合同风险管控--国际商事活动中英美合同法的运用培训

卖方以付运文件去作出证明，并尽快交出给买方。
James Finlay & Co. v Kwik Hoo Tong HM (1929) 1 KB 400先例，Scrutton大法官说：
“ that the goods may be lost before the documents are tendered and before the property has
合约承诺是严格责任的说法：合约受阻（frustration）Taylor v Caldwell (1863) 122 ER 309
英国法律不认同不可抗力可以不履行或延误履行合约的说法，除非有明示条文才会去解释合约并给 与双方订约意图.这方面的详尽解释可参阅《合约的解释：规则与应用》的第十三章。
不可抗力条文
be void for such quantity without penalty payable or receivable.”
不可抗力条文
上述条文对卖方无法在付运期内提供货物作出保障，但不针对买方无法履行的情况，例如买方无法 开出信用证或进口有关货物（例如在2004年中国禁止进口巴西红豆事件，导ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้大量中国进口商被国 际贸易商在伦敦起诉并索赔庞大金额，多家进口商倒闭）。这种情况即使涉及天意或政府干预，也 通常不会令买卖合约受阻。
1/17/2021
The importance of the international sale contract
The sale contract and its terms (express [明示] or imply [默示]) will determine:
1) The type of transportation, the terms of that transportation contract or contracts, and the identity of the charterer.
Sea and Inland Waterways Transport Only
FAS
Free Alongside Ship
FOB
Free on Board
CFR
Cost and Freight
CIF
Cost, Insurance and Freight
买卖合约下作出的承诺的法律默示地位 合约下作出的承诺是绝对的责任：Paradine v Jane (1647) 85 ER 897
（Liverpool City Council v. Irwin [1977] A.C. 239 等先例），仲 有满足了一些严格的考验才去能作出
裁协议的机密（ AliShipping Corporation v. Shipyard Trogir
默示。这只能是适用在个别的合约而
[1998] 1 Lloyd’s Rep 643等先例）。
Ex Ship FOB (Free On Board) CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight)
Ex Ship
It is the duty of the seller to provide the goods and to assume the cost and risk of transportation to the buyer’s place of receipt.
FOB (Free On Board) Straight FOB; Classic FOB (班轮运输); Extended FOB等不同做法
In Straight FOB, it is the duty of the buyer to collect the goods at the loading port or place of delivery nominated by the seller, to transport it to the discharge port and to insure it during the transportation.
要求“必须”（necessary）去增加这 一个事实默示才能令合约有一个完整
的说法与可以顺利履行，即给予“商 业效力”（business efficacy）。光是 合理或不合理是不足去作出这一种默 示。
明示条文与默示条文的关系 ➢ 明示条文超越默示条文 ➢ 以明示条文改变默示地位，除非涉及公共政策
labour-disturbance, civil commotion, fire, stress of weather, act of God or any cause of force Majeure
(whether or not of like kind to these before mentioned) beyond the Seller’s control prevent directly
CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight)
It is the duty of the seller to provide the goods (C for cost), to provide insurance for it during the transit (I for insurance) and to transport it to the buyer (F for freight).
伦敦食糖商会拟定的标准格式合约Refined Sugar Association Contract之第17条的不可抗力条文如下 ：
“Force Majeure
Should EEC legislation, government intervention, ice, war, strikes, rebellion, political or
Ad hoc gap-fillers（这名称也显示了它 是随意去填补个别合约中的漏洞，随 意也表示了不是一般适用而只是在个 别合约中的不同情况）
假设双方应该有的订约意图但没有在
普遍适用在某种类别的合约关系，例如是货物买卖（1979年 合约内明示规定或针对的情况，法院/
《货物销售法》与一些普通法的默示）或是房东与住客之间 仲裁庭必须小心不去改写合约，而只
1/17/2021
事实的默示 ➢ 合理时间 ➢ 履行的时间 ➢ 履行的期限 ➢ 有关中国的重要案件 ➢ 履行的做法： ➢ 要求一方作出通知（例如商品买卖合约下的装港通知/派船通知等，备妥装货通知，不可抗力事项通 知等）
1/17/2021
法律的默示：货物/商品买卖合约 ➢ 付运买卖合约下运输风险的转移 ➢ 卖方拥有出售的有关货物的主权与转移给买方 ➢ 货物没有债务与押记 ➢ 买方可宁静地占有该货物 ➢ 货物是否对版、满意质量与适合买方用途 ➢ 时间规定默示是重要：Bunge v Tradax (1980)
(b) the means of transport declared or to be declared for loading the sugar and the Seller or his agent be unable to supply other means of transport of equal character to enable him to effect delivery within the contract period,
or indirectly within the delivery period stated in the contract:
(a) the supply or delivery in whole or in part of the sugar allocated or to be allocated by the Seller against the contract, or
2) The payment method 3) The insurance and the terms of insurance contract or policy
Types of contracts of shipment sale/documentary sales There are many different types of contract of sale. The following are examples:
运输风险转移的法律默示地位
涉及付运买卖合约的运输风险是在买方(一连串买卖就是最后一位买方）头上，通常货物装船后卖方 对货物的风险就转移给买方。这法律默示地位是根据商人的惯常做法（由买方投保去转移风险或CIF 买卖由卖方交出正本保单）、合理性、可行性与肯定性: Fragano v. Long (1825) 4 B&C 219。
passed.”
INCOTERMS 2010
Any Mode or Modes of Transport
EXW
FCA
CPT
CIP
DAT
DAP
DDP
Ex Works Free Carrier Carriage Paid To Carriage and Insurance Paid Delivered at Terminal Delivered at Place (NB! Equivalent to DES) Delivered Duty Paid
1/17/2021
国际商业与英美合同法/商法
➢ Senator Linie GMBH & Co KG v Sunway Line, Inc., 291 F 3d 145 (2d Cir. 2002), Sotomayor Circuit Judge said：
➢
"in matters of commercial law our decisions should conform to the English decisions, in the
合同风险管控--国际商事活动中英美 合同法的运用培训
国际商业与英美合同法/商法
《孙子兵法·攻谋篇》：
“知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。”
1/17/2021
国际商业与英美合同法/商法 什么是“彼”？
1/17/2021
国际商业与英美合同法/商法 英美合同法/商法 全面、合理、合乎逻辑、配合实际与有可行性、肯定性以及可预测性的游戏规则 培养出一套适合商贸活动的有组织的常识与思维
the Seller shall immediately advise the Buyer by cable or by teleprinter of such fact and the
quantity so affected and the delivery period shall be extended by 45 days. If the Seller is prevented
from advising immediately through the circumstances beyond his control he shall notify the Buyer as
soon as possible. If the delivery is still prevented by the end of the extended period, the contract shall
absence of some rule of public policy which would forbid."
1/17/2021
明示条文与默示条文
1/17/2021
默示条文
法律的默示
事实的默示
其他 的名称 适用
考验标准
1/17/2021
General default rules（这名称也显示了它是一般适用在某一 个类别的合约，而且是在没有明示条文针对的情况下）
不能去普遍性的适用在同样类别的合
约关系。
不是根据双方的订约意图，也不要求“必须”（necessary） 令个别合约有“商业效力”（business efficacy） 而是根据一 些较“广泛的考虑”（wider consideration）例如是政策考
虑或从整体看是合理。通常订约方如果不喜欢某一个法律默 示的条文，可去以明示条文否定或超越。