以内数字的写法:

8, 231 eight thousand two hundred and thirty-one

(3)把握年、月、日的表达法及日常交际用语中数字的表达法:

(on) August seventh, 1979; page 58; Unit25; Class Three Grade One; the No.168 Middle School

(4)把握以下词组的用法:

hundreds of, thousands of, millions of, three hundred students 5、描述词和副词

(1)描述词和副词的原级、比较级和第一流的构成及使用.

①原级: 没有比较用原级, 特定句型用原级(as…as, not as…as, not so…as).

②比较级: 两者比较用比较级, 句中有"A or B"句型或than.

③第一流: 三者或三者以上比较用第一流, 句中有"A, B or C"句型或由in或of引出比较范围.

④其它表达法: 比较级 + and + 比较级表“愈来愈……”, The + 比较级, the + 比较级表“越……越……”

eg: ①Mike is tall.

This room is as big as that one.

This lesson isn't as interesting as lesson Three.

Tom doesn't run so fast as Jack.

②Which is b etter, this one or that one?

My sister writes more carefully than my brother.

③Who is the tallest, Jack, John or Tom?

He is the most careful in our class.

Changjiang River is the longest river in China.

④Spring is coming. It's getting warmer and warmer.

The barder he studied, the more knowledge he got.

⑤描述词副词比较级和第一流的构成

a、直接 + er / + est

b、以e结尾的 + er / + est

c、以辅音字母 + y结尾的变y为i + er / + est

d、重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的, 双写 + er / + est

e、不规则变更

f、多音节和少数双音节的词, 在词前加more或most

(2)易混的副词辨析:

①already, 多用于肯定句, yet多用于否定句或疑问句中

②to o, also, either都暗示“也”

too和also都用于肯定句中, too常放在句尾, also常放在句中, either用于否定句的句尾.

6、介词

(1)暗示时间的介词in, on, at

in——用于较长一段时间, 礼拜, 月份, 季节, 年, 朝代世纪或

非特指的早、午、晚等.

on——具体某一天或具体某一个早、午、晚.

at——在某一点时间或某个瞬间.

eg: in 1988, in the 21st century, in winter, in March, in the moring, on Saturday evening, on the May seventh, on a windy night, on the afternoon, of October 31st, at eight o'clock, at night, at noon, at the end of, at this moment, at this time, at the age of

(2)in与after暗示“当前”时的区别

in——暗示以此刻为起点的“当前”, 经常使用于将来时态中.

after——经常使用于普通过去时态中, 暗示在过去某个时间以后.

eg: We'll come back in two weeks.我们将在两周后回来.

They came back after two weeks.两周当前, 他们回来了.

(3)ago与before暗示“在……之前”时的区别

ago——暗示从此刻算起的“之前”, 经常是“一段时间 + ago”

before——暗示以过去为起点的“之前”时, 经常是“一段时间+ before”, 如果是:”“before + 一点时间”, 则只暗示在某一点之前.

eg: He went to the library 2 hours ago.

He said he had gone to the library 2 hours before.

They will start before eight o'clock tomorrow morning.

I went to bed before nine yesterday evening.

(4)for与during

for + 一段时间常暗示“持续了一段时间”, 而during则暗示在……期间

eg: He has been in Beijing for 3 years.

I was in Beijing during last summer.

(5)in与at暗示方位时

at——与小的地点连用, 有“在某一点”的含义.

in——与大的地方连用有“在…范围以内”的含义.

He was lost at the station.

The twins were born in a big city.

(6)over, above与on暗示“在……上”的区别. over——指没有接触面的正上方, 反义词是under. above——指没有接触面的上方, 在高一些的地位, 反义词是below.

on——指有接触面的, 在……的概况上.

The plane is above the clouds.

The bridge is over the river.

The cup is on the table.

(7)熟练把握介词与动词、名词、描述词搭配构成的词组, 另外还要留意, 介词的后边要跟名词作它的宾语, 如果是动词, 则要变成动名词(doing)的方式.

如: She is good at singing.

I'm good at English.

7、连词

(1)把握连词的含义与用法

and(和, 并), but(但是), or(否则, 或者), so(所以, 因而),

when(当……的时候), either…or(或者……或者, 不是……就

是), neither…nor(既不……也不……), so…that(如此……乃至于……)

8、动词

(1)熟练把握动词的此刻分词, 第三人称单数, 过去式, 和过去分词的构成.留意牢记不规则动词的过去式和过去分词.

(2)把握四类动词的普通用法:

①实义动词——分为及物和不及物两种, 在句中作谓语.

②连系动词——be, look, feel, get, turn, become, keep等, 在句中与表语一路构成相当于谓语部分的系表结构.

③助动词——帮忙谓语动词构成分歧的时态和否定句, 疑问句, 不克不及单独使用, 也无含义.

④情态动词——可以说是一种特殊的助动词, 情态动词没有人称和数的变更, 后边必须跟动词本相, 而且本人不单有含义而且可以直接构成否定句和疑问句.

(3)非谓语动词的习气用法, 必定要熟记

1)begin to do sth 2)start to do sth

3)decide to do sth 4)want to do sth

5)(would) like to do sth 6)forget to do sth

7)remember to do sth 8)love to do sth

9)learn to do sth 10)need to do sth

11)try to do sth 12)try not to do sth

13)stop to do sth 14)ask sb.to do sth

15)ask sb.not to do sth 16)like sb.to do sth

17)teach sb.to do sth 18)tell sb.to do sth

19)tell sb.to do sth 20)want sb.to do sth

21)help sb.(to) do sth 22)let sb.do sth

23)have sb.do sth 24)make sb.do sth

25)had better do sth 26)had better not do sth

27)feel / hear sb.do sth 28)watch / see sb.do sth

29)why not do sth 30)be busy doing sth

31)see / watch sb doing sth 32)feel / hear sb doing sth

33)enjoy doing sth 34)finish doing sth

35)keep (sb) doing sth 36)go on doing sth

37)stop doing sth 38)like doing sth

39)begin doing sth 40)start doing sth

41)prevent sb from doing 42)stop sb / sth from doing sth 43)spend时间 / 金钱(in) doing sth 44)It takes sb. some time to

do sth.

45)It is good (wrong, easy, difficult, important…) to do sth

46)It is time (for sb.) to do sth 47)be used for doing sth 48)will / would you please do sth 49)what about (doing) sth (4)能够区别使用以下动词

1)tell, say, speak, talk

2)bring, take, carry

3)lend, borrow, keep

4)listen, listen to, hear, hear from, hear of

5)look, look at, see, watch, notice

6)reach, arrive(in / at), get to

7)look for, look after, look at, look up

8)put on, put up, put down, put away, put into

9)look for, find, find out, found

10)take off, take away, take down

11)try on , put on, wear, dress, get dressed

12)ask for, send for

13)get back, give back, take back

14)be made in, be made of, be made from, be made by

15)get on, got off, get into, get out of

16)get in, get up, get on…with

17)go down, go on, go out

18)look out, look out of

19)turn on, turn off, turn up, turn down, turn to, turn over

20)send out, sent to , send away, send up, send for

21)fill…with… be full of… be filled with…

23)be in, be out, be away, be over, be up

24)wear out, sell out

25)worry about the worried about

26)cost, pay, spend, take

(5)留意延续性动词(段动词)与瞬间动词(点动词)在用法上的区别.

瞬间动词有: join, buy, come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, open, closed, become, borrow, lend, die, get等.

记住: 瞬间动词(点动词)不克不及与暗示持续一段时间的时间状语连用.