金融专业英语及翻译
Opposite指“位置、方向、地位、性质、意义等对立的、相反的”, 如:
如: “True” and “ false ” have opposite meanings.
“真”与“假”有着相反的意思。
Contrary指“两物朝相反的方向发展”, 含有“互相冲突, 不一致”的意思, 如: Your plan is contrary to mine.
你的计划与我的相反。
Inverse 颠倒的；倒数的
Evil is the inverse of good.
Reverse 反过来，翻转
He reversed the car.
他倒车.
教育类
素质教育education for all-round development
应试教育 the examination-oriented education
义务教育 compulsory education
片面追求升学率 place undue emphasis on the proportion of students' entering school of a higher level
高分低能 good scores but low qualities
扩招 expand enrollment
教书育人 impart knowledge and educate people
因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude
提高身心素质 improve the health and psychological quality
大学生创业 the university students' innovative undertaking
社会实践 social practice
文凭 diplomas and certificates
复合型人才 interdisciplinary talents
文化底蕴 the rich cultural deposits
适应社会的改变 adjust to the social changes
满足社会的急需 meet the urgent needs the society
工作类
人才流动和双向选择 talent flow and a dual-way selection
试用期probationary period
跳槽 job-hopping
自由职业 freelance work
拜金主义 money worship
获得名利 achieve fame and wealth
充分发挥个人的潜力 develop fully one's potential and creativity
工作出色 excel in one's work
社会和个人的尊重 social and personal esteem
生计问题 a bread and butter issue
人才交流 talents exchange
培养人才 cultivate talents
人才外流 brain drain
失业问题 unemployment problems
下岗职工 the laid-off workers
自谋生路 be self-employed
劳动力短缺shortage of manpower
医药卫生类
卫生环境sanitary environment
营养不良 malnutrition
杀虫剂 pesticide
传染病 infectious disease 呼吸疾病 respiratory disease
商业类
假冒伪劣 forged and fake commodities
物美价廉 goods with high qualities low price
售后服务 after-sale service
家用电器 household electrical appliances
旺季 during peak selling seasons
促销 promote sales
提高购买力 raise the purchasing power
刺激购物欲 stimulate the desire to buy
超前消费 premature consumption
国有企业 state-owned enterprise
私人企业 private enterprise
偷税漏税 tax evasion
保持时常良好的秩序 keep market in good order
垄断市场 monopolize the market
社会道德类
遵守公德 comply with public morality
物质和精神文明建设 material and ideological progress
守法 observe/obey the law
遵守交规 observe traffic regulations
改进社会风气 improve public morals
违法 offend against the law
侵犯个人隐私 invasion of privacy
违反公共规章 break/violate public regulations
扰乱治安 disturb the social order
要求索赔 claim compensation
应该受法律严惩 deserve to be punished heavily by the law
环保类
生态系统 ecosystem
环保意识 environmental awareness
生态失衡 disruption of ecological balance
全球变暖 global warming
温室效应 greenhouse effect
沙尘暴 sand/dust storms
淡水资源短缺 shortage of fresh water
downsizing
减员
**
streamline
精简
**
on the job/in-service
在职
**
disposable
一次性
**
think tank
智囊团
**
round the clock service
全天候服务
**
(free) convertibility
（自由）兑换
**
find a sugar daddy
傍大款
**
Nordic
北欧
**
non-renewable
不可再生
**
out and out
彻头彻尾
**
deadlock
僵局
**
tertiary industry
第三产业
**
fair (market) value
市值
**
refund
退款
**
axis-of-evil
邪恶轴心
**
(nuclear) nonproliferation 核不扩散
**
holistic
整体的
**
one-off
一次性（解决）的；一揽子的
**
turnkey
总承包的；现成可使用的
**
in-house
自有的；（in-house finance company) **
round-up
汇总？
**
overseas returnee
海归
**
framework accord
框架协议
**
WTO accession
加入WTO
**
non-exclusive license
非专用特许
**
royalty free
无版权费的
**
sublicense
转授权；转发许可证
**
creature comforts
衣食
**
recapitalization
资产重组
**
RPI
（Retail Price Index）零售物价指数**
overriding concern
高于一切的考虑
**
Lanyard
系索
**
copyright
著作权
**
royalty
版权
**
compliance
合规性
**
extension
展期
**
co-lead underwriter
副主承销商
**
Advisory Board
咨询委员会
**
Board of Councillors
理事会
**
entrepreneur
创业者
**
upmarket
高端的
**
attorney general
首席检察官
**
upscale
高端的
**
clientele
客户群
**
self starter
白手起家人
**
down round
筹资首轮
**
mass market vs. submarket
总的市场/次级市场（比如根据某个标准分的客户群）**
letter/power of attorney
委任书
**
market clout
市场影响（？）
**
rehaul (a business)
重组；
**
sell-back (
与buy-out相对）
**
monograph
专题（论述）
**
逐字逐句的说法（比如销售“定式”用语）
**
Liquidity Trap
流动性陷阱（宁愿把资金存放于银行拿取零利息的回报，也不愿再投资赔了）
**
many a little makes a mickle
集腋成裘
**
reservist
后备兵
**
at eleventh hours
关键时刻
**
misnomer
用词不当
**
payoff
收益
**
outperform
超过
**
bailout
解决；救援（for instance, the bailout from IMF for South Korea and other SE Asian countries after financial crisis)
**
honor of N/R (notes receivable)/dishonor
到期兑现
**
political cronies
政府人员办的关联企业
**
value-based pricing
价值导向定价法（区别于cost-based pricing，指能为客户带来多少价值来确定价格，而不是消耗了多少成本，比如飞机票)
**
clearinghouse like exchange
（交换场所）
**
value of synergy
企业兼并之后带来的利益
**
post-investment values
（注意post的用法）
**
techie
做技术的人（与salesman相对）
**
on-target
专注于最终目标的
**
最适宜的
**
overhead
还有一个意思是“投影”，类似powerpoint
**
in line
与预期相符的
**
YTD (year-to-date)
从Jan 1到目前的时间
**
scorched earth
焦土政策
**
economies of scope
范围经济（与economies of scale相比）
**
toehold
小支点，起点
**
industry observer
行业观察家
**
networking
商业构建私人关系网
**
conference backdrop
会议背景幕
**
trade-up
升级
**
ease of maintenance/repair
维修的容易度
**
cap
（金额）最高限度；upper limit
**
lifetime
（债券等的）存期
**
double dip recession
二次萧条（特指本次美国经济泡沫破灭后，还将面临的进一步衰退）**
fringe benefits
附加福利（除国家规定外的）
**
annual leave
年假
**
call to order
宣布开会；要求遵守秩序
专英考试句子及翻译
1、The use of logarithms has decreased the labour of computing to such an extent that many calculations, which would require hours without the use of logarithms, can be performed with their aid in a small fraction of that time. 对数的使用把计算的劳动量减少到这样的程度，即许多计算当未采用对数时需要耗费数个小时，而现在由于借助对数只要用原来的很少的一部分时间就能完成。 2、For a long period of the history of mathematics, the centric place of mathematical methods was occupied by the logical deductions. 在数学史的很长的时期内，逻辑推理一直占据数学方法的中心地位。 3、Equations are of two kinds ---identities and equations of condition. 方程有两种---恒等式和条件等式。 4、Many leading institutions of higher learning have recognized that positive benefits can be gained by all who study this branch of the mathematics. 许多居领导地位的学术机构承认，所有学习这个分支的人都将得到很好的收益。 5、In this course the student will learn a great deal about geometric figures such as lines, angles, triangles, circles, and designs and patterns of many kinds. 在这门课程中，学生会学到大量几何图形，例如直线，角，三角形，圆以及许多种设计和模式。 6、Sets are a means by which mathematicians talk of collections of things in an abstract way. 集合是数学家们用抽象的方式来表述一些事物的集体的工具。 7、Some people find it helpful to think of a set as analogous to a container (such as a bag or a box) containing certain objects, its elements. The empty set is then analogous to an empty container. 一些人认为这样比喻是有益的，即集合类似于容器（如背包和盒子）装有某些东西那样，包含它的元素。空集则类似于一个空的容器。 8、Two perpendicular reference lines (called coordinate axes) are chosen, one horizontal (called the “x-axis”), the other vertical (the “y-axis”). Their point of intersection, denoted by O, is called the origin. 选取两条相互垂直的直线，其中一条是水平的（称为x轴），另一条是竖立的（为y轴）。 把它们的交点记作O，称为原点。
金融专业英语单词
金融专业英语单词内部编号：（YUUT-TBBY-MMUT-URRUY-UOOY-DBUYI-0128）
金融专业英语词汇大全 a flat percentage rate of income 统一比率的所得税税率 a long position 多头部位，利多形势 a long positio 多头寸；买进的期货合同 a put option on a debt security 债务证券的卖出期权 a sales slip 签购单据，售货清单 a short position 空头部位，短缺头寸 a short position 空头；卖出的期货合同 a tax return 税务申报表 abnormal depreciation 特别折旧abnormal spoilage 非 正常损坏 aboriginal cost 原始成本 acceptance bank 票 据承兑行 acceptance method 承兑方式 acceptance risks 承兑风险 accepting bank 承兑银行 accessory risks 附加保险，附加险 accident insurance 意外保险（不包括海 上，火灾和人寿险） accommodation of funds 资金融通 accompany vt. 附 带，伴随，陪同 account charges 账户费用 account current (A/C,a/c) 往来帐 户 account number (A/N) 帐号 account statement 帐户清单 accounting exposure 会计风险 accounting risks 会计风险 accounting value 帐面价值 accounts of assured 保险帐户 accrued bond interest 应计债券利息 accrued depreciation 应计折旧 accrued dividend 应计股利
轮机英语历年真题43期
中华人民共和国海事局 2007年第2期海船船员适任证书全国统考试题(总第43期) 科目：轮机英语试卷代号：805 适用对象：无限、近洋航区3000KW及以上船舶二/三管轮 （本试卷卷面总分100分，及格分为70分，考试时间为100分钟） 答题说明：请选择一个最合适的答案，并将该答案按答题卡要求，在其相应位置上用2B铅笔涂黑。第1题至74题，每题1分，第75题至78题，每题1.5分,第79题至80题, 每题10分。 一、单项选择题 1.______ the engines, the diesel engine is ______ used engine on board. A. Between/more commonly B. Among/the most commonly C. Between/not more commonly D. Among/ not the most commonly 2.The average pressure exerted on a piston during each power stroke is termed ______. A. indicated horsepower B. mean effective pressure C. exhaust back pressure D. compression pressure 3.The cetane number rates fuels for diesel engines according to its ______. A. antiknock characteristics B. ignition qualities C. rates of vaporization D. viscosity 4.The time between injection and ignition of the fuel is known as ______. A. turbulence lag B. after burning ratio C. pre-ignition lag D. ignition delay 5.______ controls the fuel oil temperature in order to provide oil at the correct viscosity for combustion. A. The viscosity regulator B. The temperature controller C. The flow meter D. The pressure switch 6.Constant cooling the various components of diesel engine has a number of functions except for ______. A. good lubrication B. low thermal stress C. good mechanical properties D. acid corrosion 7. A device which functions to bring a diesel engine to a full stop to protect it from damage is known as a/an ______. A. torque limiter B. over-speed trip C. over-speed governor D. load limit governor 8.Engine speeds at which resonance can occur are termed ______. A. maximum speeds B. full speeds C. sea speeds D. critical speeds 9.Prolonged operation of a diesel engine with a closed cooling water system at lower than normal designed operating temperatures can ______. A. increase power output B. decrease lube oil viscosity C. eliminate fuel knock D. cause sulfuric acid formation 10.______ on a ship transmits power from the engine to the propeller. A. The automatic control system B. The speed regularly system C. The transmission system D. The compression air system 11.In a _____ boiler the hot gases from the furnace pass through the tubes while the water is on the outside. A. water-tube B. fire-tube C. exhaust gas D. composite 12.The fuel supply system to an automatic auxiliary boiler, will be automatically shutdown if the boiler ______. A.salinity is abnormally B.high steam demand is too high C.feed-water flow is low D.water level is abnormally low 13.The water in a steaming auxiliary boiler should be tested daily for ______. A. dissolved oxygen B. chlorides C. sludge D. dissolved nitrogen 14.Ignition failure in an automatically controlled auxiliary boiler could be caused by ______. A. carbon deposits on the flame scanner B. high fuel oil temperature C. low fuel oil viscosity D. high steam pressure 15.The concentration of total dissolved solids in the water of an auxiliary boiler can increase as a result of ______. A. seawater contamination B. frequent surface blows C. dissolved oxygen de-aeration D. frequent bottom blows
ASP外文翻译原文
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英语期末考试句子翻译
任何年满18岁的人都有资格投票（vote）.(be eligible to ) Anyone over the age of 18 is eligible to vote. 每学期开学前，这些奖学金的申请表格就会由学校发给每一个学生。(apply for,scholarship) A form to apply for scholarships is sent by the university to each student before the start of each semester . 遵照医生建议，我决定戒烟。（on the advice of） On the advice of my doctor, I decided to give up smoking . 公司位于县城的正中央.(Be located in) The park is located right in the center of town . 这所大学提供了我们所需的所有材料和设备。(Facilities) The university provides all the materials and facilities we desire. 警察们正忙着填写关于这场事故的各种表格。（fill out） The policemen are busy filling out forms about the accident. 我想在还车之前把邮箱（fuel tank）加满（fill up） I want to fill up the fuel tank before returning the car. 如果你要投诉，最好遵循正确的程序。（follow the procedure） If you want to make a complaint,you would better follow the correct procedure. 要不是约翰帮忙，我们绝不会这么快就完成实验。（without） We could not have finished the experiment so soon without John’s help. 暴风雨之后，岸边的人们焦急地搜索湖面以期待发现小船的踪迹。 After the storm of boat the people on the store anxiously scanned the lake for any sign. 我们需要通过减少道路上的车辆以降低燃料消耗。（consumption） We need to cut down on our fuel consumption by having fewer cars on the road. 电费上涨增加了我们的负担。（add to） The rise in power costs has added to our burden. 你应该自己判断行事，别总是跟在你哥哥后面。（follow the lead） You should fudge by yourself,and not always follow your brother’s. 那种发型今年很流行，但是我想明年就会过时。（in fashion） That hair style is in fashion this year,but I an afraid it will be out of fashion next year. 在追求真理的过程中，我们注定（fate to）要遭受失败的痛苦。（in one’s quest for） In our quest for truth, we are fated to suffer from many failures. 我们得把感情放在一边，从专业的（professinal）角度来对待这件事。（from a```stand point）We have to put aside our emotions and take it from a professional stand point. 这部戏非常精彩，我很快就沉浸于激动人心的剧情之中。（lose oneself in of ） The plan was so wonderful that I soon lost myself in the excitement in of it. 她没有什么爱好——除非你把看电视也算是一种爱好。 She hasn’t got any hobbies---unless you call watching TV a hobby. 他说他是直接从市长本人那里得到这个信息的。（first-hand） He said he had got the information first-hand from the major himself. 既然你不能回答这个问题，我们最好问问别人。（since） Since you can not answer the question, perhaps we would better ask someone else. 那件工作很难做，不过我想试试看。（have a shot） It is a difficult iob but I’d like to have a shot. 这是一本关于商务实践而非理论的书。（as opposed to）
金融专业英语及翻译
Opposite指“位置、方向、地位、性质、意义等对立的、相反的”, 如: 如: “True” and “ false ” have opposite meanings. “真”与“假”有着相反的意思。 Contrary指“两物朝相反的方向发展”, 含有“互相冲突, 不一致”的意思, 如: Your plan is contrary to mine. 你的计划与我的相反。 Inverse 颠倒的；倒数的 Evil is the inverse of good. Reverse 反过来，翻转 He reversed the car. 他倒车. 教育类 素质教育 education for all-round development 应试教育 the examination-oriented education 义务教育 compulsory education 片面追求升学率 place undue emphasis on the proportion of students' entering school of a higher level 高分低能 good scores but low qualities 扩招 expand enrollment 教书育人 impart knowledge and educate people 因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude 提高身心素质 improve the health and psychological quality 大学生创业 the university students' innovative undertaking 社会实践 social practice 文凭 diplomas and certificates 复合型人才 interdisciplinary talents 文化底蕴 the rich cultural deposits 适应社会的改变 adjust to the social changes 满足社会的急需 meet the urgent needs the society 工作类 人才流动和双向选择 talent flow and a dual-way selection 试用期 probationary period 跳槽 job-hopping 自由职业 freelance work 拜金主义 money worship 获得名利 achieve fame and wealth 充分发挥个人的潜力 develop fully one's potential and creativity 工作出色 excel in one's work 社会和个人的尊重 social and personal esteem 生计问题 a bread and butter issue 人才交流 talents exchange 培养人才 cultivate talents 人才外流 brain drain 失业问题 unemployment problems 下岗职工 the laid-off workers 自谋生路 be self-employed 劳动力短缺 shortage of manpower 医药卫生类 卫生环境 sanitary environment 营养不良 malnutrition
轮机英语最新题库第二部分
5.2 MARPOL73/78 公约 5.2.1 MARPOL73/78 公约中有关含油污水的排放规则 3192. If it becomes necessary to pump bilges while a vessel is in port, which of the following procedures should be followed? A. Pump only if the discharge is led to a shore tank or barge. B. Pump only during the hours of darkness. C. Pump only on the outgoing tide. D. Pump only as much as is necessary. 3193. The scuppers should be plugged _____. A. only if fixed containment is not used B. only if portable containment is not used C. only if fixed containment drains are open D. whenever the vessel is being bunkered 3194. When discharging bilge water, which criteria must be observed? A. The requirement for the oil content of bilge water discharged is 15 ppm. B. No discharge in sensitive waters. C. Any discharge in sensitive waters. D. International, national or local requirements have to be observed. 3195. When bilge water is heated in a holding tank, which one of the following statements is not accurate? A. The relative high temperature facilitates primary gravity separation. B. Most of the oil and organic solvents are raised to the top layer. C. The relative high the temperature is, the top oil will be collected. D. The normal high temperature has little use on the separation of emulsified oil. 3196. If an oil spill occurs on deck, you should _____. A. cover the area with foam B. cover the area with absorbent material C. wash down immediately with a fire hose D. wash down immediately with an oil dispersing solvent 3197. Which of the following methods might favor oil emulsion in bilge water? A. Raising temperature. B. Less use of surfactant C. More use of solvent.
毕业设计外文翻译原文.
Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method
关于英语四级优秀句子带翻译
关于英语四级优秀句子带翻译 【篇一】关于英语四级优秀句子带翻译 用于文章主题句 1. 不用说... it goes without saying that 子句 =(it is) needless to say (that)子句 =it is obvious that 子句 =obviously, s. + v. 例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。 it goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours. 2. ……是不可能的，无法…… there is no ving =there is no way of ving. =there is no possibility of ving. =it is impossible to v. =it is out of the question to v. =no one can v. =we cannot v. 例：不可否认，成功的事业关键在于健康的身心。 there is not denying that successful business lies in a healthy body and mind. 3. 我深信……
i am greatly convinced (that)子句 =i am greatly assured (that)子句 例：我深信预防是于治疗。 i am greatly convinced that prevention is better than cure. 4. 在各种……之中 among various kinds of ..., ... =of all the ..., ... 例：在各种运动中?我尤其喜欢慢跑。 among various kinds of sports, i like jogging in particular. 5. ……是很容易证明的 it can be easily proved (that)子句 例：时间最珍贵是很容易证明的。 it can be easily proved that nothing is more precious than time. 6. ……无论如何强调都不为过 ... cannot be overemphasized 例：交通安全的重要性无论如何强调都不为过。 the importance of traffic safety cannot be overemphasized. 7. ……就我的看法……;我认为…… in my opinion, ...
11规则大连海事最新轮机英语题库翻译3
11规则大连海事最新轮机英语题库翻译（三） 作者：系统管理员来源：发布时间： [2014-02-25] 点击数： 683 1.2.2 1. A diesel engine is similar to a gasoline engine except that the former has no ______. A. piston B. connecting rod C. cylinder D. spark plug D柴油机与汽油机相似除了柴油机没有火花塞 2. Fuel oil begins to inject into the cylinder of a four-stroke diesel engine during the _____. A. intake stroke B. exhaust stroke C. power stroke D. compression stroke D燃油开始喷射进入柴油机气缸是在压缩冲程末 3. Oil for piston cooling is delivered through rod to a compartment in the piston heat, then distributed as a result of piston motion, and finally drained to the crankcase through one or more holes or pipes; this procedure is known as the _____. A. splash method B. spray method C. shaker method D. throw-off method C活塞冷却油通过活塞杆进入一个空间，由于活塞的往复运动，将通过一些小孔管加热，分配最后排放冷却油到曲轴箱，这个过程被称为震荡冷却 4. Successful combustion inside the cylinders of a diesel engine depend upon______. A. fine atomization B. high temperature C. good mixing of fuel and air D. any one of the other alternatives D柴油机气缸内完全燃烧取决于良好雾化，高温，以及燃油空气的良好混合 5. The function of diesel engine valve springs is to ______. A. hold the valves open B. keep the valves off their seats until the exhaust stroke is completed C. close the valves D. open inlet valves when the air injection cycle begins C 柴油机阀件弹簧的作用是关闭阀 6. Cast iron pistons used in large propulsion diesel engines are constructed with_____. A. no taper B. the skirt being tapered and smaller than the crown C. the skirt being tapered and larger than the crown D. the crown being tapered and smaller than the skirt D 使用在大型推进装置的铸铁活塞的建造是使用活塞头呈锥面，并且小于活塞裙
英文翻译与英文原文.陈--
翻译文献：INVESTIGATION ON DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF SLIDE UNIT IN MODULAR MACHINE TOOL （对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告） 文献作者：Peter Dransfield, 出处：Peter Dransfield, Hydraulic Control System-Design and Analysis of TheirDynamics, Springer-Verlag, 1981 翻译页数：p139—144 英文译文： 对组合机床滑台动态性能的调查报告 【摘要】这一张纸处理调查利用有束缚力的曲线图和状态空间分析法对组合机床滑台的滑动影响和运动平稳性问题进行分析与研究，从而建立了滑台的液压驱动系统一自调背压调速系统的动态数学模型。通过计算机数字仿真系统，分析了滑台产生滑动影响和运动不平稳的原因及主要影响因素。从那些中可以得出那样的结论，如果能合理地设计液压缸和自调背压调压阀的结构尺寸. 本文中所使用的符号如下： s1-流源，即调速阀出口流量； S el—滑台滑动摩擦力 R一滑台等效粘性摩擦系数： I1—滑台与油缸的质量 12—自调背压阀阀心质量 C1、c2—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的液容； C2—自调背压阀弹簧柔度； R1, R2自调背压阀阻尼孔液阻， R9—自调背压阀阀口液阻 S e2—自调背压阀弹簧的初始预紧力； I4, I5—管路的等效液感 C5、C6—管路的等效液容： R5, R7-管路的等效液阻； V3, V4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔内容积； P3, P4—油缸无杆腔及有杆腔的压力 F—滑台承受负载， V—滑台运动速度。本文采用功率键合图和状态空间分折法建立系统的运动数学模型，滑台的动态特性可以能得到显著改善。
金融专业英语
1.The 3 main functions of commercial banks: the creation of money accomplished through lending and investing activities the holding of deposits the provision of a mechanism for payments and transfers of funds 2.What are negotiable instruments? Negotiable Instruments are documents used in commerce to represent the ownership and secure the payment of money. 3.Why do we need negotiable instruments when making payments? Paying large sums of money in cash is inconvenient and risky. Negotiable Instruments such as Bills of Exchange, Cheques and Promissory Notes are wildly used as instruments in the international settlement. They represent a right to payment. A right is a promise and not a tangible piece of property. 4.What is a crossing? It is a direction to the paying bank that the money proceeds should be paid to the payee’s bank and not directly to the payee himself. General crossings: consisting of two transverse parallel lines across the face of the cheque. Special crossings: consisting of the name of a particular bank to which payment must be made, and the name itself is the crossing. 5.What is the most important difference between bills of exchange and promissory notes? 6.Why debit cards are named as “debit”cards? The amount of the purchase is immediately debited from the account and no credit is involved. 7. fiduciary /fi‘dju:?i?ri/ a. 受托的n.受托人 A company director owes a fiduciary duty to the company 7.The three most-commonly used means of international settlement: remittance collection documentary credit The other two means: standby L/C & bonds 9.A documentary collection gives greater security than settlement on open account, because the importer cannot take possession of the goods without either making payment or accepting a bill of exchange. The banks concerned are under no obligation to pay. 10.Can the exporter be sure at the time of dispatch of the goods that the buyer will actually pay the sum owed? No. So this form of settlement is therefore most appropriate in the following cases: if the exporter has no doubt about the buyer’s willingness and ability to pay; if the political, economic and legal environment in the importing country is considered to be stable;