外文翻译
公交车自动报站系统
1.公交车自动报站器的背景及意义
共汽车为外出的人们提供了方便快捷的服务，而公共汽车的报站直接影响服务的质量。传统由乘务人员人工报站，这种方式因其效果太差和工作强度太大，在很多大城市已经被淘汰。近年来，随着科学技术的日益发展和进步，微型计算机技术已经在许多领域得到了广泛的应用。在声学领域，微机技术与各种语音芯片相结合，即可完成语音的合成技术，使得汽车报站器的实现成为可能，从而为市民提供了更加人性化的服务。鉴于传统公交车报站系统的不足之处，结合公交车辆的使用特点及实际营运环境，设计了一种由单片机控制的公交车自动报站系统。
公交车自动报站器的设计主要是为了弥补改变传统语音报站器必须有司机
操控才能工作的落后方式，进站、出站自动播报站名及服务用语，为市民提供更人性化更完善的服务。
2.系统各组成部分的设计
本系统设计主要是硬件电路设计部分：利用AT89C51作为控制器，通过
ISD4004语音芯片建立语音信息库，形成变化多样的语音信息，利用其功放播放语音信息以及提示语音，，同时运用LED数码进行站数显示。当公交车到达某站点，用键盘控制本系统工作，通过育语音电路输出语音信息和提示，同时站数信息在LED数码管上显示。整个系统硬件设计包括键盘电路、复位电路、显示驱动电路、显示电路、内存扩展电路模块。
为了实现公交车的语音自动报站，即在进站、出站时候自动播报语音提示信息及服务用语，同时利用LED点阵电路进行汉字显示。本设计要求利用AT89C51作为主控芯片完成主控电路的设计，辅助电路要求包括语音电路、汉字点阵显示电路、电源电路等。CPU控制、控制信号、语音芯片、输出显示灯组成。公交车站自动报站器的设计，对车轮轴的转角的脉冲进行计数，将计数值与预置值对比，即可确定报站时刻，达到准确自动的目的。以AT89C51为主控芯片，对外来脉冲计数，结合语音芯片ISD4004输出语音。系统由脉冲检测、脉冲计数、CPU控制、控制信号、语音芯片、输出显示灯组成。
关于AT89C51芯片：
AT89C51单片机它主要由下面几个部分组成：1个8位中央处理单元你（CPU）、片内Flash存储器，片内RAM、4个8位的双向可寻址I/O口、1个全双工UART （通用异步接收发送器）的串行接口、2个16位的定时器/计数器、多个优先级的嵌套中断结构，以及一个片内振荡器和时钟电路。在AT89C51单片机结构中，最显著的特点是内部含有Flash存储器，而在其他方面的结构，则和Intel公司的8051的结构没有太大的区别。
主要性能：
1. 与MCS-51兼容
2. 4K字节可编程闪烁存储器
寿命：1000次写/擦循环
数据保留时间：10年
3. 全静态工作：0Hz-24Hz
4. 三级程序存储器锁定
5. 128*8位内部
6. 32可编程I/O线
7. 两个16位定时器、计数器
8. 5个中断源
9. 可编程串行通道
10. 片内振荡器和时钟电路
关于脉冲检测电路的设计：
本设计的关键是对转轴所转过的圈数进行计数，考虑到车辆将在复杂的环境中运行，而霍尔元件具有耐震动，不怕灰尘、油污、水汽及盐雾等的污染或腐蚀
的优点，故采用可靠的霍尔元件DN6848作为信号采集装置，再经过光电耦合器4N25输入给单片机。光电耦合器的电流传输比为10%~25%，响应时间小于10us。关于语音输出电路设计
这个系列的芯片要求由于微处理器或微控制器系列通过串行外围接口和串
行接口进行寻址和控制。录音数据被存放方法是通过ISD的多级存储专利技术实现的，用声音和声频信号的自然形式直接存放在固态存储器中，从而提供高质量回放语音的保真度。
ISD4004声音录放器件的采样频率为6.4kHZ,它单片录放时间又8分、10分、12分、16分几种，其采用内置费易失性FLASH存储器，这种快擦写存储器断电不会丢失数据，所以保存数据部需要耗电。典型的被存储信息可以保存时间高达100年，同一个存储单元可以反复被录音10万次。
IAD4004芯片的音频输出引脚可以驱动一个5千欧的负载，当器件上电后，改引脚输出的电源为1.2v.本设计中选用的放大器是LM386是为低电压应用设计的音频功率放大器，其工作电压为6V，最大失真度为0.2，功率频响为20~100KHZ 关于LED显示输出设计：
本电路采用16*256的LED点阵显示屏来显示16个16*16的汉字，采用显存U14来存放汉字点阵信息。显示屏分32页，每页由16行8列LED发光二极管构成，在LED点阵显示屏中，用一片4-16译码器74LS154进行译码，将地址A0-A3译码形成行信号，用两片4-16译码器74LS154组成一个5-32译码器，进行页译码，将地址A4-A8译码形成页选通信号，分别用以选通一片74LS244，系统通过此74LS244的数据线向该页的某行上的8个发光二极管送入显示信息。
3.系统的特点和优势
本系统很大程度上提高公交车报站的准确性，可靠性。提高了公交系统的服务质量。促进城市经济发展和交通变化的和谐发展。弥补了改变传统语音报站器必须有司机操控才能工作的落后方式，在公交车进站、出站时自动播报站名及服务用语，为市民提供更人性化更完善的服务。
The bus stops system automatically 1. The bus is automatically stops the background and significance
The people of car out for provides convenient service, while the bus stops directly affect the quality of the service. Traditional stops by the crew artificially, and in this way because of its poor and working intensity effect is too great, in many big cities have been eliminated. In recent years, with the development of science and technology progress and microcomputer technology in many fields has been widely used. In the acoustic field, with various pronunciation chip microcomputer technology, can complete combined speech synthesis technology, makes the car stops controller is realized for citizens becomes possible, and thus provide a more personalized service. In view of the traditional bus stops system deficiency, combined with the use of public transport vehicle characteristics and practical operating environment, the design of a single-chip microcomputer control bus stops system automatically.
The bus stops the design of automatic device is mainly to compensate for changing the traditional voice stops device must have driver control can work backward way, pitted, automatic station broadcasts six-foot-tall service term for the public and provide more humanized more perfect service.
2. The system design of each component
This system is designed hardware circuit design part: use AT89C51 as controller, through ISD4004 pronunciation chip establish speech, forming a variety of information and use the voice messages broadcast speech information and tips amplifier, and using speech, LED digital display for standing count. When the bus arrived at one site, use the keyboard control the system work, through the yukon voice circuits output speech information and tips, stood in several information LED digital tube display. The whole system hardware design including keyboard circuit and reset circuit, display driver circuit, display circuit, memory expansion circuit module.
In order to realize the bus stops, namely in speech automatic six-foot-tall; and when voice prompt information and automatic reporting service term, while utilizing of LED dot matrix circuit Chinese displaying. This design is required to exploit the AT89C51 as the master control circuit design of chips, auxiliary circuit requirements including voice circuits, Chinese dot matrix display circuit, the power supply circuit, etc. The CPU control and control signals, pronunciation chip, output indicator light component. The bus station is automatically stops the car wheel design, to count the pulse Angle, will count value compared with preset value, can determine moments, attain the precise automatically stops the purpose. USES AT89C51 as main control chip, combining to foreign pulse count ISD4004 output voice pronunciation chip. System consists of pulse detection, pulse count, CPU control and control signals, pronunciation chip, output indicator light component.
About AT89C51 chip:
AT89C51 it mainly consists of for the following parts: 1 eight central processing unit (CPU), piece you in memory, the pieces (Flash RAM, 4 of 8 bits two-way addressable I/O port, 1 full-duplex UART (general asynchronous receiver transmitter) serial interface, 2 16 timer/counters, multiple priority nested interrupt structure, and a piece inside oscillator and clock circuit. In AT89C51 structure, the most striking characteristics of internal contains Flash memory is, while in other aspects of the structure of the Intel corporation, the and the structure of the 8051 no much difference.
Main performance:
1. With MCS - 51 compatible
2. 4K bytes programmable flashing memory
Life expectancy: 1000 times to write/wipe cycle
Data retention time: 10 years
3. All the static job: 0Hz - 24Hz
4. Tertiary program memory lock
5. 128 * 8 bits inside
6. 32 programmable I/O lines
7. Two 16 timers, counter
8. Five interrupt source
9. Programmable serial channels
10. Slice clock circuit oscillator and within
The design of pulse detection circuit:
The design of the key is that the rotor turn lap count, considering the vehicles will be running in a complex environment, and the hall componets are resistant to vibrate, afraid of dust, grease, water vapor and salt fog the advantages of the pollution or corrosion, so adopt reliable hall element DN6848 as signal acquisition device, again by photoelectric couplers 4N25 input to microcontroller. Photoelectric coupler current transmission 10% ~ 25%, than for less than 10us response time.
About speech output circuit design
This series of chip required by the microprocessor or micro controller series through serial peripheral interfaces and serial interface addressing and control. The recording data is stored method of multistage storage is through ISD patent technology implementation, with sound and audio signals directly in the natural form of solid state memory, thus providing high quality replay the fidelity of speech.
ISD4004 voice recording devices for 6.4 kHZ sampling frequency, time and recording a single chip 8 points, 10 points, 12 points, 16 points several, and its use of built-in FLASH memory cost nonvolatile CaXie memory, this fast data, and it is not lost power save data department needs power consumption. The typical stored information can save time up to 100 years, the same storage unit can be repeated be recorded 10 million times.
IAD4004 chip audio output pin can drive a five thousand uefa load, when device after power up, change the power output pins for 1.2 v. to this design of chosen amplifier is LM386 is for low voltage application design audio amplifier, the working voltage of 6V, maximum distortion degree of 0.2, power frequency response to 20 ~ 100 KHZ
About LED display output design:
This circuit USES 16 * 256 destem to display 16 16 * 16 Chinese characters, using the video memory U14 to deposit the characters bitmap information. Screen points page 32, each page 16 line 8 column LED by constitute the light emitting diode, destem with a four - 16 decoder 74LS154 decode, will address A0 - A3 decode formed by two do signal, 4-16 decoder 74LS154 form a 5-32 decoder, carries on the page decode, will address A4 - A8 decode form page, choose communication, respectively, to choose a 74LS244 general 74LS244 data through this system to a page in a line of eight leds into display information.
3. The characteristics of the system and advantage
This system greatly improve the accuracy of bus stops, and reliability. Improving the service quality of the bus system. Promote the city economic development and harmonious development of traffic changes. Made up for changing the traditional voice stops device must have driver control can work means, in the bus stops behind when the station broadcasts, automatic six-foot-tall service term for the public and provide more humanized more perfect service.
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外文翻译
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外文翻译
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外文翻译中文版(完整版)
毕业论文外文文献翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目关于企业内部环境绩效审计的研究翻译题目最高审计机关的环境审计活动 学院会计学院 专业会计学 姓名张军芳 班级09020615 学号09027927 指导教师何瑞雄
最高审计机关的环境审计活动 1最高审计机关越来越多的活跃在环境审计领域。特别是1993-1996年期间，工作组已检测到环境审计活动坚定的数量增长。首先，越来越多的最高审计机关已经活跃在这个领域。其次是积极的最高审计机关，甚至变得更加活跃：他们分配较大部分的审计资源给这类工作，同时出版更多环保审计报告。表1显示了平均数字。然而，这里是机构间差异较大。例如，环境报告的数量变化，每个审计机关从1到36份报告不等。 1996-1999年期间，结果是不那么容易诠释。第一，活跃在环境审计领域的最高审计机关数量并没有太大变化。“活性基团”的组成没有保持相同的：一些最高审计机关进入，而其他最高审计机关离开了团队。环境审计花费的时间量略有增加。二，但是，审计报告数量略有下降，1996年和1999年之间。这些数字可能反映了从量到质的转变。这个信号解释了在过去三年从规律性审计到绩效审计的转变（1994-1996年，20％的规律性审计和44％绩效审计;1997-1999：16％规律性审计和绩效审计54％）。在一般情况下，绩效审计需要更多的资源。我们必须认识到审计的范围可能急剧变化。在将来，再将来开发一些其他方式去测算人们工作量而不是计算通过花费的时间和发表的报告会是很有趣的。 在2000年，有62个响应了最高审计机关并向工作组提供了更详细的关于他们自1997年以来公布的工作信息。在1997-1999年，这62个最高审计机关公布的560个环境审计报告。当然，这些报告反映了一个庞大的身躯，可用于其他机构的经验。环境审计报告的参考书目可在网站上的最高审计机关国际组织的工作组看到。这里这个信息是用来给最高审计机关的审计工作的内容更多一些洞察。 自1997年以来，少数环境审计是规律性审计（560篇报告中有87篇，占16％）。大多数审计绩效审计（560篇报告中有304篇，占54％），或组合的规律性和绩效审计（560篇报告中有169篇，占30％）。如前文所述，绩效审计是一个广泛的概念。在实践中，绩效审计往往集中于环保计划的实施（560篇报告中有264篇，占47％），符合国家环保法律，法规的，由政府部门，部委和/或其他机构的任务给访问（560篇报告中有212篇，占38％）。此外，审计经常被列入政府的环境管理系统（560篇报告中有156篇，占28％）。下面的元素得到了关注审计报告：影响或影响现有的国家环境计划非环保项目对环境的影响;环境政策;由政府遵守国际义务和承诺的10％至20％。许多绩效审计包括以上提到的要素之一。 1本文译自：S. Van Leeuwen.(2004).’’Developments in Environmental Auditing by Supreme Audit Institutions’’ Environmental Management Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 163–1721
中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文
外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much
营销-外文翻译
外文翻译 原文 Marketing Material Source：Marketing Management Author：Philip Kotler Marketing Channels To reach a target market, the marketer uses three kinds of marketing channels. Communication channels deliver messages to and receive messages from target buyers. They include newspapers, magazines, radio, television, mail, telephone, billboards, posters, fliers, CDs, audiotapes, and the Internet. Beyond these, communications are conveyed by facial expressions and clothing, the look of retail stores, and many other media. Marketers are increasingly adding dialogue channels (e-mail and toll-free numbers) to counterbalance the more normal monologue channels (such as ads). The marketer uses distribution channels to display or deliver the physical product or service to the buyer or user. There are physical distribution channels and service distribution channels, which include warehouses, transportation vehicles, and various trade channels such as distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. The marketer also uses selling channels to effect transactions with potential buyers. Selling channels include not only the distributors and retailers but also the banks and insurance companies that facilitate transactions. Marketers clearly face a design problem in choosing the best mix of communication, distribution, and selling channels for their offerings. Supply Chain Whereas marketing channels connect the marketer to the target buyers, the supply chain describes a longer channel stretching from raw materials to components to final products that are carried to final buyers. For example, the supply chain for women’s purses starts with hides, tanning operations, cutting operations, manufacturing, and the marketing channels that bring products to customers. This supply chain represents a value delivery system. Each company captures only a certain percentage of the total value generated by the supply chain. When a company acquires competitors or moves upstream or downstream, its aim is