第三讲 词性转换(构词法)

第三讲词性转换(构词法) [思维导图
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一、动词、形容词转化为名词的规律
1．动词变名词的后缀
后缀例词
－ion/－tion/ －sion/－ation correct→correction改正
celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会attract→attraction 吸引
conclude→conclusion 结论；结束discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论decide→decision 决定
admit→admission 接纳；准许入学invite→invitation 邀请
explain→explanation 解释graduate→graduation 毕业
expect→expectation 期望
－er/－or drive→driver司机；驾驶员
gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者
teach→teacher 老师
announce→announcer 广播员
conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员－ment punish→punishment惩罚
achieve→achievement 功绩；成就
2.形容词变名词的后缀
二、名词、动词转化为形容词的规律
fool→foolish
愚蠢的；可笑的
self→selfish
自私的
－ic science→scientific 科学的
energy→energetic 精力充沛的
[名师指津] －ed形容词多表示主语所处的状态，意为“感到……的”，通常修饰人；－ing形容词多表示主语所具有的特征，意为“令人……的”，通常修饰物或事。

三、形容词转化为副词的规律
类别例词
直接加－ly clear→clearly清楚地
great→greatly 很，大大地
以辅音字母＋y结尾的形容词，变y为i再加－ly happy→happily高兴地heavy→heavily 沉重地
词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加－y terrible→terribly可怕地gentle→gently 轻轻地
词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加－ly true→truly真实地
词尾为ll的形容词，直接加－y full→fully充分地
du ll→dully 迟钝地
词尾为－ic的形容词，加－ally basic→basically 主要地
scientific→ scientifically 合乎科学地
厘清两种情况，突破词性转换
1．名词在句中作宾语，被冠词或形容词或形容词性物主代词所修饰
[例1] She is determined to carry on with her________(educate)．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ) [分析] education[前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。

]
[例2] Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the________(develop)of chopsticks.(2016·全
国卷Ⅲ)
[分析] development[根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需要名词。

] 2．形容词在句中作定语，常放在名词之前
[例3] It was a relief and I came to a ________(sudden) stop just in the middle of the road.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ改编)
[分析] sudden[此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。

] 3．形容词在句中作表语，常放在be，get，become，remain等系动词后
[例4] At one time，I even felt my parents couldn’t understand me so I hoped I could be ________ (free) from them.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ改编)
[分析] free[此处需要用形容词作表语。

be free from them“摆脱他们”。

]
4．形容词在句中作宾语补足语，之前常有使役动词、感官动词或介词with加名词或代词
[例5] As I walked，I looked up，trying to realize what made this day so ________(beauty)．
[分析] beautiful[使役动词make之后跟复合宾语，用形容词作宾语补足语。

] 5．副词在句中修饰动词
[例6] The title will be________(official) given to me at a ceremony in London.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
[分析] officially[此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我。

分析句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。

] 6．副词在句中修饰形容词或其他副词
[例7] Dad and I were ________(terrible) worried.(全国卷Ⅱ改编)
[分析] terribly[此处应用副词terribly修饰形容词worried。

]
7．副词用在句首，修饰整个句子，表示状态、原因等
[例8] ________(lucky)，he also had a cow which produced milk every day.(广东高考)
[分析] Luckily[此处为副词用于句首，表示状态。

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8．要特别注意有使役用法的动词的分词形式用作形容词时的区别。

如amazed常修饰人的内心感受，表示“吃惊的”；amazing常修饰事物，表示“令
人吃惊的”。

[例9] There were many people waiting at the bus stop，and some of them looked very anxious and________(disappoint)．(新课标全国卷Ⅱ)
[分析] disappointed[disappointed和前面的anxious并列，表示人的内心活动，应使用－ed形式的形容词，此处表示“他们中有些人看起来既焦虑又失望”。

]
词形变化是重点，注意特殊形式和变化特点：以－e结尾加－ly，切记true需把－e去；－ble，－ple都是去－e把－y加。

另外需注意形副同形词。

[例10] Instead，he hopes that his business will grow ________(steady)．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ改编)
[分析] steadily[谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。

grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。

]
[例11] Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks ________ (regular)．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)
[分析] regularly[此处需要用副词修饰谓语动词短语“take short breaks”。

]
[例12] My uncles ________ (immediate) jumped up and shot their arrows at the bird.(陕西高考改编)
[分析] immediately[此处修饰“jumped up”，故应用副词形式。

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单句语法填空
1．Running is cheap，easy and it’s always________(energy)．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案energetic[根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用与其前的cheap、easy相同形式的形容词energetic作表语。

]
2.A taste for meat is ________ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens，pigs，and cattle.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案actually[应用副词作状语修饰系动词is。

]
3．This switch has decreased________(pollute) in the country’s major lakes and
reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案pollution[此处作decreased的宾语，应填名词pollution。

] 4．According to the World Bank，China accounts for about 30 percent of total ________(globe) fertilizer consumption.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案global[此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption，意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”，故用形容词作定语。

]
5．I’m a________(science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案scientist[设空处前面是a，可知空处应填可数名词单数，再联系文章内容可知“我”是一位科学家，故填scientist。

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6．The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be________(afford) but doing this most days adds up.(2018·浙江高考)
答案affordable[根据语境可知此处作表语，所以要用形容词形式。

] 7．Researchers have found that there is a direct link between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in________(weigh) problems.(2018·浙江高考)
答案weight[表示体重方面的问题，要用名词作定语。

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8．Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires，As ia’s biggest building，and fancy new hotels.But for tourists like me，pandas are its top________(attract)．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ) 答案attraction[句意：但是对像我这样的游客来说，大熊猫是最吸引人的东西。

此处作表语的应该是名词attraction，意为“吸引人之物，诱惑物”。

]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．They had both been sentenced to death (die)．(2019·衢州二中模拟)
2．The girl then plants a kiss on the grass in a heart－warming show of affection(affect)．(2019·鲁迅中学模拟)
3．My application (apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning film －making.(2019·宁海中学模拟)
4．Perhaps he can make his fortune (fortunate)at football.(2019·嘉兴一中模拟)
5．I really needed Snow，because it was good for my recovery__(recover)．(2019·金
华一中模拟)
6．Pop－up shops first appeared in the UK in the early 2000s.They were originally (origin)a way for small companies to rent small space in great locations.(2019·绍兴模拟)
7．Indeed，travelling around this country will truly(true)give you an amazing experience because of its interesting things offered to all types of tourists.(2019·台州模拟)
8．The water near the equator is less salty than that found in the mid－latitudes (中纬度) for abundant(abundance) equatorial precipitation (赤道降水) throughout the year.(2019·杭州八校联考)
9．Films，books，magazines，etc.give us daily (day) amusement.(2019·兰溪三模) 10．In some crowded (crowd) cities，the car has polluted the air so badly that people get sick just from breathing it.(2019·台州一中模拟)
Ⅱ.语法填空
(2019·温州模拟)Everyone has secrets，and John Corcoran is no exception.For decades，Corcoran lived with an 1.________ (embarrass) secret，one that millions of Americans have.He was a college graduate and had even been a teacher for years，2.________ John was reading at an elementary school level once.3.________ (fail) to learn how to read in school，Corcoran finally developed the thought that there was something wrong with him.Then one day，at the age of 48，he accidentally 4.________ (hear) two women in the checkout line talking about how proud they were 5.________ their adult brother for finally learning how to read.Soon afterwards，Corcoran went to a reading clinic 6.________ (get) help.After 125 hours’ professional 7.________(treat)，he could read at a 12th grade level.Since he began to learn to read，Corcoran 8.________(write) poems and short stories，and has started a foundation to provide tutoring for thousands of students 9.________ cannot read like h im.“I used to call my problem a curse，” Corcoran said，“but now it’s 10.________ (actual) a blessing to me，because I get to encourage others and show it’s never too late to learn how to read.”
【语篇解读】John Corcoran的阅读能力只有小学一年级的水平，最后通过自己的努力他克服了这个难题。

1．embarrassing[考查词性转换。

修饰secret应用形容词，embarrassing意为“令人尴尬的”，符合语境。

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2．but[考查连词。

根据John was reading at an elementary school level once可知和前面的內容是转折关系。

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3．Failing[考查非谓语动词。

Corcoran和fail 之间为主动关系，故填其现在分词形式作原因状语。

]
4．heard[考查动词时态。

根据语境可知此处讲述过去的一件事情。

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5．of[考查介词。

be proud of意为“为……感到自豪”。

此句是一个how引导的感叹句。

]
6．to get[考查非谓语动词。

这里表示去诊所的目的，故用动词不定式。

] 7．treatment[考查词性转换。

根据前面的professional可知此处应用名词形式。

] 8．has written[考查时态。

根据Since he began to learn to read可知需用现在完成时态。

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9．that/who[考查定语从句。

先行词为students，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用that/who。

]
10．actually[考查词性转换。

此处修饰整个句子应用副词形式。

]。