朱维之《外国文学史(欧美卷)》(第4版)配套题库【模拟试题及详解(一~二)】【圣才出品】
第四部分模拟试题
朱维之《外国文学史（欧美卷）》（第4版）考研模拟试题（一）
一、名词解释（30分，每题6分）
1．“总体文学”
2．《草叶集》
3．影响研究
4．感伤主义
5．《新约》
二、简答题（70分，每题14分）
1．简述“世界文学”概念及欧美知识界对它的讨论。
2．简述《源氏物语》的主题，并说明中国文学对该作的具体影响。
3．简论《呼啸山庄》的小说叙述特点。
4．请问你如何理解《百年孤独》中的魔幻性问题？这种特性和现实主义有着怎样的关系？
5．简述《喧哗与骚动》的现代主义特点。
三、论述题（50分，每题25分，三题选择两题）
1．试结合作品论述《罪与罚》所叙述的主要问题及叙述特点。
2．请论述《约翰-克里斯朵夫》是一部怎样的小说？
3．试论述易卜生《玩偶之家》和契诃夫《樱桃园》的戏剧观念与结构之异同。
朱维之《外国文学史（欧美卷）》（第4版）考研模拟试题及详解（一）
一、名词解释（30分，每题6分）
1．“总体文学”
答：“总体文学”是指探讨世界各民族文学共同存在的、普遍的根本规律的文学研究。总体文学与比较文学有密切的关系，但它不要求必须将两个国家的文学作对比研究，换言之，它本身不一定具有可比性。总体文学的概念是由法国比较文学学者梵·第根在《比较文学论》一书中提出，后来为韦勒克、沃伦等人加以修正。它是一种比“比较文学”更注重理论性的文学研究，它要求研究者具有更宽广的视野，站在国际主义的立场上，联系多国文学实践寻找各国文学间的互相联系，并在此基础上对文学作综合的全面的研究。
2．《草叶集》
答：《草叶集》是19世纪美国作家惠特曼的浪漫主义诗集，创作于1855年至1892年，共收有诗歌三百余首。诗集内容丰富，形式多样、灵活，主要思想是讴歌民主和自由，倡导人类平等，赞美大自然，同情下层人民，谴责剥削罪恶。《草叶集》是世界闻名的佳作，开创了美国民族诗歌的新时代。作者在诗歌形式上有大胆的创新，创造了“自由体”的诗歌形式，打破了传统的诗歌格律，以断句作为韵律的基础，节奏自由奔放，汪洋恣肆，舒卷自如，具有一泻千里的气势和无所不包的容量。
3．影响研究
答：影响研究是比较文学传统研究方法之一，主要是以法国学派的实证主义思想为指导，考证一个民族的文学或者一种思潮和运动对其他民族文学的影响。也可以是研究一个民族的
作家和作品对另一个民族的作家和作品的影响。例如，纪君祥的《赵氏孤儿》对伏尔泰《中国孤儿》创作的影响研究就是一个比较典型的影响研究课题。影响研究注重材料，讲求考据，以实证主义哲学为基础，旨在通过考察不同国家的作家作品之间互相接触、渗透和影响的实际联系，建立“国际文学关系史”。
4．感伤主义
答：感伤主义是18世纪后期欧洲资产阶级启蒙运动中出现的文学思潮，又称主情主义。感伤主义因英国作家斯特恩的小说《在法国和意大利的感伤旅行》而得名，它首先出现于英国，因其排斥理性，崇尚感情，又可称前浪漫主义。感伤主义强调并夸大感情的作用，主张感情的自然流露，认为情感丰富是心地善良，品行端正的依据。代表人物有英国的斯特恩、哥尔斯密斯、葛雷，法国的卢梭、伏尔泰，俄国的卡拉姆津，德国的里希特、海涅等。
5．《新约》
答：《新约》是基督教《圣经》的第二部分(第一部分为《旧约》)，又称《新约圣经》。基督教认为，耶稣降世后，上帝和人的关系改变了，通过耶稣与人立下了新的契约。《新约》据传是耶稣使徒及其弟子们的著作汇编，由福音书、使徒行传、使徒书信和启示录组成。使徒书信分保罗书信和一般书信；保罗书信又分教会书信、个人书信、监狱书信和希伯来书。新约与旧约恰成对比，因为旧约不能在人的心里产生公义。基督教圣经分为旧约和新约两大部分，新旧约以耶稣出生为界限的。
二、简答题（70分，每题14分）
1．简述“世界文学”概念及欧美知识界对它的讨论。
答：（1）“世界文学”概念
世界文学作为一个术语，是歌德于1827年在评论他自己的剧本《塔索》的法译本时最早提出的。综述国内外比较文学理论对这个概念的定义，世界文学所包含的意义共有四个层面：总量上的世界文学，欧洲中心主义的世界文学，世界名著的世界文学与歌德理想中的世界文学。如果把这四个层面作为一个参照系，更可以见出比较文学这一学科自身的特色。
（2）欧美知识界对世界文学的讨论
①纪延对世界文学的综合性理解
美国学者克劳迪奥·纪延在《世界文学》文中指出：“世界文学这个术语是极为模糊的，在一种较为肯定的方式上我们应该说，这个术语过于宽泛，所以容易引起更多的误解。”克劳迪奥·纪延在《比较文学的挑战》一书收有他的《世界文学》一文，在这篇文章中，纪延对欧美比较文学界关于世界文学的论讨有一个详尽综合性的理解。
②韦勒克对世界文学的个性化理解
韦勒克的论述，是基于欧美比较文学界对世界文学这个术语进行讨论的整体背景下所给出的，但是他的论述比较突出他自己的个性化。把纪延的综合性理解作为背景与韦勒克的个性化论述整合于一体，这样关于世界文学的理解才是准确的。
③奥尔巴赫对世界文学的理解
奥尔巴赫认为世界文学是普遍人性的反映，也是人性交流的结果，它产生的前提是人类多样性的存在。但今天人们生活趋于标准化，世界文学趋于单一。这样离歌德倡导的世界文学观念的精神就远了。主张寻找不同民族文化中丰富的内在联系，从而打破民族隔阂和国别界限，将世界文学重新建立在多样统一的基础上。
④艾田伯对世界文学的理解
艾田伯认为世界文学不应该是狭隘的，仅仅局限于西方文学而应该把东方文学纳入进
来。为了接近世界文学，可以采取专业的和非专业的两种方式。
⑤沃勒斯坦对世界文学的理解
沃勒斯坦认为世界文学的组成部分是分层级的，在整个体系中是利益不均等的。受到政治经济力量的影响，但保留一定程度的自律性。
⑥莫莱蒂对世界文学的理解
给人印象最深的是莫莱蒂用树与波浪来比喻世界文学运动的基本规律。树描述事物由统一性向多样性发展；波浪则相反，不断吞噬多样性已达到统一性。世界文学的发展，是树与波浪的交错运动，其产物也必然是合成的。
总之，随着时间的推移，世界的发展变化，文学自身的发展，关于世界文学的定义和讨论也会随之变化更新。其概念不可能是永恒不变的。
2．简述《源氏物语》的主题，并说明中国文学对该作的具体影响。
答：《源氏物语》是日本的一部古典文学名著，对于日本文学的发展产生过巨大的影响，被誉为日本古典文学的高峰，在日本开启了“物哀”的时代。作品的成书年代一般认为是在1001年至1008年间，因此可以说，《源氏物语》是世界上最早的长篇写实小说，小说描写了平安京时期日本的风貌，揭露人性，宫中的斗争，反映了当时妇女的无权地位和苦难生活。
（1）《源氏物语》的主题为“情色”
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