解析雅思写作Task 2利弊类作文

朗阁海外考试研究中心唐娜星

雅思培训层出不穷，真正适合自己的才是最好的！下文大连朗阁培训中心的专家给大家从学术方面来讲解一下雅思写作Task 2利弊类作文。

说到雅思写作利弊类话题大家的第一反应就是典型的考试指令“Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?”或者是“Is it a positive or negative development?”这种特别直接的提问方式是有助于我们快速定位到题目的答题要领的，但是殊不知在其他的提问方式中，其实也隐藏了很多利弊类的题目。我们先给大家呈现几道相关的题目。

1. More and more measures to improve the security in large urban areas have been introduced in many countries because of the increased crime. Do the benefits of these measures outweigh the drawbacks?

2. News media have become more influential in our life. Some people think it is

a negative development. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

3. Some people think robots are important to our society, while others believe they are dangerous and have negative effects. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

先简单和大家分析一下这样三道题目。这三道题乍眼一看没有任何相关的地方，无论是从话题方向上还是提问方式上，其中：

第一题是生活类话题方向，提问方式是优缺点比较，但文章重点要把安全措施利弊的侧重点体现出来；

第二题是新闻媒体类方向，提问方式是同意不同意，但文章重点是在讨论新闻媒体是否是消极的发展；

第三题是科技类方向，提问方式是双边讨论类，但文章重点是分别讨论机器人的利弊问题。

仔细把题目读完之后，我们就会发现其实无论怎么出题，核心内容就是针对某一个特殊主题讨论利弊。但是文章的答题要点是不一样的，第一题是典型的偏向性作文；第二题可以有偏向，也可以中立，甚至也可以一边倒；第三题是权衡的写法（类似于中立）。不管怎么说，我们首要的还是要会读题。本文中，笔者将和大家一起来探讨典型的利弊类作文“Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages”的写作技巧，希望能给各位考生在后期的备考中有一些帮助。

1. 利弊类作文的词汇储备

利弊类题目的写作核心是讨论利弊，所以对于烤鸭们来说首先就应该去积累相关的表达优缺点的词汇，这样可以有助于在作文中表达观点。

a. 优点常用词汇：advantages, positive effects, benefit, merit, important, effective,pro

常用短语：be helpful/useful to; make contributions to; play a key role in; have profound/far-reaching effects on

b. 缺点常用词汇：disadvantages, demerits, negative effects, con, defects

常用短语：cause problems; be harmful to; be detrimental to; pose a threat to; pose a risk to

2. 利弊类作文的段落书写

当我们已经对于固有词汇有了一定的了解之后，那下一步工作就可以进行题目的剖析，然后展开段落的书写。

我们以第一题为例：

More and more measures to improve the security in large urban areas have been introduced in many countries because of the increased crime. Do the benefits of these measures outweigh the drawbacks?

题目翻译：现在在很多大城市里有越来越多预防犯罪的措施来提高城市的安全性。你认为这些措施的优点大于缺点吗？

a. 题目关键词

1). urban areas这个词很多考生在读题的时候容易把它忽略不看，这是一种错误的读题方法，因为这类词是典型的地点限制词，会对题目的论点把控起到一定的提示作用。它的同义替换词可以是city center或者是downtown,它的反义词是rural areas, outskirts或者是countryside。

2). security measures或者是anti-crime measures是这道题目的核心词汇，要拿下这一道题目，我们就得进行一定的头脑风暴，想出有哪些常见的安全性措施，例如监控(monitoring systems), 安检(security check), 警察巡逻(police patrols)等。

b. 考试指令的分析

显性的利弊类话题最典型的提问方式就是“Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?” 这种题目的解题技巧就在于怎么把“outweigh”这个词在文章中具体地体现出来。它的一些同义表达有greater, more than, exceed等。对于这种提问方式，我们一般给出如下建议。

1). 首先我们需要做的就是在文章的比例方面要有一定的侧重性体现。一般如果认为优点大于缺点的时候，那我们在优点这个段落上的字数建议要100字左右，用2-3个论点来支持。而对于缺点来讲，就可以少写一点，字数建议在80字左右，用1-2个论点来支撑中心句。

2). 除了文章长短之外，还有要注意到的就是语气问题。同样的如果认为优点大于缺点的，那我们在表达优点的时候就要使用比较坚定的态度或词汇(should, be supposed to, ought to), 而在表达缺点的时候，语气适当可以放弱(may, might)或者给出一些可行的建议来弱化它的缺点。

c. 段落示范

在完成了上述的审题过程之后，我们就可以进行全文的书写了。

1). 先是开头部分

优缺点类作文的开头部分和其他的提问方式没有太大的区别，也是由背景、题目改写以及个人观点三部分来构成的。这里重点和大家讲解一下最后一句个人观点的表达方法。推荐句式：

In my opinion, the positive effects are greater than the negative ones.

I think there are more advantages than disadvantages.

From my perspective, although there are some drawbacks, the influence can also be beneficial in many cases.

总结一下，上面三句话的核心意思就是想告诉大家碰到利大于弊这种类型的题目，一定要在开头观点部分把它表达清楚，千万不能有模棱两可的情况，不然task response这一块分数就会减少。

2). 当开头基本明确要求之后，就要开始主体段的写作了。正如之前分析的，主体段分为两段，优点和缺点各一段就可以了。先来回忆一下一个段落是由中心句加上几个论点的形式构成的，论点一般推荐2个。

我们以上面那道题目为例：

1). 先来写好处的中心句

学生句子：Indeed, having security measures has many advantages for local citizens.(10 words)

句子评价：这一句话就内容和句式上来说并没有错误，但是它基本只能符合5.5分的水平，因为它在词汇使用和内容丰富性上还是稍微差了点。

教师句子：It is obvious that the installation of security measures in buildings and on streets is an effective means of local citizens’ safety.(22 words)

句子评价：这个句子出彩的地方在于其词汇的多样使用，例如installation这个词，动词变名词的用法在作文中的使用频率还是比较高的。另外an effective means这个短语搭配也不错，是学生句子中的advantages的另外一个表达。使用in buildings and on streets 这个介词短语来修饰句子可以更好地和之前头脑风暴中的点相结合，体现内容的充实性。

2). body 1论点的论证（好处段）

这个点最重要的推荐论证手法就是举例论证，分别对于室内和室外两种不同的安全措施进行详细描述即可。但是一定要注意的就是要把优点写清楚，不然在任务完成度上就不能有一个

很好的体现。

a. 室内的措施---监控---起到震慑和提醒作用（与中心句中的in buildings形成一致）For example, 24-hour surveillance cameras can remind（语气相对比较坚定）the would-be criminals that they have no chance to escape from the supervising（监管）of the police. Therefore, this kind of deterrent（震慑）makes those potential lawbreakers give up evil intension（罪恶念头）.（典型的举例论证，37 words）

b. 室外的措施---警察巡逻---能够及时抓住罪犯（与中心句中的on street形成一致）Meanwhile, the frequency of police patrols（警察巡逻）can stop illegal activities （违法行为）, such as thefts and robberies, thus reducing the crime rate in open space directly and providing a safe living environment for local citizens.（典型的举例论证，33words）

一句中心句加上2个论证合在一起，整个写好处的段落就是97个字，基本符合我们上面讲解的100字左右的要求。

3). body 2论点的论证（缺点段）

缺点部分这一段落的具体写法和好处是一致的，但是要注意的是由于观点偏向于优点，所以这一段在篇幅上可以稍微短一点，语气词上也可以弱一点。

段落示范：However, what we have to bear in mind is that there are also some negative effects when taking too many security measures in large city centers.（缺点中心句）One of the most worrying effects（重点讲一个方面即可）is that these anti-crime devices may increase（语气词弱化）the fear of crime and people’s freedom and privacy would be restricted or even invaded due to the surveillance cameras installed in many public places. All these may have a detrimental effect on people’s quality of life. (76 words)

主体段落书写总结：段落的结构和论证形式在一定程度上和其他提问方式是一样的。唯一的

区别就在于我们应该如何挑选典型的优点和缺点来说服考官。

4). 结尾段的写法

利弊类作文的结尾段还是分为两要素。第一部分是观点的总结，当然这一部分的观点是可以根据正文部分有效输入分论点的。第二部分就是可以针对缺点进行题目的升华，换句话说就是可以给出一些建议或者措施把缺点尽量减少或者消除。

我们来举一个示范段落：

To sum up, taking more measures to improve security has produced many positive effects, such as having a deterrent on potential criminals and reducing the crime rate in open space（自我观点的再次重述，并加上分论点）, although there are some problems which can be minimized by making some improvement and adjustment.（介词by后面的内容就是文章的升华部分，作者认为只要加入一些有效的改进和调整，这些负面影响还是可以得到解决的。）

通过对这道真题的全文分析，相信大家能够很容易地发现优缺点类的题目其实是不难的。但是要把这种题目写好，不仅要会审题，同样在各个段落中要把上文分析的技巧点融入进去。后期多练几道题目之后，应该会对利弊类题目有一个更加深刻的理解，相信高分就在等着各位。

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Topic 1: When international media (including movies, fashion shows, advertisements and other TV programs) convey the same messages to the global audience, people argue that the expansion of international media has negative impacts on cultural diversity. What is your opinion? 媒体信息一致的缺点： ?国际媒体（global media)—般掌握在少数几个有实力的机构手中（in the hands of a few, large, powerful organizations)；有了媒体的宣传(propaganda)后,西方文化成了主流(domineering force),大规模的、有吸引力的广告(mass seductive advertising )唤起了落后地区人们对物质新的向往（create fresh desires),经济联系增强（strong economic ties),西方产品取代了本地产品，使人们更加向往西方的文化； ?文化开始融合在一起(mingle),人们被新的价值观所围绕(bombarded with new values)，对自己的文化失去信心和自豪感（confidence and pride),拒绝接受自己的文化传统（rejection of their cultural heritage)转而接受西方的文化习惯（adoption of Western cultural practices);西方媒体削弱了民族的特征(ethnic identity)和社会的凝聚力（social cohesion);因为担心失去观众(a loss of viewers),当地的电视台也开始播放西方的电视节目（television shows), ?国际媒体的普遍会降低世界文化的品质和多样性（degrade the quality and diversity of world culture);文化被商业化（commercialized), —些文化产品（cultural goods),如音乐、服装，都变成了商品（commodities in the marketplace)。因此，即便一些文化在世界其他地方传播，它原来的性质（authenticity)已经丧失。媒体信息一致的优点： ?国家之间的频繁交往会促进文化之间的交流。因此，相互了解和相互认同的可能性(likelihood of mutual understanding and mutual acceptance )就会增加，这是顺应全球化的趋势； ?未必一定放弃传统观念（not necessarily lead to the abolition of traditional values),事实上媒体可以起到宣传和稳固传统文化的作用； ?主流媒体一般都会反应文化多元性（The dominant media reflect cultural diversity.); —些外国节目其实促进了文化多元性(Most foreign programming is promoting cultural diversity.),适应了当地的条件（adapt to local conditions)，注意到了当地文化的敏感性（aware of cultural sensitivity).自我调节来适应市场(exercise self-censorship to suit the market :)。 As international media companies expand across the world, the growing popularity and uniformity of some media programs (such as TV shows, movies, fashion shows) is causing worldwide concern. Many people have strong views toward this trend. In my opinion, international media is closely linked to cultural globalization and cultural homogeneity. The dominance of international media is a sign of Western cultural imperialism and has the potential to thwart cultural diversity. It is not a secret that international media is owned and operated by a handful of giant corporations, such as Time Warner. They control large sectors of the media market and place national media companies at risk. The contraction in the number of media owners will cause a proportional reduction, in the variety of programs broadcasted. For example, painting, music and movies accessible in the media have a small number of genres, imposing restraints on one's knowledge of artworks of different cultural backgrounds. In addition to seizing control over those creative industries, global entertainment companies affect cultural diversity by reshaping the perceptions, beliefs and norms of ordinary citizens in different countries. Most of the cultural values and ideals promoted by the leading mainstream media are of American origin. American culture values individuality, maximization of one's benefits and material wealth, rather than communal life and family solidarity, the values and norms previously treasured in" many Asian countries. Unfortunately, many Asian people now imitate American people, causing the alteration of their perceptions of family. This radical change can be attributed to those movies and TV programs that portray the success of American individuals or corporations.

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雅思写作例文 Task 2 09

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假如你不认同，同上。最后别忘了作总结，再次重申你的观点 Training Experience in Shanghai chmin 发表于 xx-3-28 8:29:00 Last week I went to Shanghai for the taining classes held by Altair, a famous engineering software pany.I can't remember the exactly times that I have been to Shanghai, but this time, i'd like to say, is very memorable. Not because I excursed some splendid artifical sights nor I was taken to some characteristic restaurants, just only since the afflictive time in autobus every morning. Life in school is quite fortable. If there's no class in the morning, I just need to wake up naturally, and inordinate some time, the moment i opened my eyes, it's alreay 12 o'clock. Incredible, I got up before 7 o'clock the whole last week, and spent more than one and half an

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母题：Some people think that the government should decide which subjects students should study at the university, while others think that students should be allowed to apply for the subject they prefer. Discuss the two views and give your opinion. (060916) 提示：这类题目采取的策略就是“双批判”，因为题目中提供的两种选择往往都是错误的。子题1：政府选课or 老师选课？学生选择所有的科目or根据兴趣自行选择？子题2：要不要学国际新闻？要不要学历史？要不要中学阶段就学习外语？要不要学数学哲学这类的科目？ 3. 什么样的教学方式最好？母题：Many people use distance-learning programmes (study material post, TV, Internet, etc.) to study at home, but some people think that it cannot bring the benefit as much as attending college or university. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? (041113, 081023, 100515) 提示：远程教育最大的好处，就在于三个any：anybody, anywhere, any time. 缺点是缺乏师生之间以及学生之间的interaction, 缺乏

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