初中英语常用构词法归纳

xx常用构词法归纳

有些生词考生可以通过构词法去猜测其意，所以要求考生熟悉初中出现的英语构词法，并熟练其构成和含义。下面是对初中阶段出现的重点构词法的归纳，希望各位老师、同学认真阅读并掌握，希望对各位考生有所帮助。

1.合成法

合成法至今保持着旺盛的生命力，在现代英语中不少新词都是借助原有的词合成的。

1)名词+名词→名词

basket(篮子)+ball(球)→basketball篮球book (书) +shop(商店) → bookshop书店book(书) + store(商店) → bookstore书店house(房子) +work(劳动) →housework 家务劳动home(家庭) + work(工作) → homework家庭作业2)形容词+名词→名词

black(黑色的)+board(木板)→ blackboard黑板English(英国

的)+man(人)→Englishman英国人loud(大声的)+speaker(说话者) → loudspeaker扬声器3)介词+名词→名词(或形容词)

after(在后)+noon(正午) →afternoon下午under(在下面)+ground (地面)

→underground地下的4)名词+过去分词→形容词

man(人)+made(做) → man-made人造的

5)名词(形容词)+名词+ed→形容词

glass(玻璃)+topped(顶部的) →glass-topped玻璃罩着的kind(善良

的)+hearted(心) →kind-hearted好心的6)副词+名词→介词

in(里面)+side(边) →inside在内down(在下)+stairs(楼梯) →downstairs在楼下

2.派生法

派生法是通过在词根上加后缀或前缀构成新词。它不仅扩充了英语词汇，而且丰富了语言的表现力。

后缀(后缀多数改变词性而不改变词义)：

1)动词或形容词+er/or →名词

write v.写→writer n.作者travel v.旅行→traveler n.旅客foreign adj.外国的

→foreigner n.外国人invent v.发明→inventor n.发明家visit v.参观→ visitor n.参观者

2)动词+(t)ion/sion→名词

invent v.发明→invention n.发明operate v.做手术→operation n.手术decide v.决定→ decision决定attend v.注意/参加→ attention注意3)动词+ing/ed →名词或形容词

build v.建筑→building n.建筑物interest v.使感兴趣

→interesting/interestedadj.有趣的please v.使高兴→pleased adj.高兴的

4)名词+ese →名词和形容词

China n.中国→Chinese n.中国人adj.汉语的Japan n.日本→Japanese n.日本人adj.日语的5)名词或动词+ ful →形容词

help n.帮助→helpful adj有帮助的use n.使用→ useful adj.有用的6)动词+able →形容词

enjoy v.喜欢→enjoyable. adj.有趣的forget v.忘记→ forgettable adj.容易被忘的7)名词+en→形容词

wool n.羊毛→woolen adj.羊毛的wood n.木材→wooden adj.木制的8)名词+y →形容词

sun n.太阳→sunny adj.阳光灿烂的cloud n.云→ cloudy adj.多云的

luck n.运气→ lucky adj.运气好的noise n.响声→noisy adj.喧闹的smell n.味道,气味→smelly adj.有使人难受的气味的,臭的

9)形容词+ly →副词

happy adj高兴的→happily adv.高兴地wide adj.宽广的→wi dely adv.宽广地10)形容词+ness →名词

good adj.好的→goodness n.好意kind adj.善良的→kindness n.和蔼happy adj.开心的→happiness n.开心

11)名词+ly →形容词

friend n.朋友→friendly adj.友好的love n.爱→lovely adj.可爱的

12)名词+ less→形容词(词义与加ful相反)

care + less →careless adj.粗心的help + less →helpless adj.无助的13)名词+ al →形容词

nation n.民族→national adj.国家的education n.教育→educational adj.教育性的

tradition n.传统→traditional adj.传统的

14)名词+ ist →名词

science n.科学→scientist n.科学家piano n.钢琴→pianist n.钢琴家tour n.旅游,观光旅行→tourist n.旅行者，观光客

15)动词+ ment →名词

develop v.发展→developmen t n.发展agree v.同意→agreement n.同意，一致,协议argue v.争论，辩论→argument n.争吵;论据

16)形容词+ ity →名词

able adj.能够的→ability n.能力，才能possible adj.可能的→possibility n.可能性real adj.真的,真实的→reality n.现实,实际,真实

17)名词+ous →形容词

danger n.危险→dangerous adj.危险的

18)名词+ish →形容词

fool n.愚人，傻瓜→foolish adj.愚蠢的，傻的child n.孩子→childish adj.孩子气的，幼稚的book n.书→bookish adj.书生气的

19)形容词或名词+en →动词

wide adj.广泛的,宽阔的→widen v.弄宽sharp adj.锋利的,急剧的→sharpen v.使...尖锐,变为锐利fright n.惊吓→frighten v.使惊吓,害怕，惊恐

20)名词或形容词+ify →动词

beauty n.美丽→beautify v.美化,变美,修饰simple adj.简单的→simplify v.简化,使单纯21)形容词+ize →动词

real adj.真的，真实的→realize v.了解,实现,察觉;领悟memory n.记忆力

→memorize v.记忆22)动词+tive →形容词

act v.行为,行动→active adj.积极的,主动的

attract v.吸引,有吸引力→attractive adj.有吸引力的,引起注意的23)动词+ess →名词(女性)

host v.主持,做东→hostess n.女主人act v.行动,扮演→actres s n.女演员wait v.等待,等候→waitress n.女侍者,女服务员

前缀(前缀一般只改变词的意思而不改变其词性)：

1) un- (不，非，表示否定，形容词前缀)

happy (高兴的) → unhappy(不高兴的)

like (像) → unlike(不像)

2) im- (不，无，非，表示否定，形容词前缀，常用在p, b, m开头的单词前)possible (可能的) → impossible(不可能的)

polite → impolite

3) in- (不，无，非，表示否定，形容词前缀)

active →inactive

4) dis-(不，非，表示否定，动词或形容词或名词前缀) honest →dishonestagree →disagree

advantage优势→disadvantage不利,不利条件

5) mis- (表示错误)

understand →misunderstand (误解)

mistake (错误), misuse (误用)

6) re- (再，重复)

tell叙述→ retell复述build建筑→ rebuild重建

write→rewrite

7) bi- (两个、双边的)

bicycle自行车, bicolor双色的

8) inter- (相互、交互、在一起)

9) tele- (远)

telephone, television

10) kilo- (千)

meter米→kilometer公里，千米

gramxx→kilogram千xx

11) micro- (微，小)

microwave oven微波炉

12) sub- (下，次，亚，准，副)

subway地铁，sub-zero零度以下的，subcollege准大学程度的，subworker 助手，副手，suboffice分办事处，

3.转化法

在英语发展过程中，由于词尾的基本消失，衍生出一种新的构词法——转化法，而无须借助词缀，就实现词类的转化。

1)名词→动词

rain n.雨→rain v.下雨shop n.商店→shop v.购物

water n.水→water v.浇水land n.陆地→land v.着陆name n.名字→name v.命名[注意]不少动词转化为名词或名词转化为动词，词义没有什么大变化，易于推测出词义。如：

answer(回答)，change(变化), fight(打架), love(爱), rest(休息), smile(微

笑),shout(喊), study(学习), talk(谈话), visit(访问), wish(希望), work(工作)等。

2)形容词→动词

last adj.最后的last v.持续tidy adj.整洁的tidy v.使整洁own adj.自己的own v.拥有3)形容词→名词

back adj.后面的back n.背部，后面light adj.明亮的light n.灯

4)动词→名词

stop v.停止stop n.车站lift v.举起lift n.电梯

[注意]

①词形不变，读音的差别(字母s读[z]为动词，读[s]为名词或形容词)use v.使用use n.用途

excuse v.原谅excuse n.借口

②词形改变的转化：

live v.生活life n.生活fill v.装满full adj.满的save v.救safe adj.安全的enter v.进入entrance n.入口处different adj.不同的difference n.不同之处注意：

形容词---名词

important—importancedifferent--difference

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Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed. 火车速度减慢了一半。 (句中slow由形容词转化为动词，词意引申为“减速”) Don'tdirtyyourclothes.别把你的衣服弄脏了。 (句中dirty由形容词转化为动词，词意引申为“弄脏”) 3.形容词和名词之间的相互转化。 Thepoorwerenotallowedtogointothisparkthosedays . 那个时候，穷人是不允许进入这个公园的。 (句中poor由形容词转化为名词，词意引申为“穷人”) Theytookthesicktohospitalyesterday. 昨天他们把那个病人送进了医院。 (句中sick由形容词转化为名词，词意引申为“病人”) 4.有些词可以词形不变，只因重音变化而发生词类转化，有时词义也可能变化。如: record[re?k??d]v.记录record[r??k??d]n.记录 5.有些词词形不变，只因词尾的清浊音变化而发生词类转化，有时词形也可以变化。如: excuse[?ks?kju?z]v.原谅excuse[?ks?kju?s]n.原谅 use[ju?z]v.用use[ju?s]n.用二.派生派生词是在一个单词前面加前缀或后面加后缀构成新词。如： happy—unhappy(加前缀un-) happy—happily(加后缀-ly)

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10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如：I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如：He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

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Did you notice anyone come in ？你注意到有什么人进来吗？ What makes you think so？什么使你这样想？句型4：及物动词＋代／名词＋现在分词这个句型常用的动词有： feel，hear，listen to，look at，have，see，watch，catch， find ，keep，leave，start，set I heard her singing in the next room．我听见她在隔壁唱歌。 We mustn't keep them waiting．我们不能让他们等着。句型5：及物动词＋代／名词＋过去分词这个句型常用的动词有： have，get You'd better have that tooth pulled out．你最好去把那颗牙拔掉。 I must have／get my hair cut．我必须理个发。句型6：及物动词＋代／名词＋形容词、名词等这个句型常用的动词有： beat，call，cry ，cut，drive，eat，fill，find ，get，keep，leave，like，make，name，see，set，turn，wash，wish I found the room empty．我发现房间空空的。 They named the shi p“Shanghai”．他们命名这条船为“上海号”。句型7：及物动词＋连词＋不定式这个句型常用的动词有：

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