公共英语二级(PETS2)语法基础知识
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一、名词
1．可数名词
可数名词是指能计数事物名称的词，包括个体名词和集体名词，有单、复数形式。复数名词构成法如下：
以s，x，ch，sh结尾的名词加-es（除stomach）。
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，要变y为-ies。但以元音字母加y结尾时直接加-s。
以f或fe结尾的名词须直接加-s的，如：beliefs，roofs，proofs，gulfs，chiefs，safes，serfs。变f或fe为-ves的，如：knives，leaves，halves，wives，lives，thieves．wolves，shelves，loaves。注意handkerchief的复数可直接加-s。也可变f为-ves。
以o结尾直接加-s，如：zoos，pianos，kilos，photos，autos，radios。加-es，如：Negroes，heroes，potatoes。
复数不规则的名词，如：man—men，woman—women，foot—feet，goose—geese，ox—oxen，child—children，tooth—teeth等。
单复数形式一样的名词，如：Chinese，Japanese，sheep，deer，means，works等。
2．不可数名词
不可数名词一般没有单复数之分，它包括物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词。
以-ics结尾的表示学科名称的名词一般用做单数。
某些以-s结尾的表示单一事物的专有名词常用做单数。
3．名词的所有格
。如：Tom’s brother’s bag。
(1) “’s”
所有格。一般名词后加“’s”
。如：the wor kers’organization。
以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，在名词右上方加“’”
。如：
，也可加“’s”
以-s结尾的专有名词所有格，若以读音[Z]结尾，一般可在名词右上方加“’”
。
Dickens’/Dickens’s cup
。如：
；如果不是共有的，两个名词后都要加“’s”
如果一样东西为两个人共有，则只有后一个名词加“’s”
（不共有）。
Tom and Mary’s room（共有）；Mary’s and Tom’s cups
(2) 表示无生命东西的名词，通常采用of+名词的结构来表示所有关系，总的来讲of所有格是’ｓ所有格的一种替换形式。如：the class—room of the school。
(3) 表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命东西的名词，也可以加“’s”
来构成所有格。如：today’s newspaper。
二、冠词
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3. 第三档(5?6分)基木完成了试题规定的任务。 (1) 覆盖所有主要内容。 (2) 使用语法结构和词汇方面能满足任务的基木要求。 (3) 有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解。 4. 第二档(3?4分)虽尽力但不足以完成试题规定的任务。 (1) 仅覆盖部分主要内容，或写了一些无关内容。 (2) 语法结构和词汇使用水平很弱。 (3) 有很多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解。 5. 第一档(1?2分)未完成试题规定的任务。 (1) 明显未理解题意，导致未能完成试题规定的任务。 (2) 句子不完整或无法理解。 (3) 语法结构或词汇方面错误连篇，影响了对写作内容的理解;语言使用水平差。 6.0分未答题，或虽作答但不知所云。
公共英语三级语法知识汇总
公共英语三级语法知识大全 一、句法分析 (1) 二、词法分析 (2) 三、时态 (8) 四、被动语态 (11) 五、情态动词 (12) 六、不定式 (14) 七、定语从句 (17) 八、主语从句 (22) 九、表语从句 (23) 十、宾语从句 (23) 十一、同位语从句 (24) 十二、状语从句 (25) 十三、虚拟语气 (41) 十四、动名词 (27) 十五、现在分词 (28) 十六、过去分词 (31)
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解析：[解析] half作主语时，其谓语动词用单数还是复数要看其后所跟的名词是可数名词还是不可数名词。本题中worker是可数名词，因而谓语动词用复数。表示年龄在多少岁以下，用介词under。 4.The number of people invited ______ fifty, but a number of them ______ absent for different reasons. ? A.were; was ? B.was; was ? C.was; were ? D.were; were （分数：2.50） A. B. C. √ D. 解析：[解析] the number of...意为“…的数目”，它作主语时，谓语动词用单数。而a number of是“许多的”的意思，后接可数名词的复数形式，故谓语动词应用复数形式。 5.Suppose the poor girl ______ your daughter, what will you do? ? A.are ? B.is ? C.to be ? D.am （分数：2.50） A. B. C. √ D. 解析：[解析] suppose后可接省略that的从句或名词+不定式结构。如：I suppose him to be about fifty(我想他大概有50岁了).sb. be supposed to do sth.“某人应该做某事”。 6.Either you or I ______ wrong on this matter. So we don't have to quarrel with each other. It is useless. ? A.is ? B.are ? C.am ? D.were （分数：2.50） A. B. C. √ D. 解析：[解析] either...or所连接的名词作主语，后面的谓语动词与其相邻的名词或代词一致，所以选C。常见的搭配还有“neither...nor...，whether...or...，not only...but also...”。
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I语法： 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 一、限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句与主句关系密切，若去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。 I was the only person in our class that was praised by the headmaster at the meeting. 我是我们班唯一一个在会会议上受到校长表扬的人。 This is the teacher who has taught for 30 years. 这就是那位有30年教龄的老师。 二、非限制性定语从句 非限制性定语从句是指与主句关系不十分密切，只对主句中的先行词起补充说明作用的定语从句。其标志是主句和从句之间常用逗号隔开。 1、引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词指人时用who, whom，指物时用which。Whose既可用来指人也可用指物。 This is our headmaster, who I think has something important to tell you. 这位是我们的校长，我认为他有些重要的事要告诉你。 My elder sister has become a doctor, which I wanted to be. 我姐姐成了一名医生，我原来也想当医生的。 2、引导非限制性定语从句的关系副词有when, where。当先行词指时间时用when，指地点时用where。 He left his hometown in 1992, when he was only 12 years old. 他于1992年离开家乡，当时他只有12岁。 Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977. 卓别林在瑞士度过了他的晚年，1977年他被安葬在那里。 三、非限制性定语从句与限制性定语从句的区别： 1、关系词不同：关系代词that，关系副词why均不可引导非限制性定语从句。 The house that I bought last month has got a lovely garden. Can you tell me the reason shy the car broke down? 你能告诉我车子抛锚的原因吗？ 2、非限制性定语从句与主句关系不是很密切，中间常用逗号隔开，翻译时译成两个独立的句子；而限制性定语从句常与主句一起译成一句“……的……”。 I have two foreing teachers, both of whom are from America. 我有两个外教，他们都来自美国。 The foreign teacher who comes from America teaches us literature. 来自美国的那位外教教我们文学。 3、非限制性定语从句的关系词无论在从句中作什么成分，均不可省略；而在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词可省略。 This is the man, whom we talked about just now. 这就是那个人，我们刚才谈论过他。 This is the man (that/who/whom) we are talking about. 这就是我们正谈论的那个人。 “介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句 定语从句可以用“介词+关系代词”引导，能这样用的关系代词主要是which, whom和whose。
公共英语三级英语语法汇总
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