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中考状员学习笔记(英语)
中考状元笔记 英语
初中学霸提升成绩的 16 个习惯 1、记忆习惯。一分钟记忆，把记忆和时间联系起来，这里还含有注意的习惯。一分钟写多少字，读多少字，记多少字，时间明确的时候，注意力一定好。把学习任务和时间联系起来，通过一分钟注意、记忆来培养学习习惯。 2、演讲习惯。让自己会整理、表达自己的思想，演讲是现代人应该具有的能力。 3、读的习惯。读中外名著或伟人传记，与高层次的思想对话，每天读一、两分钟，与大师为伍，很多教育尽在不言中，一旦形成习惯，自己会终生受益。 4、写的习惯。写日记，有话则长，无话则短，通过日记可以看出一个人有没有能力，有没有思想，有没有一以贯之的品质。 5、定计划的习惯。凡事预则利、不预则废。后进生毛病都出在计划性不强，让人家推着走，而优秀的自己长处就在于明白自己想要干什么。 6、预习习惯。让自己学进去，感受学习、探索、增长能力的快乐。所以请各位同学一定要培养自己预习的习惯。 7、适应老师的习惯。自己同时面对各学科教师，长短不齐、在所难免。自己要适应老师，与老师共同进步，不要稍不如意就埋怨环境。 8、大事做不来，小事赶快做的习惯。这也是非常要紧的一个习惯。尖子自己做尖子的事，后进自己别盲目攀比。大的目标够不到，赶快定小的目标。难题做不了，挑适合你的容易做的题去做。人生最可怕的就是大事做不来，小事不肯做，高不能成，低不肯就，上得去、下不来。所以要让我们的自己永不言败。 9、自己留作业的习惯。老师留的作业不一定同时适应所有同学。同学们要让自己做到脚踏实地、学有所得，从自己的实际出发，为自己布置作业。 10、错题集的习惯。每次考试之后，90 多分的、50 多分的、30 多分的同学，如何整理错题？扔掉的分数就不要了，这次30 分，下次40 分，这就是伟大的成绩。找到可以接受的类型题、同等程度的知识点研究一下提高的办法。整理错题集是很多同学公认的好习惯。 11、出考试题的习惯。自己应该觉得考试不神秘。高中自己应该会出高考试题，初中自己会出中考试题。 12、筛选资料、总结的习惯。自己要会根据自己实际，选择学习资料。 十二个习惯，不要求齐头并进，每个同学要有自己的特点，让老师以教书为乐，让自己以学习为快乐。这快乐要建立在养成这些良好习惯的基础上。祝大家更多地享受到学习的快乐！
《英语词汇学》笔记1-10章
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 重点知识锦集： 1. According to semanticists（意义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. 2. This symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary, and there is …no logical relationships between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself?. 3. Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency. 4. Words may fall into content words and functional words by notion. 5. Words may fall into native words and borrowed words by origin. 6. The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. 7. ‘all national character’（全民性）is the most important of all features that may differentiate words of common use from all others. 8. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals. 9. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. 9. The English language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings. 10. According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan-words under four classes: Denizens, Aliens, Translation-loans, Semantic-loans. 11. The differences between sound and form are due to innovations made by linguists. 12. Of all the five characteristics listed for the basic word stock, the most important is all national character.（全民性） 13. Content words are changing all the time whereas functional words are stable. 14. In Old English there was more agreement between sound and form. 15. A word is a symbol that represents something else in the world. 16. Some words in the basic words stock are said to be stable because they refer to the commonest things in life. 17. In different language, the same concept can be represented by different sounds and the same sound can show different meanings. 18. The internal reason for the difference between sound and form is the fact of more phonemes than letters in English. 19. Native words are neutral in style and frequent in use. 20. The expression of “long time no see”is translation-loan among the four classes of borrowings. 名词解释： 1. word(词): A word is a minimal free form of a Language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. 2. vocabulary（词汇）: The term ‘vocabulary’is used in different senses. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given disicipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 3. Jargon（专门术语）: It refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular
英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记
1.What is polysemy? Having multiple meanings that are related. 2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them 1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they developed. 2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in order of popularity. 3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them 1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are derived directly from the primary meaning. 2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning to another. 4.What is homonymy? Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph 1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣 2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat 3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.) 6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫） 7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an example to illustrate the difference 1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The second meaning is related to the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when reserving a room. 2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no connection. 8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries (binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why 1)Good/bad, contraries 2)odd/even, complementaries 3)above/below, converses 4)clean/dirty, contraries 5)remember/forget, complementaries? 6)old/young, contraries 7)before/after, converses 9.What is hyponymy? Give an example The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.