小学语文总复习资料(阅读复习)

小学语文总复习资料(阅读复习)
小学语文总复习资料(阅读复习)

小学阅读教学的基本任务是“培养学生看书报的能力和认真阅读的习惯”。

看书报能力是指能够掌握学过的常用词汇;能正确、流利,有感情地朗读课文,比较熟练地默读课文,能背诵或复述指定的课文;能够给课文分段和层次,概括段落大意和文章的中心;能读懂适合少年儿童阅读的书报,理解主要内容,有初步的分析能力。

认真阅读的习惯主要是指边读边想的习惯。查字典和运用其它工具书的习惯以及质疑问难的习惯等。

一、划分段落层次

段有自然段和意义段。自然段也叫小段或小节。它是作者在表达内容时,围绕一个意思说一句话或几句连贯的话,是构成篇章的最小单位。意义段又叫逻辑段,它可以由一个自然段组成,也可以由几个相关的自然段合并而成。自然段着重文字表达的需要,意义段着眼思想内容的划分。

我们学习段,一是弄懂怎样把话一句一句地连起来,表示一个主要意思;二是进行思维训练,培养概括能力。

自然段如何分层和概括段意呢?

自然段划分层次,就是通过对一段话的分析,看出这段在有个意思,这几个意思又是怎样一层一层有顺序地写下来的。

自然段常见的组合方式有:

1、顺承式。

即按事情或动作的先后顺序表达。

例如:7月27日凌晨两点,九江赛城湖的大堤塌陷了。//400多名官兵闻讯赶到。支队长一声令下:“上!”顿时,一条长龙在崩塌的堤坝下出现了。官兵们肩扛沉重的沙包,在泥水中来回穿梭。有的为了行走快捷,索性赤脚奔跑起来。嶙峋的片儿石割破了脚趾,他们全然不顾,心中只有一个念头:“大堤,保住大堤!”//狂风卷着巨浪,猛烈地撕扯着堤岸。战士们高声喊道:“狂风为我们呐喊!暴雨为我们助威!巨浪为我们加油!”一个个奋勇跳入水中,用自己的血肉之躯筑起了一道人墙。//经过几个小时的鏖战,大堤保住了,官兵们浑身上下却是伤痕累累。“风声雨声涛声,声声震耳;雨水汗水血水,水水相融。”这是人民子弟兵在这场惊心动魄的大决战中的真实写照。

这一自然段共有四层意思,把四层意思归纳起来概括段意:

当九江赛城湖大堤塌陷时,官兵们闻讯赶到,扛沙包,筑人墙,终于保住了大堤。

2、并列式。

在一段话中,分别写几种事物的几个方面,它们层与层之间的关系是并列存在的。

例如《精读与泛读》第五自然段:如果面对一大堆读物,我们可以将每本书的内容提要、前言、章节目录等很快地从头到尾看一遍,这样就能大致了解每本书的梗概、特点及应用范围等。//对一本读物来说,可以几段几段地粗读,也可以几页几页地翻阅,而不必逐一探究某个字、词或句子的意思。俗话说的“一目十行”,就是指这种走马观花式的快速阅读方法。

这一段前后两部分分别介绍了面对许多读物和一本读物时不同的读书方法。前后显然是并列并系的。

3、总分式。

先总述后分述或先概括叙述后具体叙述,也包括先总述再分述最后总结以及先分述再总结。

如《爷爷的芦笛》第1自然段。在强强的相象里,爷爷的小闸屋是个好玩的地方:碧蓝碧蓝的海水就踩在脚下。白天,成群的海鸟在窗外翱翔;夜晚,天上的星星映在海水中,如千万点萤火闪闪烁烁。更有趣的是,海水长着一大片一大片的芦苇。一张普普通通的苇叶,经爷爷三折两卷,就成了一支芦笛。吹奏起来,曲调是那样婉转悠扬,还带着一股浓浓的海水味……。这一段先总述爷爷的小闸屋是个好玩的地方,再具体描绘周围景色之美、芦笛曲调动听。

再如《夹竹桃》第三个自然段。先总述我们家常见的花应有尽有,再分述春、夏、秋三季花儿依次开放的景象,最后总结园子里一年三季,花开花落,万紫千红的盛景。

4、转折式。

全段分两部分,前后两部分意思转折,常用“但是、可是、而”等转折词分开。

例如《灰椋鸟》第一自然段。“早就听说林场的灰椋鸟多。我想,

灰椋鸟尖尖的嘴,灰灰的背,远远望去黑乎乎的,有什么好看的呢?可是一个偶然的机会,我看了关于灰椋鸟的电视录像,就再也忍不住了,决定亲自去看一看。”

这一段可概括为:原以为灰椋鸟没什么好看的,可是自从看了关于灰椋鸟的电视录像,我决定去看看。有时,前后两部分内容间没有转折词,但其中的转折关系仍显而易见。

如《烟台的海》第一个自然段:中国的沿海城市,东面或南面临海的居多,北面临海的却很少。烟台恰是北面临海。所以便有了一份独特的海上景观。

这一段前后两句问虽无转折词,然转折关系一读便知。

转折式自然段,一般抓转折后的内容概括段意。上面这段可概括为由于烟台是我国少数北面临海的城市之一,所以便有了一份独特的海上景观。

5、因果式。

按照事物的原因、结果的关系表达意思的自然段,叫因果式小段。包括先因后果和先果后因两种情况。

例如《莫泊桑拜师》第一个自然段:莫泊桑是19世纪法国著名作家。他从小酷爱写作,孜孜不倦地写下了许多作品,但这些作品都平平常常,没有什么特色。//莫泊桑焦急万分,于是,他去拜法国文学大师福楼拜为师。

这一段段意可概括为莫泊桑早年写作平平,所以他拜福楼拜为师。

以上是先因后果,再举一例先果后因。

《真情的回报》最后一个自然段“骑上这辆崭新的自行车送报快多了。当然,我从没想学会在马路上扔报纸的‘绝活’,依旧下车把报纸送到每家门口;下雨下雪天,依旧把报纸送进门里。因为我永远记住了:诚实的劳动,换来的是难忘的关怀和爱意。”

这一段前面是结果后面说明原因,从而突出了原因,点明了课题的含义。

二、划分文章段落、概括段意。

划分文章段落,可以参考上述分层的几种方法外,段落大意的概括,还可以采取以下方法:找中心句(有的在段首,即总起句;有的

在段尾,即总结句;也有的在中间议论部分或人物语言中)。抓住这一段的主要意思,用自己的话概括段意。用小标题的方式进行概括。

分别举列如下:

1、《夹竹桃》一文中第3、4自然段合并成的段意就是在段尾:“这一点韧性,同院子里那些花比起来,不是显得非常可贵吗?”又如《秦兵马俑》一文中第二段的段首就有中心句:“兵马俑规模宏大”,就是这一段的段意。

2、《暖流》一文第二大段没有中心句,可根据主要意思概括为:“江主席来到南开大学阅览室,与青年学生一起吟诵诗词并谈论古典文学常话。”

3、《碧螺春》各段则可以小标题形式概括各段内容。a、久负盛名;b、名称来历;c、采焙情形;d、品茶之趣;e、茶漾春光。

三、写文章的主要内容

抓住文章的主要内容,这是读懂文章的主要内容,既不能太简单,也不要太具体,要抓住文章的主要情节、主要事件或叙述的几个要点简要地写出来。

抓主要内容的方法有:

1、把各段的段落大意连起来,稍加整理;

2、按所叙述的问题来抓文章的主要内容;

3、根据文章的标题,加以补充。

如《狼牙山五壮士》一文按事情发展顺序可以分为五段:第一段写了五壮士接受任务;第二段写诱敌上山,痛击敌人;第三段写了把敌人引上绝路;第四段写顶峰歼敌;第五段写英勇跳崖。把这五段段意连起来,稍加整理,就是这篇文章的主要内容:这篇文章写了五位壮士接受了上级交给的掩护群众的任务,有计划地诱敌上山,痛击敌人,终于把敌人引上绝路,歼敌于顶峰,最后英勇跳崖的经过。

又如《颜黎明的信》一文叙述了这样几个问题:

1、青年人该怎样读书;

2、谈在上海看桃花;

3、能不能把信发表;

4、指出所署的是假名。

把这几个问题综合起来,稍加整理,可以这样归纳这篇文章的主要内容:鲁迅在信中谈了青年人读书要博采众长、博览群书、兴趣广泛,又谈了关于在上海看桃花和同意发信这个话题,最后指出寄信人所署的是假名。

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