最新英语词汇学基本概念汇总资料

《英语词汇学》重要术语

One:

1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.

2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.

3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.

4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.

5. Content words 实义词Content words are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning.

6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.

Two:

1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.

2. Allomorphs 语素变体Allomorphs are any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.

3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.

4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.

5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.

6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.

7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.

8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning hand can derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.

9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.

10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.

Three

1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of a language may create new words.

2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.

3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.

5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.

6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.

7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.

8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.

Four:

1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.

2. Acronyms首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.

3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.

4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.

5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in

the language.

6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by therepetition of one word or of two almost identical words with a change in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.

7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.

Five:

1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense: there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.

2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.

3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.

4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据 A word is morphologically motivated if a

direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.

5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it is usually provided by the figurative usage of words.

6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.

7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugated and gradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.

8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.

9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or a phrase suggests in one’s mind.

10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.