中英文合同翻译
英文合同翻译
2007年02月27日星期二12:05
引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。
合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。
一.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.
例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and com pletion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum a s may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescri bed by the Contract.
参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct a nd all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide do cumentary proof upon your request.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据我们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明
（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
（5）documentary proof：证明文件
参考译文：
特此证明，据我们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料和数据，我们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Par ty A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principl e of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上
（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商
参考译文：
本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于年月日在中国（地点），特签订本合同。
例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (herei nafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).
注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方
参考译文：
本协议特由中国公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）于年月日订立。十七provided that
释义: 但规定，规定；但是
用法: 常用于在合同的某一条款中需要作进一步规定时，或在作规定时语气上表示转折时。在中译英时，要注意该词组的使用。有时从中文上看，尽管没有“但规定”，“进一步规定”的词语，但英文写作时，应加上“provided that”。参见例4，在中译英时，尽管中文中没有“但规定如果”，但根据上下文可看出在同一条款中包含了两个规定，后一句为对前一句的进一步规定，因此英文应加上“provided that if”。
例1
An irrevocable credit shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and are complied with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment shall be made or shall be guaranteed to be made.
注释：
（1）an irrevocable credit：不可撤销信用证
（2）shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank：应被认为构成开证行的确定承诺
（3）provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and are complied with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit：（但规定，）在提交了规定的单据并符合了信用证条款时
（4）the credit provides for sight payment：即期付款信用证
（5）the payment shall be made or shall be guaranteed to be made：则进行付款或保证该款的
参考译文：
不可撤销信用证，应被认为构成开证行的确定承诺。在提交了规定的单据并符合了信用证条款时，如系即期付款信用证，则进行付款或保证该款的照付。
例2
When an issuing bank authorizes or requests another bank to confirm its irrevocable credit and the latter has added its confirmation, such confirmation constitutes a definite undertaking of such bank (the confirming bank), in addition to that of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and comply with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment will be made or shall be guaranteed to be made.
注释：
（1）issuing bank：开证行
（2）the latter has added its confirmation：后者已照加保兑
（3）the confirming bank：保兑行
（4）provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and comply with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit：（但规定，）在提交了规定的单据并符合了信用证条款时
参考译文：
当开证行授权或要求另一银行保兑其不可撤销信用证，而后者已照加保兑时，该保兑构成该银行（保兑行）在开证行承诺以外的确定承诺。在提交了规定的单据并符合了信用证条款时，如系即期付款信用证，则进行付款或保证该款的照付。
例3
A wholly state-owned company has no shareholders’ meetings. The company’s board of directors shall be authorized by the state-authorized investment institution or the state-authorized department to exercise part of the powers of the shareholders’ meetings, and to decide on the major issues of the company. Provided that if the decisions on merger, division, dissolution of the company, increase or decrease in capital and issue of corporate bonds shall be made and decided, the decisions in question shall be made by the state-authorized investment institution or the state-authorized department
注释：
（1）wholly state-owned company：国有独资公司
（2）has no sharehold ers’ meetings：不设股东会
（3）company’s board of directors：公司董事会
（4）major issues of the company：公司的重大事项
（5）provided that if the decisions on merger, division, dissolution of the company, increase or decrease in capital and issue of corporate bonds：但关于公司的合并、分立、解散、增减资本和发行公司债券的决定
（6）the state-authorized investment institution or the state-authorized department：国家授权投资的机构或者国家授权的部门
参考译文：
国有独资公司不设股东会，由国家授权投资的机构或者国家授权的部门，授权公司董事会行
使股东会的部分职权，决定公司的重大事项，但公司的合并、分立、解散、增减资本和发行公司债券，必须由国家授权投资的机构或者国家授权的部门决定。
集资料，整理出来的打印版，源于—本英文写作书籍，供大家参考。
—.hereby
英文释义:by means of , by reason of this
中文译词:特此,因此,兹
用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语；在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法：—般置于主语后,紧邻主语.
例1：
The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.
参考译文:
业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。
注释:
(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此
(2)covenant: v. make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约; n. legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同
(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工
(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中
(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价
(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which
(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照
(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款
例2：
We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）to the best of our knowledge：as far as we know据咱们所知
（3）foregoing statement：above-mentioned statement上述声明
（4）herein：in this, in the statement在声明中
（5）documentary proof：证明文件
参考译文：
特此证明，据咱们所知，上述声明内容真实，正确无误，并提供了全部现有的资料与数据，咱们同意，应贵方要求出具证明文件。
例3：
This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B) on (Date), in (Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.
注释：
（1）hereby：特此
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party A：以下称甲方
（3）on the principle of equality and mutual benefit：在平等互利基础上
（4）through amicable consultation：通过友好协商
参考译文：
本合同双方，公司（以下称甲方）与公司（以下称乙方），在平等互利基础上，通过友好协商，于年月曰在中国（地点），特签订本合同。
例4：
This agreement is hereby made and entered into on (Date), by and between Co. China (hereinafter referred to as Party A) and Co. (hereinafter referred to as Party B).
注释：
（1）this agreement is hereby made and entered into：特此订立本协议
在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词：sign (make, conclude or enter into) this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点，可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示）。
（2）hereinafter referred to as Party B：以下简称乙方
参考译文：
本协议特由中国公司（以下简称甲方）与公司（以下简称乙方）于年月曰订立。
二hereof
英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以讲“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。
语法：—般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof与thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。
例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.
注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是`否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是`否
（2）the owner of the goods：货方
（3）without interruption：无间断地
（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定hereof：of this Clause
参考译文：
不论港口习惯是`否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期曰与假曰（如承运人需要），
无间断地提供与提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.
注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者
（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动
参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是`指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人与其他组织。例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.
注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司
（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（3）provisions hereof：本法规定hereof: of this Law
（4）may be registered as：登记为
参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。
例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.
注释：
（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因
（2）arbitrator：仲裁员
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）be selected or appointed：选定或指定
参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例5
In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.
注释：
（1）conflict：相抵触
（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准hereof：of this Law
参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。
例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations. The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.
注释：
（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关
（2）shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿
（3）the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人
（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条hereof：of this Law
（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉
（6）claims compensation：要求赔偿
（7）apply to/ in：适用More Examples: The comment applies equally here. /That argument does not apply in this case. /That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom. /The rules of safe driving apply to everyone. 参考译文：
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之—的，应当给予赔偿。
赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之—的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十—条、第十二条的规定。
例7
If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility. The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.
注释：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁员
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条hereof：of this Law
（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任
（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名
参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。
例8
If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.
注释：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门
（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件
（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门
（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件hereof: of this Law
（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议
（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼
参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。
例9
This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.
注释：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十—条规定hereof: of this Decision
参考译文：
有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十—条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。
例10
Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.
Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof. Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.
注释：
（1）companies registered：已登记成立的公司
（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限责任公司规范意见》（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司规范意见》（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管部门
（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国务院另行规定
参考译文：
本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规与国务院有关主管部门
制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，与《股份有限公司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另行规定。
例11
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2）business operators：经营者
（3）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定the provisions hereof：本法规定hereof：of this Law
（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法权益
（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是`指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
三hereto
英文释义: to this
中文译词:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以讲“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。
语法：—般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereto与thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof与thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是`“to this”。例1
All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.
注释：
（1）the performance of this Contract：履行本合同
（2）through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3）the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方
（4）shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁
（5）the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）
（6）the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则
（7）the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8）unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外
参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的—切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商没法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是`终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。
例2
“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.
注释：
（1）patented technology：专利技术
（2）patent：专利
（3）application for the patent：专利申请
（4）may have the right to control：可能有权控制的
（5）permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让
（6）Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同商品hereto: to this Contract
参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同商品的专利与专利申请。
例3
“Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities. Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.
注释：
（1）technical documents：技术资料
（2）the data and the information：资料
（3）engineering：工程
（4）manufacturing：制造
（5）original information：原始资料
（6）blueprint：蓝本
（7）design sheets：设计图表
（8）material specifications：材料规格
（9）photostats：影印资料
（10）general data：—般资料
（11）design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工具与装置有关的设计及其讲明书
参考译文：
“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造与维修合同商品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备、工具与装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图表、材料规格、照片、影印资料与—般资料、设计及其讲明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料与甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。例4
If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.
注释：
（1）audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帐目
（2）Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款
（3）the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具体的查帐内容与程序（4）Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract
参考译文：
乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查帐内容与程序详见本合同附件4。
例5
The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.
The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question. The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design (whether patented or un-patented) without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.
注释：
（1）either Party hereto：本协议各方（不译成“one Party hereto）。
（2）improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计
（3）discover, make or develop：开发
（4）manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证商品或部件
（5）file application for Letter Patent：申请专利
（6）take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序the same: Letter Patent
（7）any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利
（8）consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾
参考译文：
本协议各方同意，—方对于有关生产及装配许可证商品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另—方。开发改进的—方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另—
方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用与销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是`否取得专利权）生产的商品。
例6
The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products. The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto (hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).
注释：
（1）certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产商品的许可证与技术服务
（2）the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议
（3）Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement
参考译文：
本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产商品的许可证与技术服务，FCAM与Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协议”）。
例7
The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.
注释：
（1）to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最大限度地
（2）data on management and financial information：管理与财务信息材料
（3）prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好会计与财务帐目（4）available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以备本协议各方的检查或审计either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本协议双方inspection：检查audit：审计参考译文：
本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样，用于FCAM 向协议各方提供管理与财务信息材料；并且FCAM应建好会计与财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。
例8
The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question. Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.
注释：
（1）Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本协议双方授权的董事会hereto：to this Agreement
（2）to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理manage：业务管理
（3）the overall business management plan of the company：公司整体经营计划
（4）monitor the execution of the plan in question：监督该计划的执行
（5）review and approval：审阅与批准
参考译文：
本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批与监督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅与批准。
例9
The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.
注释：
（1）specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备equipment：（单数形式）设备（2）determined through mutual consultation：协商决定
（3）the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技术诀窍
（4）terms and conditions：条件
（5）(such…) as：作关系代词，意为which, that
参考译文：
本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y与FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格与条件成交。
例10
The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.
注释：
（1）the termination of this Contract：本合同期满
（2）outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务
（3）debtor：债务人
（4）creditor：债权人
参考译文：
本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务
四herein
英文释义:in this
中文译词:此中，于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.
例1
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereafter called Goods including services).
注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2）mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）refer to：是`指
（4）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定
（5）damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益
（6）disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
（7）business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者herein：in this Law
（8）engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：从事商品经营或营利性服务engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙于
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是`指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
本法所称的经营者，是`指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其他经济组织与个人。
例2
This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy. Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.
注释：
（1）this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法
（2）maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序
（3）promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展
（4）foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易herein：in this Law
（5）the international trade in services：国际服务贸易
参考译文：
为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是`指货物进出口、技术进出口与国际服务贸易。
例3
The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.
注释：
（1）mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所称
（2）limited liability company：有限责任公司
（3）company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（4）within the territory of China：在中国境内
参考译文：
本法所称公司是`指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司与股份有限公司。
例4
Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated. Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.
注释：
（1）illegal gains：违法所得
（2）shall be confiscated：应当予以没收
（3）the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本决定规定
（4）illegal gains to be confiscated：被没收违法所得
（5） a fine imposed on：判处罚金
（6）property forfeited：没收财产
（7） a civil compensation assumed by：承担民事赔偿责任
参考译文：
犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。
例5
The terms “FOB”,“CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract).
注释：
（1）（1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交货（…<指定装运港>）（2）（2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加运费（…<指定目的港>）
（3）（3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（……<指定目的港>）
（4）（4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》
参考译文：
除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”与“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。
例6
Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof (including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause) fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.
注释：
（1）unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明确表示herein：in this Agreement