职称英语阅读理解必备解题技巧

职称英语阅读理解必备解题技巧
职称英语阅读理解必备解题技巧

阅读理解必背解题技巧

培养学生的阅读能力在教学大纲中被列为第一层次的要求,是英语教学的首要目标。大纲对阅读的要求为:“能顺利阅读语言难度中等的一般性题材的文章,掌握中心大意以及说明中心大意的事实和细节,并能进行一定的分析、推理和判断,领会作者的观点和态度。”

在考试的所有题型中,阅读理解的得分权重最大,占试卷总分的45%。阅读理解试题考核考生的下述能力:

1.掌握所读材料的主旨和大意;

2.了解说明主旨和大意的事实和细节;

3.既理解字面的意思,也能根据所读材料进行一定的判断和推论;

4.既理解个别句子的意义,也理解上下文的逻辑关系,理解文章的深层含义。

在试卷命题中,这些能力又进一步细分为九项技能:

1.理解明确表达的概念或细节;

2.理解隐含表达的概念或细节;通过判断句子的交际功能来理解文章;

3.辨别文章的中心思想;

4.理解作者的观点和态度;

5.猜测词和短语的意思;

6.句子层次的理解;

7.篇章层次的理解;

8.通过略读了解文章大意;

9.通过查阅寻找某一信息。

历次的阅读理解试题全面地覆盖了上述的各项技能。据统计,技能1的测试题占总题量的30.3%,技能5和6的测试题占总题量的11.7%;15次考试中有11次采用涉及对文章总体性理解的试题。

阅读理解短文的选择必须与教学大纲确定的培养目标相一致,要充分考虑选材的内容和语言的适宜性。阅读理解的考核包括三个层次:句子层次、语篇层次和推理判断层次,并且遵循下列选材原则。

1.题材广泛,可以包括人物传记、社会、文化、日常知识、科普常识等,但是所涉及的背景知识应能为学生所理解;

2.体裁多样,可以包括叙述文、说明文、议论文等;

3.语言难度及词汇量符合大纲规定的范围。

提高阅读技能是取得优秀考试成绩的关键。考生在阅读时,不仅要注意单句的理解,还要注意语篇水平的理解,对于阅读材料的处理要有粗细之分、快慢之分,要深入到阅读材料中去,切实提高获取信息的能力,否则,所进行的阅读可能近乎于瞎读乱猜,而所作出的推理判断则可能是无源之水、无本之木。

第二节如何准备职称考试阅读理解部分

职称考试阅读部分主要是考查学生的阅读能力和阅读速度两大方面。在临考前,若能根据职称考试阅读部分的特点,掌握一定的应试策略,从而有效地在能力和速度两方面有所突破,考生就能做到胸有成竹,信心百倍。综观历年考题,结合职称考试阅读部分的特点,考生在考试前可以从以下几个方面来提高应试策略。

一、熟悉考点

职称考试阅读部分经常会结合以下几点出题,阅读时需要把它们画下来。

(一)转折

转折是出题人最常用的考点,有时一篇文章后面的三个至四个题目与原文中含有转折的句子有关,如下面文章就有四个题目的答案在原文含有but的句子中。所以,看原文和做题时都要时刻关注含有转折的句子。

例如:下面文章最后一段:

The new smart structures could be very expensive to build. However, that would save many lives and would be less likely to be damaged during earthquakes.

对应题目:

The smart buildings discussed in the passage ________.

A. would cause serious financial problems

B. would be worthwhile though costly

C. would increase the complexity of architectural design

D. can reduce the ground vibrations caused by earthquakes

当时不少同学只看到第一句话(新型建筑造价很高),就马上选择A选项,殊不知however 引出的这句话才是真正的考点。第二句话是说“新型建筑可以在地震的时候挽救很多人的生命,更不容易被损坏”,据此意,正确答案应该选B项。从上面的例子中我们应该意识到原文中转折的意义了。因此考生阅读原文时尤其要注意转折的提示词,主要有:but,however,yet,on the contrary。

(二)数字

涉及数字的题目要求考生能利用题干中的时间、数字在原文中定位找答案;能根据原文中的数字进行简单计算。职称考试中的计算一般要根据两个或三个数字得出计算结果;有时原文中会把涉及计算的某一个数字用考生容易忽视的文字给出,其他的数字则用比较明显的阿拉伯数字给出。考生要注意挖掘隐性信息。例如,下面文章,原文第二段中出现如下信息:

... In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines ... Actual work on this project began four years later ... In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory ...

对应题目:

The construction of the transcontinental railroad took ________.

A. 9 years

B. 7 years

C. 4 years

D. 3 years

不少考生只关注到原文中以阿拉伯数字形式给出的1862和1869,而忽视了以文字形式给出的“four years later”,误选B项,正确答案为D项。

(三)举例

涉及例子的题目,通常是问某个例子说明什么。此时原文中的例子本身往往可以跳过不看,只需关注例子前后总结说明性的句子,因为举例只是给一定的观点提供证据而已。例如,下面文章后面的第一个题目这样问:

The author uses the example of the robot in space exploration to tell us ________.

A. the differences between robots and men

B. the reason why men need to sleep

C. about the need for robots to save power

D. about the danger of men working at night

从题干的分析便可知道,此题是考一个例子说明什么,因此看原文时只需看该例子前后结论性的话。在可以看懂结论性句子的前提下,有关robot这个例子本身的内容便可以不看了。另外,还有一点值得注意的是,问例子说明什么,有关例子本身的选项,就不大可能为正确答案,因为它只是一个论据,正确答案一定是超越论据的结论。

(四)因果

很多以因果关系为考点的题目,会在原文中出现表示因果关系的提示词,常用的有以下这些:名词basis,reason,result;介词because,for,since;连词therefore;动词lead to,result in,result from;总结性词组all this,that is why,for these reasons。

(五)比较

原文中的比较也是重要考点,但职称考试阅读部分中的比较更多的是出现在干扰选项中。含有绝对意义的比较(主要指first,major和none)以及惟一性的比较(主要指only)的选项大都是干扰选项。

(六)段落首末句

职称考试阅读部分段落的首末句往往能概括本段的主题,是本段的重点所在,所以经常被考到,尤其是段落的首句。

二、适当标记

考试成绩比较好的学生,在阅读时一般都会作一定的标记。作标记不但可以使考生精力更加集中,而且还可以使考生在回原文找答案时,能较快回忆起原文的内容和文章的脉络。

在做标记时,可以圈出转折、因果、并列、举例和数字等具备考点或体现文章行文思路的信号词。

三、利用题序

考生在做题时,经常遇到的问题就是不能在短时间内有效地在原文中找到答案所对应的句子。很多考生的做法是做一个题目看一遍原文,这就浪费了大量的时间。其实,职称考试阅读部分很多题目是按照原文的叙述顺序而依次设置的,尤其是细节题,更具有这一规律。一般地,主题性题目和词义题是不会打乱细节题的顺序的。这样,考生就可以利用细节题的顺序,缩小查找细节题答案的范围。比如,第一题、第二题和第三题都是细节题,第一题和第三题的答案均已找到,但第二题的答案没有方向。这时可以把第二题的查找范围确定在第一题和第三题之间,从而避免满篇找答案。

四、有所不为

职称考试阅读部分每篇文章后面只有五个题目,它们只涉及原文部分内容而不会覆盖整篇文章。言外之意,对考试而言,原文中的很多信息是无效的。事实上,职称考试阅读部分经常出现一段或两段轮空不考的情况,尤其是当一篇文章段落比较多的时候更是如此。要做到有所为有所不为,就要求考生先看题干,对考什么做到心中有数,然后有效地阅读原文。比如下面文章的部分题目:

61. By "... challenges explanation" (Line 2, para. 1) the author means that ________.

62. The third paragraph is mainly about ________.

63. The author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children ________.

上面三个题目中,61题方向已经给出;62题问第三段主要内容,即考该段的主题,一般在段落首末句给出,所以这个题目的方向为阅读第三段的首末句;63题问作者写第二段的目的,即考该段的主题,所以阅读方向为第二段的首末句。

(二)数字

涉及数字的题目要求考生能利用题干中的时间、数字在原文中定位找答案;能根据原文中的数字进行简单计算。职称考试中的计算一般要根据两个或三个数字得出计算结果;有时原文中会把涉及计算的某一个数字用考生容易忽视的文字给出,其他的数字则用比较明显的阿拉伯数字给出。考生要注意挖掘隐性信息。例如,下面文章,原文第二段中出现如下信息:

... In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines ... Actual work on this project began four years later ... In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory ...

对应题目:

The construction of the transcontinental railroad took ________.

A. 9 years

B. 7 years

C. 4 years

D. 3 years

不少考生只关注到原文中以阿拉伯数字形式给出的1862和1869,而忽视了以文字形式给出的“four years later”,误选B项,正确答案为D项。

(三)举例

涉及例子的题目,通常是问某个例子说明什么。此时原文中的例子本身往往可以跳过不看,只需关注例子前后总结说明性的句子,因为举例只是给一定的观点提供证据而已。例如,下面文章后面的第一个题目这样问:

The author uses the example of the robot in space exploration to tell us ________.

A. the differences between robots and men

B. the reason why men need to sleep

C. about the need for robots to save power

D. about the danger of men working at night

从题干的分析便可知道,此题是考一个例子说明什么,因此看原文时只需看该例子前后结论性的话。在可以看懂结论性句子的前提下,有关robot这个例子本身的内容便可以不看了。另外,还有一点值得注意的是,问例子说明什么,有关例子本身的选项,就不大可能为正确答案,因为它只是一个论据,正确答案一定是超越论据的结论。

(四)因果

很多以因果关系为考点的题目,会在原文中出现表示因果关系的提示词,常用的有以下这些:名词basis,reason,result;介词because,for,since;连词therefore;动词lead to,result in,result from;总结性词组all this,that is why,for these reasons。

(五)比较

原文中的比较也是重要考点,但职称考试阅读部分中的比较更多的是出现在干扰选项中。含有绝对意义的比较(主要指first,major和none)以及惟一性的比较(主要指only)的选项大都是干扰选项。

(六)段落首末句

职称考试阅读部分段落的首末句往往能概括本段的主题,是本段的重点所在,所以经常被考到,尤其是段落的首句。

二、适当标记

考试成绩比较好的学生,在阅读时一般都会作一定的标记。作标记不但可以使考生精力更加集中,而且还可以使考生在回原文找答案时,能较快回忆起原文的内容和文章的脉络。在做标记时,可以圈出转折、因果、并列、举例和数字等具备考点或体现文章行文思路的信号词。

三、利用题序

考生在做题时,经常遇到的问题就是不能在短时间内有效地在原文中找到答案所对应的句子。很多考生的做法是做一个题目看一遍原文,这就浪费了大量的时间。其实,职称考试阅读部分很多题目是按照原文的叙述顺序而依次设置的,尤其是细节题,更具有这一规律。一般地,主题性题目和词义题是不会打乱细节题的顺序的。这样,考生就可以利用细节题的顺序,缩小查找细节题答案的范围。比如,第一题、第二题和第三题都是细节题,第一题和第三题的答案均已找到,但第二题的答案没有方向。这时可以把第二题的查找范围确定在第一题和第三题之间,从而避免满篇找答案。

四、有所不为

职称考试阅读部分每篇文章后面只有五个题目,它们只涉及原文部分内容而不会覆盖整篇文章。言外之意,对考试而言,原文中的很多信息是无效的。事实上,职称考试阅读部分经常出现一段或两段轮空不考的情况,尤其是当一篇文章段落比较多的时候更是如此。要做到有所为有所不为,就要求考生先看题干,对考什么做到心中有数,然后有效地阅读原文。比如下面文章的部分题目:

61. By "... challenges explanation" (Line 2, para. 1) the author means that ________.

62. The third paragraph is mainly about ________.

63. The author's purpose in writing the second paragraph is to show that children ________.

上面三个题目中,61题方向已经给出;62题问第三段主要内容,即考该段的主题,一般在段落首末句给出,所以这个题目的方向为阅读第三段的首末句;63题问作者写第二段的目的,即考该段的主题,所以阅读方向为第二段的首末句。

又如下面文章的部分题目为:

21. The experiment conducted by the researcher was meant to ________.

23. The findings of the experiment show that ________.

25. What is the one of the possible conclusions of the experiment ________.

从三个题目的题干出发,便可知道原文中会涉及实验,于是可以作如下分析:21题问研究人员进行实验的目的,那就应该在实验过程之前找答案;23题问实验的发现表明什么,说明是在实验的过程之后找答案;25题问一个可能的结论,自然也是在实验过程之后找答案了。23题和25题两题都可以通过在原文中找总结性的句子较快找到相应的答案。

当然,有选择地阅读原文,可能会导致对原文整体理解的欠缺。但是,在考试中,若考生没有能力把整篇文章看懂或不能在规定的时间内做完题目,也只能退而求其次了。

五、避难就易

在阅读文章时,考生会不可避免地遇到一些生僻的单词或一些比较难理解的句子。这时,考生可以采取以下措施:

(-)跳过不看

若较难懂的信息不涉及后面的题目,那就没有必要在这些地方浪费时间了。比如下面文章第一段最后一句为:

We set up a taste test that challenges people who identified themselves as either Coca — cola or Pepsi fans: Find brand in blind tasting.

这里的a blind tasting的确切含义是“品尝没有标明品牌的饮料的活动”,像这样较难理解又不涉及题目的信息大可跳过不看,我们的目的是做对题目,而不是欣赏文章。

(二)简化信号

职称考试阅读部分,有时候会出现一些在本文中有特定含义的词组。如下面文章中出现了"primary nurse"(责任护士),考生虽然对每个单词都认识,但整个词组的意思就不好把握了。而且在后面的题目中也出现了这个词组,这时考生可以把primary nurse简化成PN,后面的题目照样可以做出来,这就省去了理解primary nurse的时间。

(三)前后推理

有些难词难句前后会出现并列或转折的信号,此时可以利用推理,由易到难进行推理。比如下面文章第二段有以下内容:

... Inventors are now working on new devices that would be fully placed, along with a tiny power pack, in the patient's chest. The first sample products aren't expected for another 10 or 20 years. But some people are already worrying that they'll work —and that American's overextended health —care programs will lose a precious $2.5 billion to $5 billion a year providing them for a relatively few dying patients.

对应题目:

Some people feel that ________.

A. artificial hearts are seldom effective

B. the country should not spend much money on artificial hearts

C. the country is not spending enough money on artificial hearts

D. American's health — care programs are not doing enough for the nation's health

本题需要根据原文中but所在句的意思得出答案,但这句话不少考生在理解的时候有困难。通过but,我们可以知道这句话和上面的句子意思相反。而上面的信息是告诉我们新的人工心脏在10到20年内便可以造出来,照理这应该是件好事,但下一句马上用but转折,说明这句话能够体现人们对人工心脏持否定态度。综观四个选项只有A项和B项对人工心脏持负评价,C项对人工心脏持正评价,D项没有涉及人工心脏。再通过but所在句的信息便可知,原文谈的是钱的问题,便可选B项。

在考前考生还需要在以下几方面做好应试准备:

1.保证单词量:单词是考试中理解文章的基础,而很多考生往往单词背得很少,导致理解错误;或者单词背得不熟,导致理解太慢。比如很多考生连pessimistic(悲观的),in that

(由于,因为)等这些考试中常用单词和词组都没有背出;还有很多同学记忆单词靠主观猜想,如不少同学认为objective(客观的)是“反对的”之意。在考前时间不多的情况下,考生可以通过熟记职称真题中的核心词汇,抓重点来背。

2.及时作总结:有的考生练习做了不少,但是水平提高不多。究其原因,主要是缺少了总结这一环节。正所谓“学而不思则罔”。只练习不总结就是缺少了更高层次的思考,不能知道自己的不足在哪里,更不能有针对性地加以改正。在作总结的时候,考生可以站在出题者的角度,分析其出题的一般思路,归纳其设置正确答案和干扰选项的共性。另外还要注意把做错的题目按题型加以分类,并在每一类中总结出错的共同原因,此原因即为需要改进的不足。

比如,下面文章后面的题目:

38. In the author's view, the sudden death caused by exposure to large amounts of pesticides ________.

A. now occurs most frequently among all accidental deaths

B. is not the worst of the negative consequences resulting from the use of pesticides

C. has sharply increased so as to become the center of public attention

D. is unavoidable because people can't do without pesticides in farming

39. People tend to ignore the delayed effects of exposure to chemicals because ________.

A. the danger does not become apparent immediately

B. the present is more important for them than the future

C. limited exposure to them does little harm to people's health

D. humans are capable of withstanding small amounts of poisoning

上面38题和39题分别选B项和A项,而很多学生会选择38题的C项或D项,39题的C项。分析上面两个题目选错的共性,可以发现这是因为我们结合自己的社会经验和一般常识,只注意了本选项的合理性,而没有关注到原文是否谈到了这一话题。这样我们就可以归

纳总结:不合理的选项一定是干扰项,但合理的选项未必是正确的,只有原文谈到的选项才是对的。

3.限时做练习:时间和正确率是一对正相关的矛盾,做题所用时间越多,正确率也就越高;相反,所用时间越少,正确率也就越低。很多学生平时练习只注意正确率,做题没有时间限定。考生平时练习若不限定时间,那么即使正确率很高,也末必能在考试时得到理想成绩,因为能力够了也可能会来不及做题。所以,在考试前必须通过做几份真题,把自己在应试中的速度培训出来,树立时间观念。

就时间的具体安排而言,建议考生按照以下模式训练:一分钟看题干,14分钟看原文,14分钟做题。根据以往经历,考生往往会在第一篇或第二篇文章上花太多时间,导致后面的题目来不及做。这一方面是和题目的难易程度有关;另一方面是和考生没有合理分布考试时间有关。

概而言之,在临考前考生需要掌握应试策略,提高应试技巧,有效练习,及时总结。

第三节熟悉题型

职称考试中的阅读理解部分题型相对稳定,只要熟悉它们的出题方法与做法,并进行有针对性的训练,就能大幅度提高成绩。常见的题型主要有:

一、主旨题

这类问题主要测试考生把握主题与中心思想的能力。主要形式有:

1. The main idea of this passage is ?________.

2. The passage mainly discusses ________.

3. What is the passage primarily concerned about?

4. What is the main topic of this passage?

除了上述直接形式外,还有隐蔽型主旨题:

Which of the following is the author's advice to the reader?

标题是主旨题的变体。主要形式有:

1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

2. The best title for this passage might be ________.

作者的态度、写作目的与主题和中心思想关系密切,可以看做主旨题的延伸。主要形式有:

问写作目的:

1. The author writes this passage mainly to ________.

2. The author's purpose in writing this passage is ________.

问态度:

1. The author's attitude towards ... is ________.

2. The tone of this passage can be described as ________.

此外,对于文章内容、风格与读者对象的评判也可归入此类题型。如:

1. The passage appears to be (is most likely) a part of ________.

2. Where would this passage most probably be found?

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I watched from a distance as the homeless man quarreled with those who did not leave money for him – the majority. I walked up to him and right on queue he asked me for a quarter. ―I’ll give you a quarter if you tell me your story.‖ He laughed, ―You’ll give me a quarter for my story?‖ I lay the quarter in front of him and corrected myself –―Nah, here’s the quarter but it would be nice to hear your story.‖ I followed his eyes to the quarter and for a brief moment I saw a glimmer of reflection. I sat down next to him and waited. ―I was in the army,‖ he said. ―I was a sniper(狙击手)and was supposed to shoot down the enemy from the distance.‖ I listened carefully to his grizzly voice as he went deeper into the story. He wore dirty old torn clothes and smelled like a dead rat left in a mouse trap. He told me how he used to hunt with his family and was really good at it. He had his own way of respecting animals by not wasting what he killed for food and not killing more than he needed. When the army came knocking on his door, he felt pride and joined up. All those years of polishing his hunting skills could now serve a larger purpose—to defend us from the bad guys. He set out to fight in Iraq. It wasn’t long before he realized his ideals and expectations were just a shadow of the truth. He became disillusioned with the killings, which he felt were of innocent people. ―I was a sniper but I never really killed anyone,‖ he said. ―One day I had to do it. They asked me to shoot this lady from the distance. I saw kids near that lady and my hands were on the trigger (扳机). Man, I was tearing up ... I couldn’t do it. She wasn’t doing anything to anyone and she was with the kids—I couldn’t see through my tears. It just didn’t make any sense to me.‖ The story goes on as he describes eventually being put into prison for 180 days for refusing to follow orders. He told me how he was black listed so that he couldn’t get a job. All the rights we take for granted were taken away from him. Why? Here was a man who was being punished—and for what? For refusing to kill the lady? For being a hero? ―I have no regrets,‖ the homeless man said. ―I may be homeless now, but I never killed that lady. I never killed anyone in the army. It didn’t feel right. I didn’t go there to do that. I went there to save people.‖ He continued, ―I can live with being homeless—that’s okay. But I wouldn’t be able to live with killing innocent people.‖ On that lonely Friday night, I met a hero. It just never occurred to me that a hero could be a smelly old man left on streets. 1. It can be learned from the passage that the homeless man_______. () A. never killed animals B. had a strong respect for life C. deserved the punishment he received D. felt guilty about disobeying the order

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