2016高考英语新题型名词的考点和练习

名词是英语的主要词汇之一，也是历年高考的重要考点。综合近几年高考对名词的考查，语法填空题中，每年都出现1—2道题。此外，在阅读理解和完形填空中，名词的一词多义、熟词新意也经常涉及，短文改错中主要考查名词复数，名词所有格和主谓一致。因此，在备考中一定要结合具体的语境去感悟、理解名词的辨析、名词的一词多义以及名词的习惯用法。

一、名词的分类

抽象名词(Abstract Nouns) 不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)

物质名词(Material Nouns)

普通名词(Common Nouns)

集体名词(Collective Nouns)

个体名词(Individual Nouns)可数名词(Countable Nouns) 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（Countable Nouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（Uncountable Nouns）。

二、名词的数：可数与不可数

学习名词，首先要分清名词的可数与不可数。可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分成个体的人或东西，因此它有复数形式。不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不可以分成个体的概念、状态、品质、感情或表示物质材料的东西；它一般没有复数形式，它的前面不能用不定冠词a/an修饰，若要表示它的个体意义时，必须与一个名词短语连用，相当于中文里的(数词＋量词＋名词)，其中的量词意义视具体的名词搭配而定。如：a piece of bread/paper/furniture/news/advice/information。

一般来说，名词是可数还是不可数，其分类方法与汉语相似，但又不完全相同，因此不能完全凭汉语的感觉去分类，如：同样为“建议”，advice是不可数名词，而suggestion却是可数名词。因此，在学习名词时，要注意积累那些和我们汉语感觉不同的词。

集体名词有时作单数看，有时作复数看。一般来说，视为整体时作单数看，突出它的成员时作复数看。

Eg: His family _____ not large.

His family ______ all music lovers. 可数名词有单、复数之分。可数名词的复数形式有以下几种：

(1)规则变化:

1. stomach -- stomachs

2:以f/ef尾只加-s的词：

proofs; gulfs; cliffs; roofs; serfs; beliefs; chiefs

handkerchief（手帕，手绢）的复数形式两者都可以。

(2)不规则变化：

变内部元音：foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese ,mouse-mice, man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen

词尾加-en或ren：ox-oxen, child-children

有些外来词的不规则复数形式：Eg: analys i s-analys e s;

bas i s-bas e s; thes i s-thes e s; cris i s-cris e s

criteri on-criteri a; phenomen on-phenomen a; medi um-medi a 单复数相同的情况：sheep; deer; means; fish; works; species;以及由汉语音译表示度量衡、货币等单位的名词。

Eg: yuan, jiao, fen, jin

只有复数形式的情况：trousers(裤子); glasses(眼镜); compasses(圆规) thanks; clothes; goods; people; cattle

“某国人”的复数形式：

?单、复数相同Chinese, Japanese, Swiss,…

?词尾加-s Africans, Asians, Canadians, Australians, Italians,……

?变man为men Englishman---Englishmen,

Frenchman---Frenchmen但：German---Germans

复合名词的复数形式：

1.一般将主体名词变为复数。father-in-law →fathers-in-law, passer-by→passers-by, looker-on→lookers-on,editor-in-chief →editors-in-chief

2.无主体名词的在词尾加复数。如：grown-ups, good-for-nothings （无用的人），go-betweens （中间人），look-outs（守望者）

3.由man, woman,构成的复合名词应将前后两个词都变成复数。men-doctors, women-drivers, women-singers

注：boyfriends, girlfriends, boy students, girl students

三、名词的转化

1．一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下：

(1) 抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如：

(2) 抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。请对比：

After several years' self study he acquired a great deal of knowledge.

A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.

Have you had any experience of teaching English？

I had a rather different experience the other day.

Walk is a good form of exercise. Would you like to have a walk (swim，bath， talk) with me？

It is a waste of time reading such a novel. There is too much waste in this factory.

英语中有许多对词，一个可数，一个不可数。

a poem(一首诗) poetry(诗歌总称)

a machine(一台机器) machinery(机器总称)

a job(一件工作) work(工作)

a laugh(一个笑声) laughter(笑声)

a permit(许可证) permission(允许)

a garment (一件衣裳) clothing(衣裳总称)

a bag(case) (一件行李) luggage, baggage(行李)

a loaf (一只面包) bread(面包)

a hair(一根头发) hair(头发)

【易错警示】有些抽象名词不能具体化使用，即使有形容词修饰，也不能和不定冠词连用。这类名词有：fun，advice，information，health, progress, wealth, news, weather，homework，等。

2．物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如：(1) 物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。

(2) 物质名词有形容词修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。

have breakfast

have a wonderful breakfast

The road is covered with snow.

They have a heavy snow every year.

Time and tide wait for no man.

We had a wonderful time last night.

3．有复数形式的不可数名词

(1) 有些抽象名词有时以复数形式出现，表示具体化，意义发生变化或构成固定短语。如：

use one's brains 动脑筋

meet with difficulties 遇到各种困难

make preparations 做准备

in high spirits 情绪高涨

good manners 有礼貌

Many thanks. 非常感谢。

No pains，no gains. 不劳无获。

congratulations 祝贺

possessions 所有物，财产

surroundings 环境

(2) 有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如：

burst into tears 大哭起来

miles of golden sands 绵延几英里的金黄色沙滩

burn to ashes 烧成灰烬

四、名词的格

1．'s所有格的特殊表达形式

(1) 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后。如：today's newspaper, five minutes' walk(drive)，five pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth of apples。

(2) 用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earth's plant, the world's population, China's industry, New York's parks。

(3) 表示店铺或某人的家时，常在名词所有格后省去shop，house等名词。如：the tailor's 裁缝店，the barber's理发店，go to the doctor's上诊所。2．of所有格

(1) 基本形式：a friend of Tom's

some/two students of mine

(2) 表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，of 所修饰的名词前通常有指示代词that/this/these/those, 但不能用the。如：

That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的。(表赞赏)

五、名词作定语

名词作定语是现代英语较为简洁的修饰语表达方式，根据习惯搭配可归为以下几类：

表示中心词的用途、功能、材料。

stone wall, shoe shop, coffee cup

表示中心词的时间、地点、称呼。

summer school, evening dress, street light

表示中心词的类别、对象、身份。

bike key, animal trainer, woman driver

注意：

1．名词作定语时，一般用其单数形式，且不随后面的名词的单复数产生变化。如：

two pencil- boxes, girl friends

但是，少数的名词作定语却用复数形式，如：

sports shoes 运动鞋

clothes shops 服装店

a sales girl女销售员

a greetings card 贺卡

a customs officer 海关人员

2．man和woman作定语要注意其单复数形式的变化。

a man doctor—men doctors; a woman engineer—women engineers 3．名词作定语和所有格作定语的区别。

the girl friend女朋友—the girl's friend那位女孩的朋友

the woman driver女司机—the woman's driver那位妇女的司机

4．名词作定语和形容词作定语的区别。

名词作定语主要说明物质的材料、来源或对象；形容词作定语主要起修饰、限定的作用。

gold watch金表； golden sunshine金色的阳光

heart trouble心脏病；hearty welcome热忱的欢迎

convenience food快餐；convenient food制作方便的食品

六、名词在具体语境中的辨析

由于现在的高考越来越注重在语境中考查词汇的使用能力，因此在语境中对名词进行辨析使用已成为单项填空和完形填空对名词的热点考查项目。如：

1．[2010·天津卷] James took the magazines off the little table to make _______ for the television.

A．room B．area C．field D．position

【解析】 A 考查名词辨析。 make room for 腾地方。room 意为“空间”等于space，为不可数名词。

2． [2010·安徽卷] I haven't seen Sara since she was a little girl，and she has changed beyond .

A．hearing B．strength C．recognition D．measure

【解析】 C 考查介词与名词搭配。句意为：Sara是小孩子的时候我见过，后来就没见过她，她变得让人认不出来了。 beyond recognition变得面目全非。

3．[2010·湖北卷] For two weeks，Mark accompanied Susan to and from work each day. He taught her how to rely on her other 40 ， specifically her hearing, to determine where she was and how to adapt to her new 41 .

40．A. feelings B．organs C．skills D．senses

41．A. position B．environment C．status D．role

【解析】 40.D 41.B (Susan失明之后，)丈夫教她如何依靠她的其他感觉

尤其是听觉来判断她身处何处和如何适应新的环境。

1. 【误】 There is fierce competition between the three shoes shops in the street.

【正】 There is fierce competition between the three shoe shops in the street.

【解析】此处指商店的性质，用单数形式。

2．【误】 Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy return of the day!

【正】 Happy birthday, Peter, and many happy returns of the day!

【解析】这是一句固定的生日祝福语，“祝你生日快乐，长命百岁”。returns 在此处便是约定俗成的用法。

3．【误】 He works in a child hospital.

【正】 He works in a children's hospital.

【解析】有些名词作定语表示名词的适用范围时，习惯上用名词复数的's 所有格形式，如：a children's magazine (＝ a magazine for children)；men's clothes (＝ clothes for men)。

4．这位经理有良好的商业意识，因此公司经营良好。

【误】 The manager has got a good business idea, so the company is doing well.

【正】 The manager has got a good business sense, so the company is doing well.

【解析】 idea指对某件具体事物的看法或想法，显然不符合语境。sense 意识，……感。

短文改错中名词的考点

考点1单复数或所有格错误

[典例1] The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.(2015·全国Ⅰ)

分析由后面的定语从句we breathe可知，此处先行词的意思是“空气”，air当“空气”讲时为不可数名词。故airs改为air。

[典例2] One day，little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.It was...his parents were missing...Tony saw his parents.(2015·全国Ⅱ)

分析从后文可以看出Tony的父母一起和他去的商店，后文两次出现parents，所以应该将parent改为parents。

[典例3] When I finally arrived at my friend he lent me lots of clothes.(2011·新课标全国)

分析根据句意可知，当我最后到达“我朋友的家”(my friend’s)，他借给我许多衣服。故friend应改为friend’s。

考点2词性转换错误

[典例1] This made for the grow in the porcelain industry.(2013·新课标全国Ⅱ)

分析定冠词the后面应跟名词形式，故grow应改为growth。

[典例2] He has ruined his healthy.(2013·辽宁)

分析在形容词性的物主代词后应用名词，所以应把healthy改为health。

改错(每小题1处错误)

1．As I told you last time，I made three new friend here.

(2015·四川)

________________ 2．My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.

(2015·浙江)

________________ 3．Mum taught me some basic step of baking.

(2015·陕西)

________________ 4．We’ve called several time about Cleo’s early morning barking.

(2014·辽宁)

________________ 5．No one in the carriage had previously spoken to or even noticed the ticket-owner before.Yet they had so quickly offered the strangers their help.

(2014·浙江)

________________ 6．For example，we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.

(2014·新课标全国Ⅱ)

________________ 7．Today we had a chemistry test....The teacher was angry because we had the same answers in the tests.

(2013·四川)

________________ 8．Within the next few minute，my grandfather also caught a fish.

(2013·陕西)

________________ 9．You told me the name of different plants and their characteristics.

(2012·重庆)

________________ 10．Mom，I know I have never expressed my thank to you before.

(2012·四川)

________________

1．—Don't be so naughty! Be your ________.

—Got it.

A．manners B．age C．behavior D．politeness

2．—How can I use this MP5?

—Well, just refer to the __________.

A．directions B．explanations

C．expressions D．introductions

3． In Rome, it's a common _______ to have a shot of espresso after breakfast.

A．practice B．taste C．sense D．customs

4．The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly __________.

A．atmosphere B．state C．situation D．phenomenon

5．—Hi，this way, please.

—OK. I sometimes have no sense of _________ when I arrive at the crossroads.

A．position B．direction C．situation D．condition

6．Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _______.

A．intention B．attempt C．purpose D．desire

7． Mr. Brown thought it would be a good idea to have ________ from his workers to improve his plan.

A．summaries B．enquiries

C．comments D．connections

8． Don't try to persuade your boss，and he won't have the ________ of employing me—a fresh student.

A．intention B．attention C．sense D．attraction

9． What's the ________ having a public open space where you can't eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while?

A．sense B．matter C．case D．opinion

10．I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale；it was a real ________.

A．exchange B．bargain C．trade D．business

11．If you ask why I plan to study in the United States，the only answer is that it is a (n) ______ for me.

A．puzzle B．advantage C．challenge D．average

12．—Shall we go out for a walk?

—Sorry. This is not the right ________ to invite me. I am too tired to walk.

A．moment B．situation C．place D．chance

13．To make members of a team perform better, the trainer first of all has to know their ________ and weaknesses.

A．strengths B．benefits C．techniques D．values

14．It is well known to us all that in China pigeons stand for peace. However, in India the wheel in its national flag is also a ________ of peace.

A．example B．sign C．mark D．symbol

15．One thousand dollars a month is not a fortune but will help cover my living ________.

A．bills B．expenses C．prices D．charges

1．(2011·福建毕业班检测)Any help from you will be greatly appreciated.Please give me a reply at your earliest________.

A．interruption B．instruction

C．consideration D．convenience

2．(2011·浙江金华十校联考)If you ask why I plan to study in the United States，the only answer is that it is a(n) ________for me.

A．puzzle B．advantage

C．challenge D．average

3．(2011·浙江金华十校联考)The conference has been held to discuss the ________of global warming on people’s lives all over the world.

A．importance B．effects

C．protection D．attitudes

4．(2011·潍坊教学质量抽样监测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents’ ________will be to my poor examination result.

A．expression B．reaction

C．appearance D．expectation

5．(2011·陕西教学质量检测)There is no________in going to school for the students merely to learn some facts.

A．doubt B．mind

C．point D．wonder

6．(2011·郑州第二次检测)Here are some ________for you to follow when you take a test in chemistry.

A．patterns B．tips

C．topics D．efforts

7．(2011·海南五校联考)Mr Li has some trouble sleeping，so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common________.

A．practice B．knowledge

C．experience D．duty

8．(2011·福建检测)—Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.

—In my________，his decision is not wise.

A．word B．view

C．sight D．way

9．(2011·安徽合肥第一次质检)My English teacher is really very kind.I’ll never forget the________he has done me.

A．favor B．deed

C．help D．value

10．(2011·杭州检测二)According to a UN report,30 percent of the world’s population have no________to clean drinking water and health care.

A．means B．approach

C．channel D．access

11．(2011·郑州一模)It was reported that the problem had been settled without much________.

A．affect B．affair

C．effect D．effort

12．(2011·宝鸡检测一)The speech that Mr Smith made today gave a strong________on the students.

A．expression B．impression

C．reputation D．expectation

13．(2011·皖南八校第二次联考)Our government has decided to give________to those environmentally-friendly businesses in many aspects.

A．profit B．interest

C．preference D．advantage

14．(2011·长春第一次调研)Finding a girl struggling in the water，he threw himself into the water without________.

A．hesitation B．suggestion

C．order D．asking

15．(2011·西安检测)—How do you like the scenery (景色) here，Mr Black?

—Wonderful indeed.Beyond all________，I suppose.

A．explanation B．introduction

C．description D．instruction

2016年高考英语北京卷含答案

绝密★启用前 2016年普通高等学校全国招生统一考试英语（北京卷）第一部分：听力理解（共三节，30分）第一节（共5小题；每小题1.5分，共7.5分）听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你将有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题，每段对话你将听一遍。【A】1. What does the man want to borrow? A. A pencil. B. An eraser. C. A pen. 【B】2. What is the woman doing now? A. Eating. B. Going home. C. Having group study. 【C】3. What does the man have for earthquake preparation? A. A candle. B. A radio. C. A flashlight. 【B】4. Where does the conversation most probably take place? A. In a bank. B. In a hotel. C. In a store. 【A】5. Where will the man go for his holiday? A. Brazil. B. Denmark. C. Greece. 第二节（共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分）听下面4段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前，你将有5秒钟的时间阅读每小题。听完后，每小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白你将听两遍。听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。【A】6. When does the supermarket close on Sundays? A. At 5:00 pm. B. At 7:00 pm. C. At 8:00 pm. 【B】7. What have the two speakers decided to do now? A. Go shopping. B. Take a walk. C. Have dinner. 听第7段材料，回答第8至9题。【A】8. Why does the man make the call? A. To make a booking.

新高考英语题型变化

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A. Help the man. B. Take a bus. C. Get a camera 3.What does the woman suggest the man do? A. Tell Kate to stop. , B. Call Kates friends. C. Stay away from Kate. 4.Where does the conversation probably take place? A. In a wine shop. B. In a supermarket. C. In a restaurant. 5.What does the woman mean? A. Keep the window closed. B. Go out for fresh air. C. Turn on the fan. 听第6段材料，回答第6、7题。 6.What is the man going to do this summer? A. Teach a course. B. Repair his house. C. Work at a hotel. 7.How will the man use the money? A. To hire a gardener. B. To buy books. C. To pay for a boat trip. 听第7段材料，回答第8、9题。 8.What is the probable relationship between the speakers? A. Schoolmates. B. Colleagues. C. Roommates. Just Write！批改网，让英语学习更简单 9.What does Frank plan to do right after graduation? A. Work as a programmer. B. Travel around the world. C. Start his own business. 第二节（共15小题；每小题 1.5分，满分2 2.5分）听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟；听完

北京市西城区2016年高三一模英语试卷

北京市西城区2016 年高三一模试卷英语2016.4 本试卷共12 页，共150 分。考试时长120 分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分：听力理解（共三节，30 分）第一节（共5 小题；每小题1.5 分，共7.5 分）听下面5 段对话。每段对话后有一道小题，从每题所给的A、B、C 三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后，你将有10 秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话你将听一遍。例：What is the man going to read? A. A newspaper. B. A magazine. C. A book. 答案是A。 1. Where are the two speakers? A. At the library. B. At the bookstore. C. At the police station. 2. Why is Mary coming home late? A. She?ll pick up Jenny. B. She?ll visit her friend. C. She?ll go to her night class. 3. How much did the woman probably spend on her textbooks in total? A. More than $400. B. Less than $400. C. Around $80. 4. What will Lucy probably do? A. Turn off the TV. B. Help her sister. C. Do her homework. 5. When are the speakers going to play tennis? A. This afternoon. B. Tomorrow morning. C. Tomorrow afternoon.

(打印版) 2016 第6练英语高考新题型

第6练一．阅读理解 A Frank Smithson woke up and leaned over to turn off the alarm clock. "Oh no!" he thought to himself. “Another day at that office; a boss who shouts at me all the time. ” As Frank went downstairs his eyes fell on a large brown envelope by the door. He was overjoyed when he opened it and read the letter inside. “Bigwoods Football Pools would like to congratulate you. You have won half a million pounds. ” Frank suddenly came to life. The cigarette(香烟) fell from his lips as he let out a shout that could be heard halfway down the street. At 11:30 Frank arrived at work. “Please explain why you’re so late,” his boss said. “Go and jump in the lake,” replied Frank. ”I’ve just come into a little money so this is goodbye. Find yourself someone else to shou t at. ” That evening Frank was smoking a very expensive Havana cigar when a knock was heard on the door. He rushed to the door. Outside were two men, neatly dressed in gray suits. “Mr Smithson,” one of them said, "we’re from Bigwoods Pools. I’m afraid there’s been a terrible mistake … ” 1. What do we know about Frank? A. He was a lazy man. B. He didn’t make a lot of money. C. He was a lucky person. D. He didn’t get on well with his boss. 2. When he heard the knock at the door. Frank probably thought _____. A. someone had come to make an apology B. someone had come to give him the money C. his friends had come to ask about the football pools D. his friends had come to congratulate him on his luck 3. On hearing “... there’s been a terrible mistake ...” Frank was most likely to be ______. A. disappointed B. worried C. nervous D. curious B Londoners are great readers. They buy vast numbers of newspapers and magazines and of books --- especially paperbacks, which are still comparatively cheap in spite of ever-increasing rises in the costs of printing. They still continue to buy “proper” books, too, printed on good paper and bound（装订）between hard covers. There are many streets in London containing shops which specialize in book-selling. Perhaps the best known of these is Charring Cross Road in the very heart of London. Here bookshops of all sorts and sizes are to be found, from the celebrated one which boasts of being “the biggest bookshop in the world” to the tiny, dusty little places which seem to have been left over from Dickens’ time. Some of these shops stock, or will obtain, any kind of book, but many of them specialize in second-hand books, in art books, in foreign books, in books on philosophy, politics or any other of the countless subjects about which books may be written. One shop in this area specializes only in books about ballet! Although it may be the most convenient place for Londoners to buy books, Charring Cross