雅思语法训练

第一章动词时态

1. 一般现在时

1）表示当前的情况或状态

例1：Snails are a great luxury in various parts of the world.

例2：哈里在他的书房摆着一只大瓶子。

2）表示经常发生的动作或反复出现的情况。

例1：The riots and fighting often occur at the World Cup and other football competitions.

例2：在决定什么可以吃而什么不可以吃的时候，人们往往变得不合情理。

3）表示客观事实或永恒真理。

例1：Soil erosion threatens the productivity of land in both rich and poor countries (剑3，T2，R)

例2：英语中有一个生动的说法来形容这种情况。

4）在时间和条件状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来时。

例：当一个国家发展科技的时候，传统技艺和生活方式可望不会完全消失。(剑3，T2，W)

5）在see (to it), take care 的宾语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来时。

例1：请确保把所有的窗户都关好。

基本形式：规则动词在词尾加-ed

1）表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。

例1：In the early days of the settlement of Australia, enterprising settlers unwisely introduced the European rabbit.

例2：我是土生土长的上海人。

2）表示过去的习惯行为或经常发生的事情。

例：去年我们经常练习游泳。

基本形式：will (第一人称可以用shall) +动词原形。

1）表示在将来出现的情况或者发生的动作。

例1：I hope that there will be a lot more schools, and not so much pressure on students to pass exams. (剑3，T1，S)

例2：我认为在未来的50年中国的教育质量会有很大的提高。(剑3，T1，S)

2）表示习惯或者倾向

例1：The myth is that from a disorderly array of factual information an orderly, relevant theory will somehow emerge. (剑3，T1，R)

例2：海豚会把落水者推到水面使其得救，或者在落水者周围形成一个保护圈使其免遭鲨鱼的袭击。

基本形式：系动词(is, am 或are) +动词-ing.

1）表示现在正在进行的动作

例1：We’re doing some market research for a new television channel. (剑2，T3，L)

例2：越来越多的日本游客正在前往澳大利亚度假。(剑3，T2，W)

例3：空气污染正日益成为全世界政府和人民忧虑的焦点。(剑3，T4，R)

2）现在进行时的句子中，经常会有一些表示当前、频率、或持续的副词，包括always, constantly, continually, currently, forever, perpetually等。

例1：He is forever talking about the friendly people, the clean atmosphere, the closeness to nature and the gentle pace of living.

例2：它们的轮廓总是在变化。(剑2，T1，R)

例3：吸烟的人在不断地破坏自己的肺。(剑3，T1，R)

3）表示即将要发生的事情

例：The theater is reopening soon after its three-year redevelopment program. (剑6，T1，L)

基本形式：was (were) +动词-ing

1）表示在过去的某个时间动作正在进行

例1：The United States discovered in 1982 that about one-fifth of its farmland was losing topsoil at a rate likely to diminish the soil’s productivity. (剑3，T2，R)

例1：另一名病人可能同样抱怨她的邻居联合起来在对她进行诽谤和迫害。

2）表示过去很快就要发生的事情

例：Mr. White told me that he was leaving for Singapore in a few days.

6. 现在完成时

基本形式：has (have) + 动词-ed

1）表示过去的动作对现在产生的影响

例1：He can’t enter for the race because he has broken his leg.

例2：广播和电视使广告商得以用这种手段吸引成百万人的注意力。

2）现在完成时强调动作的完成

例1：We have all experienced days when everything goes wrong.

例2：在所有的大洲之中，野生动物最大幅度的减少出现在北美。

3）表示从过去持续到现在的状态

例1：My parents have been married for 28 years and still get along very well. (剑3，T1，S)

例2：近年来从人类学和考古学方面收集到的证据表明，该地区已维持一系列的当地文化长达11000年之久。(剑3，T3，R)

4）现在完成时与特定词语一起使用

这些词语包括：since自从；so far迄今为止；as yet (to date) 迄今为止；over (或in) the past…在过去的……时间里等。

例1：Over the years, I’ve collected maps and other data to prepare what I call a “route book” for the trip. (剑2，T1，L)

例2：奥运会自1924年开始，已经发展壮大起来了。(剑3，T1，W)

例3：在过去一个世纪，人类基因库的构成没有发生显著的变化。(剑3，T4，R)

基本形式：had + 动词-ed

1）表示到过去的某个时候为止，动作已经完成

例1：Even though we had known each other for so many years, we didn’t become good friends till middle school. (剑3，T4，S)

例2：到1999年3月，失业率达到5%的平稳状态。(剑3，T4，W)

例3：另一个参与项目的部门表现不太好，生产率只增长了15%，这个部门以前在所有部门中也是最差的。(剑3，T4，R)

2）过去完成时表示从过去的过去持续到过去的状态

例：He had been on the throne for barely eight months when he authorized this measure.

3）过去完成时用于一些句型

用于It was the first (second, last…) time that sb. had done sth. 句型。

例：It was the first time I had ever entered a talent contest. (剑3，T3，S)

4）用于no sooner…than 或hardly…when (一……就)句型

例：I had no sooner got off the ship than I was assailed by a man who wanted to sell me a diamond ring.

基本形式：has (have) been + 动词-ing

1）表示动作从过去某个时候开始，一直持续到当前

例1：We’ve been talking about a teacher who influenced you.

我们一直在谈论对你产生影响的一位老师。

例2：我的眼睛一直在流眼泪，这种情况困扰我好几天了。(剑3，G，TA，W)

例3：近代以来，科学研究一直在提供证据，表明经年累月地吸烟会大大地增加患绝症的风险。(剑3，T1，R)

基本形式：would (should) + 动词原形

表示过去某个时间即将发生的动作

例1：There were hopes that the problem of the rabbit would become manageable.

有望解决欧洲兔子所带来的问题。

例2：我告诉我的父母我会早点回来。

I told my parents that I should return early.

表示过去的习惯或倾向

例1：He would often make up stories or give us examples from his own life. (剑3，T1，S)

他会经常编出一些故事，或者给我们讲他本人的生活实例。

第二章被动语态

基本构成：主语+ 系动词+ 动词的-ed形式

如果需要说明施动者，则由介词by引出，置于动词的-ed形式之后。被动语态的时态变化由系动词加以体现。

1. 当太多的爱过热情被释放出来的时候，国际间的紧张关系实际上是升温了。(剑3，T1，W)

International tensions are actually enhanced when too much patriotic emotion is released.

2. 令人困扰的是，在这十年期间，发展中国家没有更多的进步。(剑3，T3，W)

What is disturbing is that not more progress was made during this ten-year period by the developing countries.

3. 作为个人通信手段的电子邮件正在被手机短信取代。(剑3，T2，W)

E-mail is being replaced by SMS (short message sent by cell phone) for personal communication.

4. 1993年进行的一项对环保效果的研究发现，随着化肥补贴的终止，出现了化肥使用量的下降。(剑3，T2，R)

A study of the environmental effects in 1993 found that the end of fertilizers subsidies had been followed by a fall in fertilizer use.

5. 这项工作到明天的这个时候将已完成。

The work will have been finished by this time tomorrow.

6. 所有参加奥林匹克运动的民族都会觉得奥运会是一项非常珍贵、值得保留和骄傲，并且极具价值，可为后代传承的遗产。(剑3，T1，W)

All the nations which participate in the Olympics feel the Games is something very precious, to be preserved and honored, a valuable legacy to be carried on for future generations.

7. 保姆与工厂职工之间的差别必须加以考虑。(剑3，T3，W)

The difference between the babysitter and the factory worker has to be considered.

8. 一种文化的传统方面是其历史的一部分，并且从一个国家文化特性的角度来看，它应该得到一定程度的保留。(剑3，T2，W)

Traditional aspects of a culture are part of its history and should be maintained to a certain degree from the perspective of a national cultural identity.

9. 他们的工作状况应该总是受其父母的监督。

Their work condition should always be supervised by their parents.

第三章从句

第一部分定语从句

3. 用which，而不能用that做引导词的情况：

1）当引导词和介词一起搭配使用时

2）当定语从句为非限制性定语从句时

3）当定语从句修饰代词that时

例：We should not seek to invest with significance that which we cannot grasp. 我们不应该赋予我们所不能理解的事物任何意义。

第二部分名词从句

主语从句

表语从句

名词从句宾语从句

同位语从句

补语从句

1. 主语从句

2. 表语从句

3. 宾语从句

同位语从句在剧中发挥同位语的功能，对前面名词的内容予以明确而具体的解释说明。被解

补语从句在句中作补语，对前面内容予以补充。

状语从句时发挥状语作用的从句，相当于副词的功能，因此也可以成为副词从句。

第四章倒装语序

1. 部分倒装

1）only + 状语位于句首

例：Only by taking exercises can we keep healthy.

练习：

只有在过去的几年里这项技术才得到提高，足以把价格降到在商业上可行的水平。(剑2，T3，R)

Only in the past few years has the technology improved enough for the prices to drop sufficiently to make them commercially viable.

只有当他看到这个人确实在打电话报警时，他才意识到他们都成了一场骗局的受害者。Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.

2）带有否定意义的状语位于句首，如neither (或nor) never绝不；little一点也不；seldom 不常；nor不；nowhere任何地方也不；rarely不常；hardly几乎不；scarcely几乎不；hardly…when 一……就；no sooner…than一……就；not only…but also不仅……而且；at no point在任何时候都不；in no way决不；nowhere in the world世界上任何地方都不；on no account决不；under no circumstances决不；not in the least一点儿也不。

例：Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark.

练习：地球上的语言多样性从未以这样的速度减少过。(剑4，T2，R)

Never before has the planet’s linguistic diversity shrunk at such a pace.

3）当so或者as位于句首

例：The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants. (剑4，T3，R)

谈话的话题和社会环境的特征也有很大的关系，就像提供语料者的个人品质那样。

练习：随着日本出国旅游人数的增长，澳大利亚所占日本人出境旅游市场的份额也得到增长。(剑3，T1，W)

As the number of Japanese tourists traveling abroad has grown, so has Australia’s share of the Japanese tourist market.

4）so…that句式中的部分倒装

So flourishing was the science and technology in the late 20th century that computers were widely applied in various fields.

5）比较状语从句中的部分倒装

在比较状语从句中，than或第二个as之后的部分往往构成部分倒装。

例：As a group they generally came up with the same meaning at least as frequently as did

sighted subjects. (剑4，T1，R)

作为一个小组，他们一般情况下得出的相同意思至少和有实力的人一样频繁。

练习：动机强的学生比动机若的学生更有可能成功。

Students with strong motivation are more likely to succeed than are those with motivation.

2. 完全倒装

1）主-系-表结构课构成完全倒装

这种表达一是为了对主语加以强调，二是由于主语过长，为了保持句子平衡，故将主语置于句尾。

例：Of growing interest is the way in which much of what we might see as disposable is, elsewhere, recycled and reused. (剑3，T3，R)

很多东西我们原本以为该处理或丢弃的，却在别处又被回收利用了，这种废品回收的办法引起了人们越来越浓的兴趣。

练习：随确认书寄去的还有一张通知单，上面写明结欠款项以及交款日期。(剑4，G，TB，R)

Attached is the Booking Confirmation will be a note showing the balance due on your holiday and the date by which it is payable.

2）当直接引语在前时，句子可构成完全倒装

当直接引语在前，主谓部分在后，则主谓部分可以构成完全倒装。

例：”The people you employ are your ambassadors,” says Peter Griffin, managing director of a major retailer in the UK. (剑3，G，TB，R)

3）当方位副词位于句首时，句子可构成完全倒装

例：In this tiny brain are encoded some of the most complex and amazing behavioral pattens, witnessed outside humankind. (剑4，G，TB，R)

在这个微小的大脑之中隐藏着一些人类看不到的最复杂、最惊人的行为模式。

练习：图书馆位于学校的中央.

In the center of the school lies the library.

第五章虚拟语气

1. 条件从句中的虚拟

1）针对当前事实的虚拟

句型：If + 主语+ 过去时，主语+ should (could/would/might) + 动词原形。

例：If I could change something, I would really like to have fewer classes. (剑3，T4，S)

假如我可以改变什么，我的确希望少上一些课。

在虚拟语气中，当主语为单数时，如果系动词需要使用过去时，既可以使用was，也可以使用were。

例：If it were not for the dung beetle, chemical fertilizer and dung would be washed by rain into streams and rivers. (剑3，T2，R)

如果没有金龟子的存在，那么化肥和畜粪就会被雨水冲刷而流入溪流与江河之中。

2）针对过去事实的虚拟

句型：If + 主语+ had + 过去分词，主语+ should (could/would/might) + have + 过去分词。例：If electronic computers had not been invented, many problems on space flight could not have been solved.

如果没有发明电子计算机，许多关于宇宙飞行的问题就不可能得到解决。

练习：If it had not been for your help, we would not have achieved so much in our work.

要不是你们的帮助，我们就不会在工作中取得这么多成绩。

3）针对将来事实的虚拟

句型：If + 主语+ should

+ do, 主语+ should (could/would/might) + 动词原型。

were to

例：If the sun were to rise in the west tomorrow, I would marry you.

练习：如果我们误了火车，就得在车站等一个小时。

If we should miss the train we would have wait an hour at the station.

虚拟语气练习：

1. 如果家庭能把孩子培养成为体贴他人、善于交往、有责任心的人，整个社会都会受益。(剑4，T4，W)

If the families could raise children to be considerate of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit.

2.如果男女都被给予同样的机会发展自己，并为社会做出贡献，那么性别注意就会减少。(剑5，T1，W)

If men and women were given equal opportunities to develop themselves, and contribute to society, there would be less sexism.

3. 没有技术这些在当时都无法实现。

None of this would have happed without technology.

4. 如果没有教育的好处，文明将会怎样呢？

What would civilization be like without the benefits of education?