清华大学考博英语真题阅读理解精选

清华大学考博英语真题阅读理解精选

Reading Passage1

The Cost of Survival

Most corporations aren't managed for change.

By Peter McGrath

In the go-go years of the late1990s,no economic theorist looked better than Joseph Schumpeter,the Austrian champion of capitalism who died in1950.His distinction?A theory he called"creative destruction."The idea was straight-forward:in with the new,out with the https://www.360docs.net/doc/c79648853.html,panies had life cycles,just as people do.They were born, they grew up.And when a better competitor came along,they died due to capital starvation.It was the way things were,and the way they should be.The markets had no sentiment.Capitalism was relentless, unforgiving.

In their book"Creative Destruction"(367pages.Doubleday. $27.50),Richard N.Foster and Sarah Kaplan of the consulting firm McKinsey&Co.apply Schumpeter's logic in the context of a technology-driven economy.They want their corporate readers to understand the implications of one basic idea:there is an inescapable conflict between the internal needs of a corporation and the total indifference capital markets have for those needs.Managers care desperately about the survival of their companies.Investors don't give a hoot.This was always true,the authors say,but until recently nobody really noticed because of the relatively languid pace of

economic change.No more.In the1920s,when the first Standard& Poor's index was compiled,a listed company had a life expectancy of more than65years.In1998the annual turnover rate of S&P firms was nearly10percent,implying a corporate lifetime of only10years.

How does anyone manage in this environment?Foster and Kaplan argue that companies today must embrace"discontinuity,"the idea that everything they have always done is now irrelevant.Consider Intel:'by its top executives'own accounts,the company had to kill its ground-breaking memory-chip business once it became clear that Japanese companies could deliver essentially the same product at a lower price.Intel then moved into the much more lucrative microprocessor business.It was an obvious decision,but one that was hard to make.Memory chips were Intel's core competence.They were at the heart of the company's self-image.The transition was wrenching, said Intel chief Andrew Grove.But as a result,the company survived and prospered.

From now forgotten automobile companies like Studebaker to early technology leaders like Wang,the corporate landscape is littered with the bones of companies that couldn't adapt to change.At bottom, say Foster and Kaplan,corporations are managed for survival."They presume continuity in the business environment.They fail to introduce new products for fear of cannibalizing current product lines.They turn down acquisition opportunities to keep from diluting earnings.They prize rational decision making and internal control

systems.They resist contrary information,and often punish managers who voice it.And all the while,capital markets are dedicated to finding and funding new competitors.Incumbents ignore this fact to their peril:if they don't cannibalize their product lines,someone else will do it for them.Even the greatest of brand names are not immune.As the authors ask rhetorically,would IBM even exist today had it stuck to its core business in mainframe computers?"Unless the corporation can learn to overcome the natural bias for denial,"they write,"it will,in the long term,fail,or at best underperform."

The successful company,Foster and Kaplan conclude,is one that manages for discontinuity.It presumes change.It is comfortable with fluid and even vague decision making.It has relatively flat hierarchies.In short,it adopts the fearlessness of capital markets themselves.And it doesn't have to be a start-up,or even a young company.Typical success stories include Coming,which shifted its business from glass to optical fiber just in time to capture a growing market,and General Electric,which dumped one fifth of its asset base in the first four years of Jack Welch's tenure as CEO.

Not long ago,it was fashionable to liken business to warfare. Executives were reading Sun-tm,Machiavelli and Clausewitz for guidance on how to overcome the competition.But business differs from war in one vital respect.In war the advantage lies with the defense. In the New Economy,as Foster and Kaplan make clear,it belongs to the attacker.

Reading Passage2

Is Someone Spying on You?

Spying on your kids in your home is one thing.But what about when your employer snoops on you at work?Big Brother is almost certainly watching you.A staggering82%of major U.S.corporations admitted to electronically monitoring their employees,in a recent study conducted by the American Management Association(AMA).But it's not just worker efficiency(browsing https://www.360docs.net/doc/c79648853.html, while on the job)that companies are monitoring.Many employers worry that they'll be liable for sexual harassment and other charges brought against employees who misuse e-mail and other Web-based communications.The case of Peter Chung,who was fired from the New York City investment firm Carlyle Group for boasting about his dating exploits in an e-mail to his pals--a missive that subsequently made its way to a far broader audience--is a recent example of how employers are taking a tougher stand on misuse of office e-mail.

An entire industry of surveillance products that cater to wary employers has grown out of this

backdrop of mistrust and caution.With no comprehensive federal law in place for the regulation of employee surveillance,almost all on-the-job activities are fair game.Voice mail and e-mail are routinely scrutinized by nearly half of all major https://www.360docs.net/doc/c79648853.html,panies, as are individual computer files.Soilware such as SpectorSoWs Spector can monitor and record every keystroke,log visited websites

and even take snapshots of an employee's screen every30seconds. Companies are also turning to filters for their computer networks to block out inappropriate material.More than15%of the U.S.firms surveyed in the AMA study said that they routinely videotaped employee activities in the year2000.And a number of smaller repair-service companies are considering installing global-positioning-satellite devices in company cars to deter employees from goofing off while away from the office.

Some workers are fed up and have decided not to take it anymore. Barry Steinhardt of the National ACLU says that his office increasingly"gets lots of calls from workers who want to know what they can do about their employers spying on them."

So what can you do to protect yourself?One way to hide your footsteps on the Web is through an anonymizer program like Zero Knowledge's Freedom($59.95at https://www.360docs.net/doc/c79648853.html,).It allows you to surf the Net undetected and to send and receive encrypted e-mails. Note though,that your company's network security system will probably snag the encrypted data,so be prepared to explain it.A better solution might simply be to educate yourself and know what they know.The Privacy Foundation(https://www.360docs.net/doc/c79648853.html,)offers a free bug-detection program.The site also has plenty of workplace-surveillance articles and links to other products that undermine the efforts of intrusive employers.Only you know whether it's smart to do this from your work PC.

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